Eumetabola

Eumetabola
	Apis dorsata on Tribulus terrestris
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Infraclass:	Neoptera
(unranked):	Eumetabola; Hennig, 1953
Superorders
	Holometabola; Paraneoptera;

Eumetabola is an unranked clade of Neoptera. Two large unities known as the Eumetabola and Paurometabola are probably from the adelphotaxa of the Neoptera after exclusion of the Plecoptera. The monophyly of these unities appears to be weakly justified.^[1]

According to a phylogenetic analysis, the Eumetabola clade originated 390–350 million years ago, in the Late Devonian.^[2]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of Eumetabola is shown in the cladogram, using the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019 for the Polyneoptera,^[3] Johnson et al 2018 for the Paraneoptera (where Psocomorpha contains Phthiraptera),^[4] and Kjer et al 2016 for the Holometabola.^[5]

Neoptera

Polyneoptera

	Zoraptera (angel insects)

	Dermaptera (earwigs)

Plecoptera (stoneflies)

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)

	Grylloblattodea (ice crawlers)

	Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)

	Phasmatodea (stick insects)

	Embioptera (webspinners)

Dictyoptera

	Mantodea (mantises)

	Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)

Eumetabola

Paraneoptera

Condylognatha

	Thysanoptera (thrips)

	Hemiptera (true bugs)

Psocodea (barklice inc. lice)

Holometabola

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps)

Aparaglossata

Neuropteroidea

Neuropterida

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

	Megaloptera (alderflies and allies)

	Neuroptera (lacewings and allies)

Coleopterida

	Coleoptera (beetles)

	Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Panorpida

Amphiesmenoptera

	Trichoptera (caddisflies)

	Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)

Antliophora

Diptera (true flies)

	Mecoptera (scorpionflies)

	Siphonaptera (fleas)

(Endopterygota)

References

^ Ax, Peter (2000). "Paurometabola — Eumetabola". Multicellular Animals. pp. 282–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10396-8_74. ISBN 978-3-642-08681-6.
^ Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang; Bu, Wen-jun (2016). "Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38939. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638939W. doi:10.1038/srep38939. PMC 5154178. PMID 27958352.
^ Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.
^ Kevin P. Johnson; Christopher H. Dietrich; Frank Friedrich; et al. (Dec 2018). "Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (50): 12775–12780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815820115. PMC 6294958. PMID 30478043.
^ Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.

External links

Eumetabola Hennig 1953 insecta.bio.spbu.ru
Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. 2005: Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, New York. limited preview on Google books
"The Earliest known Holometabolous insects" [1]

[1] Ax, Peter (2000). "Paurometabola — Eumetabola". Multicellular Animals. pp. 282–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10396-8_74. ISBN 978-3-642-08681-6.

[2] Wang, Yan-hui; Engel, Michael S.; Rafael, José A.; Wu, Hao-yang; Rédei, Dávid; Xie, Qiang; Wang, Gang; Liu, Xiao-guang; Bu, Wen-jun (2016). "Fossil record of stem groups employed in evaluating the chronogram of insects (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38939. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638939W. doi:10.1038/srep38939. PMC 5154178. PMID 27958352.

[3] Wipfler, Benjamin; Letsch, Harald; Frandsen, Paul B.; Kapli, Paschalia; Mayer, Christoph; Bartel, Daniela; Buckley, Thomas R.; Donath, Alexander; Edgerly-Rooks, Janice S.; Fujita, Mari; Liu, Shanlin (February 2019). "Evolutionary history of Polyneoptera and its implications for our understanding of early winged insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (8): 3024–3029. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3024W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1817794116. PMC 6386694. PMID 30642969.

[Johnson_2018-4] Kevin P. Johnson; Christopher H. Dietrich; Frank Friedrich; et al. (Dec 2018). "Phylogenomics and the evolution of hemipteroid insects". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (50): 12775–12780. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815820115. PMC 6294958. PMID 30478043.

[Kjer-5] Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]