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Jeju Air Flight 2216

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Jeju Air Flight 2216
HL8088, the aircraft involved in the accident, in 2023
Accident
Date29 December 2024 (2024-12-29)
SummaryOvershot runway and hit embankment during belly landing after landing gear failure, under investigation
SiteMuan International Airport, South Jeolla Province, South Korea
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 737-8AS[a]
OperatorJeju Air
IATA flight No.7C2216
ICAO flight No.JJA2216
Call signJEJU AIR 2216
RegistrationHL8088
Flight originSuvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand
DestinationMuan International Airport, South Jeolla Province, South Korea
Occupants181
Passengers175
Crew6
Fatalities179
Injuries2
Survivors2

Jeju Air Flight 2216 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Suvarnabhumi Airport near Bangkok, Thailand, to Muan International Airport in Muan County, South Korea. On 29 December 2024, the Boeing 737-800 operating the flight overran the runway at Muan while attempting a belly landing without its landing gear deployed. The aircraft crashed into a concrete barrier past the end of the runway and exploded, resulting in the deaths of 179 of the 181 occupants. Two crew members aboard the plane survived with injuries.[1]

The accident marked the deadliest aviation disaster involving a South Korean airliner since the 1997 crash of Korean Air Flight 801 in Guam and became the deadliest aviation incident on South Korean soil, surpassing the 2002 crash of Air China Flight 129.[2] It was also the first fatal accident in Jeju Air's 19-year history.[3] It is the deadliest mass casualty incident in South Korea since the sinking of MV Sewol in 2014.

This accident stands as the deadliest aviation disaster of 2024 to date,[4] the deadliest involving a Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft, surpassing the 2020 downing of Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, and the deadliest airliner crash of the 2020s.[4] It is also the deadliest aviation accident since the 2018 crash of Lion Air Flight 610.[5]

Background

Aircraft

The aircraft involved, while still in service with Ryanair, registered as EI-EFR

The aircraft involved was a Boeing 737-8AS[a] registered as HL8088, and was equipped with two CFM International CFM56-7B engines.[7][8] It first flew on 19 August 2009 and was delivered new to Ryanair registered as EI-EFR. Ryanair leased the aircraft until 2017, after which it was transferred to Jeju Air by the lessor, SMBC Aviation Capital.[9][10][11] The aircraft had an all-economy configuration of 189 passenger seats. Within the last year, it flew 2,136 times to more than 12 countries and 747 times domestically, although it had not flown to Muan before 20 December.[12] Less than a month before the crash, Jeju Air had resumed regular international services at Muan International Airport following a suspension caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the aircraft involved was making four flights a week between Muan and Bangkok,[13] a service that Jeju Air had only begun on 8 December.[14] In the 48 hours prior to the crash, the aircraft made 13 flights that included stops in Muan, Jeju Island and Incheon as well as to Beijing, Bangkok, Kota Kinabalu, Nagasaki and Taipei. It was also used by a Gwangju-based travel agency to make charter trips to Bangkok over the Christmas season.[15] In between the said flights, aircraft maintenance was found to have been done within the minimum 28 minutes allotted by South Korean government regulation.[16]

Passengers and crew

Of the 175 passengers, two were Thai nationals, and the other 173 were South Korean.[17][18] The oldest on board was born in 1946, and the youngest was a three-year-old boy born in 2021.[19][20] Nine members of the same family that included the three-year old child, was also on board.[21] Of the 181 people on board, there were 82 men and 93 women.[22] Five passengers were under the age of 10.[23]

The captain was an employee of Jeju Air since 2019 and had accumulated over 6,820 hours of flight experience; the first officer had over 1,650 hours.[13] The crew also included four flight attendants; the two seated in the aft jump seats were the only survivors of the crash and were conscious.[24][19] They sustained moderate to serious wounds, including one with fractures to his ribs, shoulder blade and upper spine,[24] and the other with injuries to her ankle and head.[25] Both received medical treatment at separate hospitals in Mokpo before being transferred to a hospital in Seoul.[26][22] Both survivors appeared to be disoriented and were unable to remember what had happened immediately following the landing.[27]

Most passengers were returning home from a five-day Christmas package tour to Bangkok.[28] Thirteen passengers were reported to be active or former government officials on a provincial or local/municipal level, eight were current or former civil servants from Hwasun County, and five were administrative officers of the Jeonnam Provincial Office of Education.[29] Eighty-one passengers were residents of Gwangju, while 76 others, including one Thai national, resided in South Jeolla Province. The remaining passengers originated from North Jeolla Province, Gyeonggi Province, Seoul, Jeju Island, South Gyeongsang Province and South Chungcheong Province.[30]

A total of 179 people were confirmed dead;[31] all 175 passengers, and 4 crew members. Local fire officials said that passengers were ejected from the aircraft after it hit a barrier at the end of the runway, leaving little chance of survival.[32] Firefighters said some bodies were scattered 100 to 200 m (330 to 660 ft) from the crash site while others were found mutilated or burnt among the wreckage.[33] Police officials said it would require over a week to identify the more than 600 human remains recovered.[34]

Accident

Flight path of Jeju Air 7C2216[35]
Emergency crews responding to the crash

The aircraft took off from Suvarnabhumi Airport at 2:28 a.m ICT (UTC+7).[36] Thai officials stated that neither the aircraft nor the runway had been reported as abnormal.[24] It was carrying 181 occupants: 175 passengers and six crew.[37]

At 8:54 a.m. KST (UTC+9), the plane was authorized to land at Muan International Airport in South Korea.[38] As the plane was preparing to land, it was warned at 8:57 about the potential for a bird strike.[5][38][39] A minute later, it issued a mayday alert.[5][39] At 9:00 a.m., the plane attempted an emergency landing, being forced to go around again[38][39] after the landing gear was not deployed.[39] A minute later, it received authorization to attempt a landing from the opposite direction.[38]

The crash occurred between 9:03[39] and 9:07 a.m.[40] as the aircraft attempted to perform a belly landing,[41][42] touching down 1,200 m (3,900 ft) along the runway.[12] It overshot,[41][42] with video footage showing the aircraft skidding down the runway.[43] It continued 250 m (820 ft) past the runway threshold before colliding with an embankment holding the ILS array and exploding.[12][43] Wreckage from the aircraft continued through the perimeter wall causing partial damage.[12] Local residents said that they saw flames and sparks originating from the aircraft's right wing and heard explosions and "metal scraping" before impact. Some reported seeing a flock of birds being ingested into the right engine, causing a fire.[44] The only survivors were two crew members rescued from the tail section of the aircraft.[40] A local restaurant owner heard "loud bangs" that sounded like the backfiring of a motorcycle engine, leading him to rush to the restaurant rooftop and record a 54-second video on his cell phone of the aircraft's descent and crash which subsequently went viral.[45]

External videos
video icon The airplane skidding along the runway and crashing into a wall

Emergency services received multiple calls around 9:03 a.m.,[37] and the fire response issued a level-3 emergency, its highest alert.[46] According to the National Fire Agency and the Ministry of National Defense, 1,562 personnel, including 490 firefighters, 500 military personnel and 455 police officers, were dispatched.[47][48] One of the survivors was rescued at 9:23, while the other was rescued from the tail section at 9:50.[38] The fire was extinguished within 43 minutes of the crash,[49][50] while the flight data recorders were retrieved within the day.[24] The flight data recorder was found partially damaged, while the cockpit voice recorder was intact.[51]

By 1:36 p.m., the firefighters had switched to search operations to recover bodies.[52] A temporary morgue was set up on-site to handle the bodies recovered from the wreckage, and a waiting room was created for family members of the occupants at the airport with civil servants assigned to each family for support while they awaited news from the crash.[53] Tents were also erected inside of the airport to temporarily house arriving family members.[54] Later at night, the family members were temporarily accommodated at the dormitories of Mokpo National University.[55] Some family members provided officials with DNA samples at the airport to help identify the dead.[5] On 30 December, at 12:10 a.m., South Jeolla Province Governor Kim Yung-rok said 120 bodies had been identified, 159 bodies had had their fingerprints collected, and that the remaining 20 would be identified using DNA samples.[56] The fire department, at 2:47 a.m., said 137 bodies had been identified and DNA were still being collected to identify the remaining dead.[57]

The runway of Muan International Airport was ordered closed until 1 January 2025.[24] At the time of the crash, ongoing construction work had shortened the runway's length from 2,800 to 2,500 metres (9,200 to 8,200 ft); officials dismissed the possibility of the relatively short runway length having contributed to the accident.[58]

Investigation

Diagram of Jeju Air Flight 2216

At a press conference, Lee Jeong-hyun, Muan County fire chief, said that the cause of the landing gear failure was presumed to have been adverse weather combined with a bird strike;[59] the weather around the airport at the time of the crash was favorable with almost no wind, rain or clouds, and visibility was 9 kilometers (5.6 mi).[60] Jeff Guzzetti, a former accident investigator for the Federal Aviation Administration and National Transportation Safety Board, stated that "the aviation industry is built on redundancy and there are very few single-point failures in airplane design or airplane operations."[61]

Six minutes before the crash, the airport traffic control issued a warning of a possible bird strike. A minute later, the pilot declared a mayday.[62] Authorities said that a bird strike may have caused a malfunction that affected the hydraulic system controlling the landing gear and that there was insufficient time for the pilots to manually deploy the landing gear.[63] Muan International Airport has the highest rate of bird strikes of the 14 regional airports in South Korea, with a strike rate of 0.09%. Prior to the crash, ten cases of bird strikes had been recorded at Muan since 2019. Although the absolute number of strikes is small in statistical terms, the strike rate of 0.09% of flights is significantly higher than other major airports like Gimpo (0.018%) and Jeju (0.013%).[64][65] The airport was constructed near major bird habitats and feeding grounds, such as the Yeongsan lake and the mudflats of the southwest coast.[66] The development of the nearby land had caused local birds to take increasingly erratic routes, and climate change has led to many species of migratory birds becoming resident birds.[67] The Chosun Ilbo reported that environmental impact assessments had recommended the deployment of sound cannons, lasers and warning lights at the airport. However, their implementation was delayed due to runway extension work.[68] The said assessments also expressed concern over plans to expand the length of the airport runway from 2,800 meters to 3,160 meters by 2025, and that three bird habitats existed adjacent to the airport, with a bird population of up to 1,760. Official regulations require that a single runway operated for nine hours or less requires a minimum of four personnel to drive away birds. However, it was found that only one of Muan's four staff charged with the said task was on duty on the day of the disaster.[64]

Kim In-gyu, director of the Korea Aerospace University Flight Education Center, stated that it was unusual for all three landing gears to fail and that "it is difficult to conclude that a bird strike alone was responsible". Other experts said that even if one engine failed, the second engine should have been able to supply power to lower the landing gear.[69]

Professor Choi Kee-young of Inha University noted that reverse thrusters and wing flaps seemingly did not work.[69] After reviewing the footage of the crash, Professor Shawn Pruchnicki of Ohio State University commented that "a reverse thruster appeared to be in use on only one engine."[61] Keith Tonkin of Aviation Projects in Brisbane, Australia said the wing flaps had not been extended during the landing, and the aircraft was traveling down the runway faster than the typical landing speed.[5]

Kim Kwang-il, a professor of Aeronautical Science at Silla University, noted the short interval between the mayday call and the moment of the crash, saying that the "The pilot likely judged that attempting a landing was safer than trying to stay airborne without engine power". Other specialists expressed belief that the decision for a rushed belly landing was influenced by the presence of flames and smoke entering the cabin, but that the failure to burn off fuel beforehand contributed to the severity of the crash.[63] Kim also criticized the presence of the barrier which the aircraft crashed into, saying that the emergency landing was made in a skilled manner and that the aircraft "could have skidded further and stopped naturally" had it not been for the barrier, which he said violated international aviation safety standards against the presence of a solid obstruction.[70] David Learmount, an aviation safety expert, pointed out on Sky News that the aircraft was still intact after it touched down and remained so until it struck the barrier: "That kind of structure should not be there. That is awful. That is unbelievably awful. To have a hard object about 200 metres or less into the overrun, I've never seen anything like this anywhere ever before."[71]

The barrier in question was a concrete structure covered in soil that is located about 250 metres (820 ft) from the end of the runway and holds a localizer to assist navigation by landing aircraft. The structure, along with the localizer, measured a combined height of four metres (13 ft). Airport officials said the mound containing the barrier was raised to keep the localizer level with the runway to ensure its proper functioning due to the slanted terrain at the end of the runway.[72] Simon Hatfield, an aviation safety consultant, criticized the use of a mound to place the localizer at the correct height, saying that the aircraft would have simply plowed through the localizer and come to a rest if the localizer had been positioned on flatter terrain.[45] Comparisons were also made with localizers in Gimpo International Airport, where they are installed directly at ground level, and Incheon International Airport, whose localizers are mounted at less than 7.5 centimeters above the ground. It was also noted that the localizers in the two airports are placed on collapsible structures designed to break apart upon impact, which is considered to be the global best practice.[71] A transport ministry official said that there were plans to inspect the safety of similar mounds at other airports.[73]

Both black boxes (the cockpit voice recorder and the flight data recorder) have been recovered and taken to Gimpo International Airport for analysis,[74] and the crash is being investigated by the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB), with assistance from the NTSB, FAA and Boeing.[75][76]

Aftermath

Woo Won-shik, a speaker of the National Assembly, at the victims' memorial on 30 December

The government declared Muan a special disaster zone and issued a period of national mourning until 5 January 2025.[24] Acting president and acting prime minister Choi Sang-mok, who acceded to the presidency two days before the accident following his acting predecessor Han Duck-soo's impeachment, ordered rescue efforts.[77] In under two hours, the Ministry of the Interior and Safety activated its Central Disaster and Safety Countermeasures Headquarters (중앙재난안전대책본부). Two days after the incident Ko Ki-dong, the acting minister, visited Muan.[78] Korail announced a dedicated KTX train service, departing from Seoul for Mokpo at 3:00 p.m., free of charge for the family members of the passengers to reach Muan airport.[79][80] The Gwangju Bar Association created a legal support task force to assist those affected by the disaster.[81]

A briefing was held in a conference room at the Muan International Airport, where first responders from the Muan Fire Department provided information to family members of the passengers. Several attendees expressed anger for not receiving hourly updates promised by government officials, for not being allowed near the accident site, and for being given inconsistent reports on which passengers had died. Many also expressed anger at Jeju Air for holding their press conference in Seoul, with no company officials present at the Muan Airport briefing. Acting President and acting Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok visited the site of the disaster, where several family members of passengers expressed dissatisfaction to him regarding the lack of real-time updates for those affected.[82][83] He also visited a memorial altar for the victims in Muan on 30 December.[84]

The government of Gwangju designated a week-long mourning period from 29 December to 4 January 2025, with several new year events and celebrations being cancelled.[85] The governments of Jeonju, Jangheung County, Wando County, Haenam County, and South Jeolla Province also cancelled their regional New Year's Eve–associated events and instituted periods of mourning in response to the tragedy.[86][87] The announcement of South Korea's direction for its economic policy in 2025 was postponed due to the disaster.[88] Four hearings by the National Assembly of Korea on the 2024 South Korean martial law crisis on 30 December were also postponed,[89] as was a mass rally scheduled in Seoul on 31 December supporting the removal of impeached President Yoon Suk Yeol.[90] The Seoul city government also scaled back activities for the new year.[91] South Korean media outlets also scaled back entertainment programs for the new year, while several K-pop figures postponed releases of music and content on social media.[92] The flag at the Thai embassy in Seoul was also set at half-mast in mourning for the victims.[36]

An increase in booking cancellations was recorded by Jeju Air following the crash, with 33,000 domestic flight reservations and 34,000 international reservations called off by 01:00 pm on 30 December.[93] That same day, a Boeing B737-800 operated by Jeju Air as Flight 7C101 experienced problems with its landing gear shortly after taking off from Gimpo International Airport on its way to Jeju at 06:37 am, prompting it to return to Gimpo at 07:25 am. Twenty-one passengers backed out from boarding a transfer flight offered an hour later.[94]

On 30 December, authorities ordered the inspection of all Boeing 737-800 aircraft operated by South Korean airliners and an expanded review into safety standards at Jeju Air.[74]

The families of the victims formed a support group and said that no funerals for their relatives would be held until all of them had been identified.[95]

Reactions

Domestic

Head of the emergency committee in dealing with the aftermath of the crash Kwon Young-se meeting with the families of the victims of the crash

Suspended President Yoon Suk Yeol, who had been impeached for his botched martial law imposition earlier in the month,[96] expressed his condolences through social media.[97]

Jeju Air released a statement on its website apologizing for the accident and temporarily removed links to purchase tickets.[98][99] Its CEO, Kim E-bae,[24] released an apology on the Jeju Air website.[100][101] Chang Young-shin, the chair of Jeju Air's parent company Aekyung Group, also issued an apology. The airline deployed 260 employees to assist families of the victims in Muan.[102]

An emergency text message was sent by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety two hours and forty-five minutes after the disaster, leading to criticism from Muan County locals at its belatedness and an apology from county officials. Two emergency text messages sent by the Yeonggwang County government also drew criticism for relaying irrelevant information that included messages of condolence and support instead of disaster and response information, as standardized by the Ministry of the Interior and Safety.[103]

International

Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra expressed condolences and ordered the Thai foreign ministry to assist the relatives of Thai crash victims.[104] Condolences were also expressed by several world leaders and their respective governments as well as the European Union and the United Nations.[105] Multiple diplomatic missions in South Korea and Boeing also expressed their condolences to victims' families.[106][107]

The United States announced it was dispatching investigators from the National Transportation Safety Board, Federal Aviation Administration and manufacturer, Boeing, to South Korea so they can assist in the Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board's inquiry into the crash.[108]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The aircraft was a Boeing 737–800. For aircraft made up to 2016, Boeing assigned a unique code for each company that buys one of its airliners, which is applied as a suffix to the model number at the time the aircraft is built, hence "737-8AS" designates a 737–800 built for Ryanair (customer code AS).[6]

References

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