伸

伸 U+4F38, 伸 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F38 ← 伷 [U+4F37] CJK Unified Ideographs 伹 → [U+4F39]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

伸 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人中田中 (OLWL), four-corner 2520₆, composition ⿰亻申)

Derived characters

• 𭈁, 𥆓, 𦕽, 𨁬, 敒, 𫣰, 𰁷

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 97, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 481
• Dae Jaweon: page 205, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 133, character 2
• Unihan data for U+4F38

Chinese

simp. and trad.		伸

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 伸
Small seal script s05824 Transcribed ancient scripts L31183 L31184
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (申) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
電	*l'iːns
胂	*l̥ʰin, *hlin
申	*hlin
伸	*hlin
呻	*hlin
紳	*hlin
眒	*hlin, *hlins
柛	*hlin
訷	*hlin
抻	*hlins
神	*hlin
朄	*lins

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hlin): semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 申 (OC *hlin).

Etymology

STEDT derives the word from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tsjan ~ *dzjan (“to stretch out”), and compares Burmese ဆင်း (hcang:, “idem”), though the Old Chinese reconstructions make this somewhat problematic.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): shēn (shen¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄣ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): cen¹

• Cantonese (Jyutping): san¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhûn / sṳ̂n

  (Hailu, HRS): chun^ˋ / shin^ˋ

• Eastern Min (BUC): sĭng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): cong¹ / cuong¹ / cuerng¹ / sing¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhun / chhng / sin

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cung¹ / sing¹

• Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ¹sen

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shen
    • Wade–Giles: shên¹
    • Yale: shēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
    • Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂən⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: cen¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: cen
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰən⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: san¹
    • Yale: sān
    • Cantonese Pinyin: san¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûn / sṳ̂n
    • Hakka Romanization System: cun^ˊ / siin^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cun¹ / sin¹
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰun²⁴/, /sɨn²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: chun^ˋ / shin^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰun⁵³/, /ʃin⁵³/

Note:

• chhûn - vernacular;
• sṳ̂n - literary.

• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Jiangkou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cheong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔŋ⁵³³/
  • (Nanri)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵³³/
  • (Youyang)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰoŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cuong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuoŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: cuerng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɯəŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sing¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: sing¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

• cong1/cuong1/cuerng1 - vernacular;
• sing1 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhun
    • Tâi-lô: tshun
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhwn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰun³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰun⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhng
    • Tâi-lô: tshng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zhngf
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰŋ̍⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰŋ̍³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
    • Tâi-lô: sin
    • Phofsit Daibuun: syn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sin³³/

Note:

• chhun/chhng - vernacular;
• sin - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: cung¹ / sing¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshung / sing
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰuŋ³³/, /siŋ³³/

Note:

• cung1 - vernacular;
• sing1 - literary.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ¹sen
    • MiniDict: sen^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹sen
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁴⁴/

---

• Middle Chinese: syin

Rime
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	失人切
Baxter	syin
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕiɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕin/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕin/
Li Rong	/ɕiĕn/
Wang Li	/ɕĭĕn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	san1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥i[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*hlin/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shēn
Middle Chinese	‹ syin ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥i[n]/
English	stretch, extend
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	伸
Reading #	1/1
No.	11236
Phonetic component	申
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	申
Old Chinese	/*hlin/

Definitions

伸

1. to extend; to stretch out

   伸長兩隻手／伸长两只手  ―  shēncháng liǎng zhī shǒu  ―  to extend two hands

2. to report
3. (Hakka, Hokkien) to be left; to remain

   Alternative forms: 剩, 賰 / 䞐, 偆, 存

4. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 剩 (“to be left; to remain”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		剩, 剩餘
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	剩
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	剩
	Xi'an	剩
Southwestern Mandarin	Guilin	剩
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	剩
Cantonese	Guangzhou	剩
	Hong Kong	剩
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	伸
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	伸
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	伸
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	伸
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	伸
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	伸
Southern Min	Xiamen	伸
	Quanzhou	偆
	Zhangzhou	伸, 偆
	Manila (Hokkien)	伸
	Puning	存
Wu	Shanghai	剩, 挺, 挺剩
	Danyang	剩
	Ningbo	剩

Compounds

• 以屈求伸
• 仰首伸眉
• 伸冤 (shēnyuān)
• 伸出 (shēnchū)
• 伸出援手
• 伸剖
• 伸展 (shēnzhǎn)
• 伸張 / 伸张 (shēnzhāng)
• 伸張正義 / 伸张正义
• 伸志
• 伸懶腰 / 伸懒腰 (shēn lǎnyāo)
• 伸手 (shēnshǒu)
• 伸手牌
• 伸港 (Shēngǎng)
• 伸直 (shēnzhí)
• 伸眉
• 伸眉吐氣 / 伸眉吐气
• 伸縮 / 伸缩 (shēnsuō)
• 伸縮尺 / 伸缩尺
• 伸縮縫 / 伸缩缝
• 伸腰
• 伸腿 (shēntuǐ)
• 伸腿瞪眼
• 伸舌頭 / 伸舌头
• 伸鉤索鐵 / 伸钩索铁
• 伸長 / 伸长 (shēncháng)
• 伸開 / 伸开 (shēnkāi)
• 伸頭探腦 / 伸头探脑
• 伸頭縮頸 / 伸头缩颈
• 小屈大伸
• 屈一伸萬 / 屈一伸万
• 屈伸 (qūshēn)
• 平伸
• 延伸 (yánshēn)
• 握鉤伸鐵 / 握钩伸铁
• 有屈無伸 / 有屈无伸
• 欠伸 (qiànshēn)
• 眉頭不伸 / 眉头不伸
• 能屈能伸
• 蠖屈求伸
• 詘寸伸尺 / 诎寸伸尺
• 轉伸 / 转伸
• 顰伸 / 颦伸

References

• “伸”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 李如龙 [Li, Ru-long], 刘福铸 [Liu, Fu-zhu], 吴华英 [Wu, Hua-ying], 黄国城 [Huang, Guo-cheng] (2019) “1927 伸（～手）”, in 莆仙方言调查报告 [Investigation Report on Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 476.

Japanese

Kanji

伸

(Jōyō kanji)

1. lengthen

Readings

• Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
• Kun: のびる (nobiru, 伸びる, Jōyō)、のべる (noberu, 伸べる, Jōyō)、のばす (nobasu, 伸ばす, Jōyō)、のす (nosu, 伸す)
• Nanori: のぶ (nobu)、よぼる (yoboru)

Compounds

• 伸筋
• 伸縮
• 伸張
• 伸長, 伸暢
• 伸展
• 伸度
• 伸び伸び

Idioms

• 伸(の)るか反(そ)るか (noru ka soru ka): sink or swim; come what may

Related terms

• 伸す
• 伸べ広げる

Proper noun

Kanji in this term
伸
しん Grade: S
on'yomi

伸(しん) • (Shin) 

1. a male given name

伸(のぶる) • (Noburu) 

1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

伸 (eumhun 펼 신 (pyeol sin))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

伸: Hán Nôm readings: thân

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation