View source for ostracize

==English==
{{was wotd|2020|March|6}}

===Etymology===
[[File:Ancient Greece Ostraca for Ostracism (27964951973).jpg|thumb|Three [[Ancient Greek]] [[ostracon|ostraca]] [[inscribe]]d with the [[name#Noun|names]] Themistokles and Neokleos,{{refn|group=n|name=n1|From the collection of the {{w|Goulandris Museum of Cycladic Art}} in [[Athens]], [[Greece]].}} which were used to [[vote#Verb|vote]] for whether those persons should be ostracized ''(sense 1)'' from the [[city]]; the [[procedure]] was called [[ostracism]].]]

From {{der|en|grc|ὀστρακίζω|t=to banish from a city by ostracism}}, from {{m|grc|ὄστρᾰκον|t=earthenware vessel; fragment of such a vessel, potsherd}} (from the fact that when voting was held to decide whether to banish people, their names were inscribed on potsherds) + {{m|grc|-ῐ́ζω|pos=''suffix forming {{glossary|verb}}s''}}). The English word is cognate with {{cog|fr|ostraciser}}.<ref>{{R:OED Online|pos=v|id=133175|date=September 2004|nodot=yes}}; {{R:Lexico|pos=v}}</ref>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɒstɹəsaɪz/|a=RP}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-I learned some phrases-ostracize.wav|a=UK}}
* {{IPA|en|/ˈɑstɹəˌsaɪz/|a=GA}}
* {{hyphenation|en|os|trac|ize}}

===Verb===
{{en-verb}} {{term-label|en|American spelling|Oxford British spelling}}

# {{lb|en|transitive|Ancient Greece|historical}} To [[ban#Verb|ban]] a [[person]] from a [[city]] for [[five]] or [[ten]] [[year]]s through the [[procedure]] of [[ostracism]]. {{defdate|from mid 19th c.}}
#* {{quote-hansard|en|speaker=w:Eleazer Wheelock Ripley|debate=The President’s Message|report=Register of Debates in Congress, Comprising the Leading Debates and Incidents of the Second Session of the Twenty-fourth Congress:{{nb...|Together with an Appendix, Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents, and the Laws, of a Public Nature, Enacted during the Session: With a Copious Index to the Whole.}}|house=w:United States House of Representatives|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Printed and published by Gales and Seaton|date=15 December 1836|year_published=1837|volume=XIII|column=1097|columnurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=CiwWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1097|oclc=31062806|passage=Republics have been accused of being ungrateful. {{w|Aristides}} was '''ostracised''' for being called the Just, and {{w|Themistocles}} banished, after saving his country from desolation.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|entry=OSTRACISM|editor=&#91;[[w:George Long (scholar)|George Long]]&#93;|title=[[w:Penny Cyclopaedia|The Penny Cyclopædia of the]] {{w|Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge}}|location=London|publisher=[[w:Charles Knight (publisher)|Charles Knight and Co.]],{{nb...|22, Ludgate Street.}}|year=1840|volume=XVII (Organ–Pertinax)|page=55|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgBfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA55|column=2|oclc=951659564|passage=[T]he person who was '''ostracised''' was obliged to leave Athens within ten days after the sentence, and unless a vote of the people recalled him before the expiration of that time, to stay in exile for ten years.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:George Grote|chapter=Twenty-first Year of the War.—Oligarchy of Four Hundred at Athens.|title=A History of Greece from the Earliest Period to the Close of the Generation Contemporary with {{w|Alexander the Great}}. [...] In Four Volumes|edition=2nd|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=W. L. Allison Co., publishers|year=[1849]|volume=III|section=part II (Continuation of Historical Greece)|page=203|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=3E4CQzjM-joC&pg=PA203|oclc=681044874|passage=The Athenian {{w|Hyperbolus}}, who had been '''ostracized''' some years before by the coalition of [[w:Nicias|Nikias]] and [[w:Alcibiades|Alkibiades]], together with their respective partisans—'''ostracized''' (as {{w|Thucydides}} tells us) not from any fear of his power and over-transcendent influence, but from his bad character and from his being a disgrace to the city—and thus '''ostracized''' by an abuse of the institution—was now resident at Samos.}}
# {{lb|en|by extension}} To [[exclude]] a person from a [[community]] or from [[society]] by not [[communicate|communicating]] with them or by [[refuse#Verb|refusing]] to [[acknowledge]] their [[presence]]; to refuse to [[associate#Verb|associate]] with or [[talk#Verb|talk]] to; to [[shun]]. {{defdate|from mid 17th c.}}
#: {{synonyms|en|blackball|cut someone dead|give someone the cold shoulder|send to Coventry|leper|Thesaurus:ignore}}
#: {{antonyms|en|Thesaurus:pay attention}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Antoine Furetière|[Antoine Furetière]]]|chapter=''Bombast''’s Speech to His Army|title=The Rebellion: Or, An Account of the Late Civil-wars, in the Kingdom of Eloquence|location=London|publisher=Printed [for [[w:John Nutt (printer)|John Nutt]]&nbsp;...]|year=1704|page=48|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=yE4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48|oclc=520439404|passage=You then moſt Noble ''Equivocations'' and ''Alluſions'', whom ''Rhetorick'' would '''''Oſtraciſe''''', ſeek Revenge for your Baniſhment; [...]}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn|Henry A[lexander] S[cammell] Dearborn]]|title=An Oration, Pronounced at Boston, on the Fourth Day of July, 1811, before the Supreme Executive and in the Presence of the Bunker-Hill Association|location=Boston, Mass.|publisher=Printed by Munroe & French, printer to the state|date=4 July 1811|pages=4–5|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=NgFLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9|oclc=4408205|passage=The inflexible advocate[s] of the people's rights, were either expelled the Senate Chamber, '''ostracised''', or immolated on the reeking altars of patriotism, by the encrimsoned sword of slaughtering persecution.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Anthony Grumbler [pseudonym; David Hoffman]|chapter=VII|title=Miscellaneous Thoughts on Men, Manners, and Things|location=Baltimore, Md.|publisher=Published by Plaskitt & Cugle|year=1841|page=179|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwU1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA179|oclc=9453331|passage=[O]thers may wonder at the mawkish taste of a community which, instead of '''ostracising''' such a palpable charlatan at once, attended and praised all that he had to say!}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|title=Death of {{w|Henry Clay}}: The Convention System|magazine=[[w:The United States Magazine and Democratic Review|Democratic Review]]|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=Published at the office of the Democratic Review,{{nb...|No. 170 Broadway.}}|month=August|year=1852|volume=II|issue=II (New Series; volume XXXI, number CLXX, overall)|page=151|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPM7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA151|column=1|oclc=8884941|passage=No party worthy of the name will submit, permanently, to any regime which '''ostracises''' its best men and selects the worst, which has become an epidemic condition of party politics, and may take off most of what is worth recognizing in the pride of our boasted institutions.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|title=Art IX.—Ancient and Modern Art and Literature.|editor=[[w:J. D. B. De Bow|J[ames] D[unwoody] B[rownson] De Bow]]|magazine=[[w:De Bow's Review|De Bow’s Review and Industrial Resources, Statistics, etc.:{{nb...|Devoted to Commerce, Agriculture, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, Education, Political Economy, General Literature, etc.}}]]|location=New Orleans, La.; Washington, D.C.|publisher=[J. D. B. De Bow]|month=January|year=1860|volume=III (New Series; volume XXVIII overall)|issue=I|page=83|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK42AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA83|oclc=9332366|passage=Fashion not only sustains bad writers, but '''ostracizes''' and banishes good ones. [[w:William Shakespeare|[William] Shakespeare]]'s writings were popular while he lived, but almost forgotten for two centuries after his death.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Francis Kernan|[Francis] Kernan]] (questioner); Edward Howard (witness)|title=Mississippi. Testimony as to Denial of Elective Franchise in Mississippi, at the Elections of 1875 and 1876,{{nb...|Taken under the Resolution of the Senate of December 5, 1876.}}|series=The Miscellaneous Documents of the [[w:United States Senate|Senate of the United States]] for the Second Session of the Forty-forth [[w:United States Congress|Congress]]|seriesvolume=volume III, number 45|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=[[w:United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]]|date=13 January 1877|page=22|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA22|oclc=460463597|passage=Q. Have you any knowledge aside from your own case of their socially '''ostracizing''' a man?—A. There are almost a dozen in this room, I guess, that I know of; perhaps a dozen.}}
#* {{quote-journal|en|title=Financials: The Fall of [F. G.] Bigelow|editor=w:Henry Chandler Bowen|magazine=[[w:The Independent (New York City)|The Independent]]|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=The Independent,{{nb...|130 Fulton Street, New York}}|date=4 May 1905|volume=LVIII|issue=2944|page=1030|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3DlID3wCMAC&pg=PA1030|column=2|oclc=4927591|passage=Our honest and conservative financiers should frown upon and '''ostracize''' these black sheep, whether they are cornering the wheat market or manipulating prices on the Stock Exchange by wash sales and otherwise, or promoting a Shipyard Trust, or playing profitably with the surplus funds of a life insurance company.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Rabindranath Tagore|chapter=New York, March 18, 1921|editor=[[w:Charles Freer Andrews|C[harles] F[reer] A[ndrews]]]|title=Letters from Abroad|location=Madras, Tamil Nadu|publisher=S. Ganesan publisher,{{nb...|Triplicane, Madras, S.E.}}|date=18 March 1921|year_published=1924|page=86|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ4QAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA86|oclc=1079137477|passage=I long to be one with the birds and trees and with the green earth. The call comes to me from the air to sing, but, wretched creature that I am, I lecture—and by doing it, I '''ostracise''' myself from this great world of songs to which I was born.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Cele C. Otnes; Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck|chapter=Romance, Magic, Memory, and Perfection|title=Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding|series=Life Passages|location=Berkeley; Los Angeles, Calif.; London|publisher=w:University of California Press|year=2003|page=22|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYBB_DGQN7kC&pg=PA22|isbn=978-0-520-23661-5|passage=[T]raditions such as the bouquet toss and the "singles" table at the wedding reception often marginalize and '''ostracize''' lesbians and gays in attendance.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=[[w:Kipling Williams|Kipling D. Williams]]; Jonathan Gerber|chapter=Ostracism: The Making of the Ignored and Excluded Mind|editors=Petra Hauf; Friedrich Försterling|title=Making Minds: The Shaping of Human Minds through Social Context|series=Benjamins Current Topics|seriesvolume=4|location=Amsterdam; Philadelphia, Pa.|publisher=w:John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2007|page=132|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=8h0coOMhj2IC&pg=PA132|isbn=978-90-272-2234-3|issn=1874-0081|passage=Ostracism can be observed from an early age, and continues throughout the life-cycle. Children '''ostracize''' other children in the playground, choosing carefully who they wish to play with. Adults '''ostracize''' other adults, such as marriage partners using the silent treatment.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=w:Jimmy Carter|chapter=The Road to Progress|title=A Call to Action: Women, Religion, Violence, and Power|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=[[w:Simon & Schuster|Simon & Schuster Paperbacks]]|month=March|year=2015|page=195|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195|isbn=978-1-4767-7396-4|passage=[A] traditional chief attended our Human Rights Defenders Forum in Atlanta and then returned home to discover that a local soldier had raped a fourteen-year-old girl. The chief personally found the soldier, tied him to a chair, and waited for the police to arrive and arrest him. He then used his influence to prevent anyone from condemning or '''ostracizing''' the girl. The benefits from this kind of bold action have been proven in Malawi, Senegal, Liberia, Ghana, and other African countries.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|author=Joost van Spanje|chapter=Pariah Parties: Established Parties’ Systematic Boycotting of Other Parties|title=Controlling the Electoral Marketplace: How Established Parties Ward off Competition|series=Political Campaigning and Communication|location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher={{w|Palgrave Macmillan}}, {{w|Springer Nature}}|year=2018|pages=37–38|pageurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM04DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-58202-3_3|isbn=978-3-319-58201-6|passage=A common practice by established parties in liberal democracies that often accompanies delegitimisation efforts is '''ostracising''' a challenger party. In this book's first chapter we have defined '''ostracising''' a party as systematically ruling out all political cooperation with that party [...].}}

====Alternative forms====
* {{l|en|ostracise}} {{qualifier|British spelling}}

====Derived terms====
{{col3|en
|[[ostracizable]], [[ostracisable]]
|[[ostracization]], [[ostracisation]]
|[[ostracized]], [[ostracised]] {{qualifier|adjective}}
|[[ostracizer]], [[ostraciser]]
|[[ostracizing]], [[ostracising]] {{qualifier|noun}}
|[[unostracized]], [[unostracised]]
}}

====Related terms====
* {{l|en|ostracism}}
* {{l|en|ostracon}}, {{l|en|ostrakon}}
* {{l|en|ostracum}}
* {{l|en|ostracy}} {{qualifier|obsolete, rare}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|to ban a person from a city for five or ten years by the procedure of ostracism}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|verbannen}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ostraciser}}
* German: {{t|de|ostrakisieren}}
* Greek: {{t|el|οστρακίζω}}
*: Ancient Greek: {{t|grc|ὀστρακίζω}}, {{t|grc|ἐξοστρακίζω}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|ostracizzare}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|ostracizar}}
* Spanish: {{t|es|ostracizar}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|to exclude a person from a community or from society by not communicating with them or by refusing to acknowledge their presence}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{t+|cmn|放逐|tr=fàngzhú}}, {{t+|cmn|流放|tr=liúfàng}}
* Dutch: {{t+|nl|mijden}}, {{t+|nl|uitstoten}}, {{t+|nl|verbannen}}
* Finnish: {{t+|fi|eristää}}
* French: {{t+|fr|ostraciser}}, {{t+|fr|mettre au ban}}
* Georgian: {{t|ka|მოკვეთა}}
* German: {{t+|de|ächten}}, {{t+|de|ausgrenzen}}, {{t+|de|ausschließen}}, {{t+|de|bannen}}, {{t+|de|verfemen}}, {{t+|de|verbannen}}
* Greek: {{t+|el|εξοστρακίζω}}, {{t+|el|εξοβελίζω}}, {{t|el|οστρακίζω}}
* Hungarian: {{t+|hu|kiközösít}}
* Italian: {{t+|it|ostracizzare}}, {{t+|it|bandire}}, {{t+|it|escludere}}
* Malay: {{t+|ms|pulau}}
* Portuguese: {{t|pt|ostracizar}}, {{t+|pt|excluir}}
* Russian: {{t+|ru|отлуча́ть}}, {{t+|ru|отлучи́ть}}
* Serbo-Croatian:
*: Cyrillic: {{t|sh|екскомуници́ран}}, {{t|sh|изопћити}}, {{t|sh|низгвернат}}, {{t|sh|про̀гонат}}, {{t|sh|прокуден}}
*: Latin: {{t+|sh|ekskomunicírati}}, {{t|sh|izopćiti}}, {{t|sh|nizgvernat}}, {{t|sh|prògonati}}, {{t|sh|prokuden}}
* Spanish: {{t+|es|aislar}}, {{t+|es|excluir}}, {{t+|es|marginar}}, {{t|es|ostracizar}}
* Swedish: {{t|sv|frysa ut}}, {{t+|sv|sky}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====See also====
* {{l|en|silent treatment}}

===Notes===
<references group="n"/>

===References===
<references />

===Further reading===
* {{pedia|ostracism}}
* {{R:Online Etymology Dictionary}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=aceiorstz|Croatizes|Socratize|socratize}}

{{cln|en|terms suffixed with -ize}}

==Portuguese==

===Pronunciation===
{{pt-IPA}}
* {{hyph|pt|os|tra|ci|ze}}

===Verb===
{{head|pt|verb form}}

# {{pt-verb form of|ostracizar}}