上一段活用

Japanese

Kanji in this term
上	一	段	活	用
かみ Grade: 1	いち Grade: 1	だん Grade: 6	かつ Grade: 2	よう Grade: 2
kun'yomi	goon		kan'on

Etymology

Compound of 上 (kami, “upper”) +‎ 一段活用 (ichidan katsuyō, “monograde conjugation”).

Literally, 上一段 (kami ichidan, “upper monograde”) refers to how the inflected endings are located in the gojūon table. 上 (kami, “upper”) means the vowel i, which is written above the vowel e, the other inflection-related vowel. 一段 (ichidan, “one grade”) means only one vowel is involved, since each 段 (dan, “row”) of the table contains one vowel. Thus this can be understood as “one-voweled conjugation in i”.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かみいちだんかつよー [kàmí íchídáń káꜜtsùyòò] (Nakadaka – [7])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠mʲi it͡ɕida̠ŋ ka̠t͡sɨjo̞ː]

Noun

上(かみ)一(いち)段(だん)活(かつ)用(よう) • (kami ichidan katsuyō) ^{←かみいちだんくわつよう (kami itidan kwatuyou)?}

1. (grammar) a verbal conjugation class in which the verb stem ends in -i and consists of four alternating bases: -i, -iru, -ire, and -iyo/-iro

Modern	未然形 Irrealis	連用形 Adverbial	終止形 Conclusive	連体形 Attributive	仮定形 Conditional	命令形 Imperative
着る (ki-, “to wear”)	着 (ki)	着 (ki)	着る (kiru)	着る (kiru)	着れ (kire)	着よ (kiyo) 着ろ (kiro)
閉じる (toji-, “to close”)	閉じ (toji)	閉じ (toji)	閉じる (tojiru)	閉じる (tojiru)	閉じれ (tojire)	閉じよ (tojiyo) 閉じろ (tojiro)
似る (ni-, “to resemble”)	似 (ni)	似 (ni)	似る (niru)	似る (niru)	似れ (nire)	似よ (niyo) 似ろ (niro)
伸びる (nobi-, “to extend”)	伸び (nobi)	伸び (nobi)	伸びる (nobiru)	伸びる (nobiru)	伸びれ (nobire)	伸びよ (nobiyo) 伸びろ (nobiro)
見る (mi-, “to see”)	見 (mi)	見 (mi)	見る (miru)	見る (miru)	見れ (mire)	見よ (miyo) 見ろ (miro)
降りる (ori-, “to descend”)	降り (ori)	降り (ori)	降りる (oriru)	降りる (oriru)	降りれ (orire)	降りよ (oriyo) 降りろ (oriro)
Archaic	未然形 Irrealis	連用形 Adverbial	終止形 Conclusive	連体形 Attributive	已然形 Realis	命令形 Imperative
着る (ki-, “to wear”)	着 (ki1 → ki)	着 (ki1 → ki)	着る (ki1ru → kiru)	着る (ki1ru → kiru)	着れ (ki1re → kire)	着よ (ki1yo2 → kiyo)
似る (ni-, “to resemble”)	似 (ni)	似 (ni)	似る (niru)	似る (niru)	似れ (nire)	似よ (niyo2 → niyo)
見る (mi-, “to see”)	見 (mi1 → mi)	見 (mi1 → mi)	見る (mi1ru → miru)	見る (mi1ru → miru)	見れ (mi1re → mire)	見よ (mi1yo2 → miyo)

The subscripts in the table above indicate differences in vowel class that were already being lost in Old Japanese. It remains unclear what those different vowel classes may have meant. See the Syllables section in the Wikipedia article on Old Japanese for more details.

Related terms

• 上(かみ)二(に)段(だん)活用(かつよう) (kami nidan katsuyō)
• 下(しも)一段(いちだん)活用(かつよう) (shimo ichidan katsuyō)
• 下(しも)二(に)段(だん)活用(かつよう) (shimo nidan katsuyō)
• 五(ご)段(だん)活用(かつよう) (godan katsuyō)
• 四(よ)段(だん)活用(かつよう) (yodan katsuyō)
• カ行(ぎょう)変格(へんかく)活用(かつよう) (ka-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
• サ行(ぎょう)変格(へんかく)活用(かつよう) (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
• ナ行(ぎょう)変格(へんかく)活用(かつよう) (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō)
• ラ行(ぎょう)変格(へんかく)活用(かつよう) (ra-gyō henkaku katsuyō)

 

See also

• Category:Japanese ichidan verbs