3/15ï¼éï¼ãä¸æ©è¬å ï¼å代ç°åºä¸ãæ©ï¼ã«ã¦ãDHã®å½éã·ã³ãã¸ã¦ã ãããã°ãã¼ã¿æ代ã®æå¦ç 究ã¨ç 究åºç¤ããéå¬ããã¾ããããã§åºèª¿è¬æ¼ããã¦ãã ããTed Underwoodå çã¯ãããã°ãã¼ã¿æ代ã®æå¦ç 究ã«æ£é¢ããåãçµãè±æå¦è ã¨ãã¦æ´»èºãã¦ãããã2019å¹´ããã®ææã¨ãã¦ãDistant Horizons: Digital Evidence and Literary Changeããã·ã«ã´å¤§å¦åºçå±ããåè¡ããã¾ããããã®æ¬ã®åºæã¯ã大å¤èå³æ·±ããã®ã§ãããè¨å¤§ãªãã¸ã¿ã«ããã¹ããã«ã©ã®ããã«åãçµãã°ããã®ããããã¦ãããã«ãã£ã¦ã人ããã èªãã ãã§ã¯ãã¾ãè¦ãã¦ããªãã£ãæå¦ã®æ§ã ãªå´é¢ãç¹ã«æå¦å²ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ãã©ã®ããã«ãã¦è¦ããããã«ãªãã®ããã¨ãããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ãã©ãã£ã«ã«ãªè°è«ã¨ä¸ã¤ã®è§£æ±ºã®æ¹åæ§ãæ示ãã¦ãããã¾ããæ¬ã®å ¨ä½ã¨ãã¦ã¯ãã®å ·ä½çãªæ¹æ³ã示ããã¦ãã¾ãããããã¯æ¬ãèªãã§ããã ããã¨ã«ãã¦ãããã§ã¯åºæã®å訳ãæ示ããã¦ããã ãã¾ããï¼ä»åã®å½éã·ã³ãã¸ã¦ã éå¬ã«ããããå訳ãå ¬éãã許å¯ãããã ãã¾ãããï¼ã¨ãã£ã¦ããä¸ããå ¨è¨³ãããã¯ã¼ã¯ãªãã®ã§ãDeepLã§è¨³ãããã®ã«æãå ¥ããå½¢ã«ãªãã¾ããä¸å¿ãä¸æãã¤ç¢ºèªãã¦å¿ è¦ã«å¿ãã¦ä¿®æ£ããã¾ãããã誤訳ãªã©ãããã¾ãããå½æ¹ã®åä¸è¶³ã§ãã®ã§ã容赦ããã ãã¾ãã¨å¹¸ãã§ããï¼æ³¨ï¼æ©æ¬å¥åºå çããããã ãã訳ã®ä¿®æ£ãåæ ãã¾ããã2024/1/24ï¼
ï¼ãã®æ¬ãã©ãªããå訳åºçãã¦ãã ããã¨ãããããã§ããï¼
Ted Underwood ãé ãå°å¹³ç·ããåºæãæå¦ã®å°å¹³ç·ã®å¼§ãå訳
ããã¯ãæå¦å²ã«ãããæè¿ã®çºè¦ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®æ¬ã§ãããçºè¦ã¨ããè¨èã¯å¥å¦ã«èããããããããªãããæå¦å²ã§éè¦ãªã®ã¯é常ãè°è«ã§ãã£ã¦çºè¦ã§ã¯ãªãããã ã失ãããåæ¬ãå±æ ¹è£é¨å±ããçºè¦ããããã¨ã¯ããããæ°ããªè¨¼æ ãçºè¦ãããã¨ãæå¦ç 究ã®ä¸»ãªç®çã§ãããã¨ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©ãªãããã®ä»£ãããå¦è ãã¡ã¯éå»ã®ããç¥ãããæ¦èª¬ï¼ããã³æ´¾ãã´ã£ã¯ããªã¢æãè¿ä»£ï¼ãå解éãããã¯ã¹ãå士ã®æ°ããªã¤ãªãããå¼ãåºããããå¨è¾ºçãªãã®ãä¸å¿çãªèå°ã¸ã¨ç§»åããããããã
10å¹´åã¯ããæã£ã¦ããããã®10å¹´éãç§ã¯æå¦ã®éå»ã®å¤§æ ããã¤ã¦æã£ã¦ããã»ã©ããç¥ããã¦ããã¨ãã確信ã次第ã«å¤±ã£ã¦ãããå¦è ãã¡ãä¸åº¦ã«ä½ååãã®æ¬ãèªã¿æ¯ã¹ããã¨ãå¦ã¶ã«ã¤ããæç§æ¸ã«ã¯æ¸ããã¦ããããæ代æ¦å¿µã§ã説æã§ããªããããªãä¸ç´ãã¾ãã大ã¾ããªå¾åãå¶ç¶çºè¦ããããã«ãªã£ããç§ãã¡ãæå¦å²ãåå¥ã®åããæ代ã®é£ç¶ã¨ãã¦åè¿°ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããã®å¤§ããã®å¡ããä¸äººã®äººéãä¸åº¦ã«è¨æ¶ãè«ãããã¨ãã§ããç¨åº¦ã®éå»ã®åºæ¥äºã ã£ãããã ã¨ãããã¨ãæããã«ãªãã¤ã¤ãããã©ãããããã£ã¨é·ãå¤åã®å¼§ã¯ããã®ã¹ã±ã¼ã«ã®å¤§ããã«ãã£ã¦ç§ãã¡ããé ããã¦ããããã ãã¡ããã©ãå±±ãæ¿æ²»çãªå¢çç·ã«ã¯æ°ã¥ãã¦ããå°çã®æ¹¾æ²ã«æ°ã¥ããã¨ãªã大é¸ãè»ã§æ¨ªæã§ããããã«ãå°ä¸ã®ä¸å¯¾ã®ç®ã§ã¯å°å¹³ç·ã®ã«ã¼ããææ¡ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãããä¸äººã®èªè ã®è¨æ¶ã«éå®ãããè°è«ã§ã¯æå¦å²ã®æ大ã®ãã¿ã¼ã³ãæããã«ãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã
æ¬æ¸ã§ã¯ããããããã¿ã¼ã³ã®ããã¤ããæ¢ããæå¦ç 究ã®æ°ããªã¢ããã¼ããããããã©ã®ããã«å¯è¦åãã¦ãããã説æãããããã¦ãæå¦ã«ã¤ãã¦åºç¯ãªç¤¾ä¼çåé¡ãæèµ·ãã¦ããä»ã®å¤ãã®å¦è ãã¡ã®è¶³è·¡ããã©ã£ã¦ãããããã§è¿°ã¹ãä»äºã¯ã20ä¸ç´ã®æ¸ç©å²ãæä½è«ãæå¦ã®ç¤¾ä¼å¦ã¨ãã£ãããã¸ã§ã¯ããããã©ã³ã³ã»ã¢ã¬ããã£ã"distant reading "ã¨å¼ã¶ããããã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®èåã«è² ãã¨ããããããå¦åçãªç³»èããã©ããã¨ããããéå»300å¹´ã«ãããè±æå¦ã®å°å³ãå¡ãæ¿ãã¤ã¤ããå ·ä½çãªçºè¦ã«ã¤ãã¦è¿°ã¹ããã¨ã«éããç½®ããããæåã®4ç« ã¯ãããããç°ãªãæ´å²ççºè¦-æå¦ã®è¨èªãã¸ã£ã³ã«ãç¾çå¤æãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã®æ´å²-ãä¸å¿ã«æ§æããã¦ããã
æ¬æ¸ã¯ã¾ãã大è¦æ¨¡ãªç 究ã«å¿ è¦ãªæ°ããæ¹æ³ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¬æããå¤ãã®äººã ãæå¦ã«ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãå¿ç¨ãããã¨ã«æãã¦ããä¸å®ã«ã¤ãã¦ãè«ãã¦ããããããç§ã¯ãæ¹è©çä¼çµ±ã¨ "ãã¸ã¿ã«äººæå¦ "ã¨å¼ã°ããæ°ããªæè¡çã¤ãã·ã¢ããã対ç«ãããéäºã¨ãããä¸è¬çãªæ çµã¿ã§èªããããããªåé¡ã«ã¯ã¢ããã¼ãããªãããã®ãããªæ çµã¿ã¯ãããã¤ãã®çç±ãã人æ°ããããããã¯ããã¸ã¿ã«ã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãç¾ä»£ã®æ´å²ã«ãããå¤é©ã®ä¸»å½¹ã¨è¦ãªãããªãã¿ã®ç©èªããæ©æ¢°ã¨æåã¨ã®å¯¾ç«ãããã£ã¦çµç¹ãããããã«å¤ãç©èªã«åè´ãã¦ããããã§ããããã®ç¨®ã®ä½¿ãå¤ãããç©èªã«ã¯ã馴æã¿ã®ããä¸ç¾¤ã®éå¾³ç座æ¨è»¸ãä»å±ãã¦ããããã観å¯è ã¯å¤åãã®ãã®ã詳ããç 究ãããã¨ãªããããã¸ã¿ã«ãã¨ããã©ãã«ãè²¼ãããå¤åã«ã¤ãã¦æè¦ãè¿°ã¹ããã¨ã容æã«ãªãã
ããã¯ä¸éãªãã¨ã ãã¨ããã®ãã大ããªæ´å²çãã¿ã¼ã³ãç®ã«è¦ãããã®ã«ããé²æ©ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¨ããããããã¢ããªã³ã°ã解éã«é¢ããæ°ããèãæ¹ã¨é¢ä¿ãããããã ãçµå±ã®ã¨ãããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿èªä½ã¯ããã»ã©æ°ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå¦è ãã¡ã¯50年以ä¸åããæå¦ã®è¨èªã«ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãå¿ç¨ãã¦ãããæå¦å²ã¸ã®æ°ããã¢ããã¼ãã«å¿ è¦ãªãã®ããã¸ã¿ã«æè¡ã ãã§ãã£ããªããæ¬æ¸ã¯ã¨ã£ãã«ç»å ´ãã¦ããã ãããããã1970年代ã«ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãæå¦ã«å¿ç¨ãããã¨ããã¨ãæã®é·ããã¸ã§ããµã³ã»ã¹ã¦ã£ããã®å¥½ããªè¨èã«ã¤ãã¦ã®è°è«ããã°ãã°çãã¦ãããã»ã¨ãã©ã®å¦è ã¯ãããããè¨èªçãªç´°é¨ãæ£ç¢ºã«æ¸¬å®ããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã®è½åããããèªä½ã§æå¦ç快楽ã®æ´å²ãä¸å¤ããããã¨ã«ãªãã¨ã¯èãã¦ããªãã£ããç§ãæãã«ãå½¼ããç念ãæ±ãã®ã¯æ£ããã£ããã¹ã¿ã³ãªã¼ã»ãã£ãã·ã¥ãææããããã«ãã¹ã¦ã£ãããæ¥ç¶èªãå¤ç¨ãã¦ãããã¨ã証æãããã¨ã¨ããã®å¤ç«ããäºå®ã«æå¦ç解éãä¸ãããã¨ã¯å¥ã®ãã¨ãªã®ã ã
ã§ã¯ããã®50å¹´éã§ä½ãå¤ãã£ãã®ãï¼ ç¢ºãã«ãè¦æ¨¡ã¯ãã®ä¸é¨ã§ããã1980年代ã¾ã§ã¯ãæå¦å²ã®éçæ¢æ±ã¯æ¯è¼çå°è¦æ¨¡ãªã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«åºã¥ãå¾åããããå¤ãã®å ´åãåã ã®ä½å®¶ã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ããã¦ããããã¸ã¿ã«ã»ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã¼ã®æ¡å¤§ã«ãããå¹ åºãæ´å²çåé¡ãæèµ·ãããã¨ã容æã«ãªããæ´å²çãªåºãããéçæ¢æ±ã«ããåªãã社ä¼çåºç¤ãä¸ãã¦ããã(ä¾ãã°æ¬æ¸ã¯ãã¨ãããããã£ãã©ã¹ãã»ãã¸ã¿ã«ã»ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã¼ã«æ·±ãä¾åãã¦ããï¼ãããããè¦æ¨¡ã®å¤§ããã¯ç©èªã®ä¸é¨ã«éããªããå°å¹³ç·ã®ã«ã¼ãã¯å°çããå°ãé¢ããä¸ç©ºã§ããè¦ããªãããã ãããããè¦éãåºãã ãã§ã¯ãè¨èªçãªç´°é¨ã«æå¦çãªæå³ãä¸ããã«ã¯ååã§ã¯ãªãã
æ°åãæå¦ç 究ã«å½¹ç«ã¤ããã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ã¯ãæè¡çãªçç±ããããããçè«çãªçç±ã«ãããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãéããªã£ãã¨ãããã£ã¹ã¯ã大ãããªã£ãã¨ããããã¨ã§ã¯ãªããç§ãã¡ã¯æè¿ãå¤æ°ã®æ°ãæ°ãããã¨ããæå¦çæ¦å¿µã®ã¢ãã«ãæ§ç¯ãããã¨ã¸ã¨é²ãã ã®ã§ãããã¢ãã«ã¨ã¯å¤æ°éã®é¢ä¿ãå®ç¾©ãããã®ã§ãããããã¢ãã«ãåºç¤ã¨ããæ¢ç©¶æ§å¼ã¯ãå¤ç«ããäºå®ã§ã¯ãªããé¢ä¿ãç 究ãããã¨ãã§ãããéçæå¦ç 究ã¯ãä¾ãã°æ¥ç¶èªã®é »åº¦ããå§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã観客ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ãªã©ãæå¦ã®èªè ãå®éã«é¢å¿ãæã¤äºæã«é¢ãã社ä¼ç証æ ããå§ããããã«ãªã£ãããããã®ç¾è±¡ã®æå¦çæå³ã¯ãæ´å²çã«æ ¹æ ã®ãã解éã®å ±åä½ãããããããããæ°åãç»å ´ããã®ã¯ãæ´å²ã®å¤ã®ã©ããã«ãã客観çãªæå³ã®åºç¤ã¨ãã¦ã§ã¯ãªããæ´å²çè¨é²ã®ç°ãªãé¨åã®éã®æ¯è¼é¢ä¿ã確ç«ããæ¹æ³ã¨ãã¦ãã§ããã
ããã¯å¤§éæãªã¹ã±ããã§ãããã¨ã¯èªããããå¾ãªããã¢ãã«ã¨ããè¨èèªä½ãæå¦ç 究ã§ã¯ã¾ã ä¸è¬çã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã第1ç« ã§ã¯ãæå¦çæ¦å¿µã®çµ±è¨çã¢ãã«ï¼ç¹ã«ãäºæ¸¬ã¢ãã«ãï¼ãæ§ç¯ãããã¨ã®æå³ã説æãããã¨ã«æéãå²ããå§ãã«è¿°ã¹ã¦ããããã®ã¯ãæ¬æ¸ãå¯è½ã«ããé²æ©ã®ã»ã¨ãã©ããè¨ç®è½åã®åé¡ã§ã¯ãªãã¨ãããã¨ã§ããããã®ä»£ããã«ãçµ±è¨å¦ããå¿çå¦ã«è³ãã¾ã§ãç¾å¨åéã大ããå¤ãã¤ã¤ããã¢ãã«åãå¦ç¿ã解éã«é¢ããè°è«ã«ä¾åãã¦ãããèªè ã«æè¿ã®ç¥çæ´å²ã«ãããéè¦ãªå±éãå£éè¦ã¦ããããããæ¬æ¸å ¨ä½ãéãã¦ãã®è°è«ã«è§¦ããä»é²ã®ãæ¹æ³è«ãã§ããã«è©³ãã調æ»ããã¤ããã§ããããããçµå±ã®ã¨ãããæ¬æ¸ã¯è±æå¦å²ãã¨ãããè±ç±³æå¦è ã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ãæ¬ãªã®ã§ãããæ°ããæ¹æ³ã強調ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããããå¯è½ã«ããå ·ä½çãªæå¦çæ´å¯ã«ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ããåç« ã¯æ´å²çãªè°è«ã¨ãã¦æ§æãããã
第1ç« ã§ã¯ã18ä¸ç´ã19ä¸ç´ã20ä¸ç´ã®ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«ãããããç¥ãããå¤åã®å¤ããããã³ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã¨ã®å¯¾ç«ãéãã¦ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ä¸»é¡ãã¹ã¿ã¤ã«ããã¼ã¹ã決å®ã¥ãããã²ã¨ã¤ã®å·®å¥åããã»ã¹ã®ä¸é¨ã¨ãã¦ç解ã§ãããã¨ã示åãã¦ãããç§ãã¡ã¯ãã®ç©èªã®ä¸é¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ãã§ã«ç¥ã£ã¦ããã18ä¸ç´ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ç 究è ãã¡ã¯ãè¦ãããã®èªä¼ã®çµçã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãã19ä¸ç´ã®ç 究è ãã¡ã¯ãè¦è¦çãã£ãã¼ã«ã®å¼·èª¿ã«ã¤ãã¦èªããã¢ãããºã ã®ç 究è ãã¡ã¯ãå ¨ç¥ã®èªãæã®è¡°éã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãã¦ãããææããã£ã¨ç©è°ãé¸ãã®ã¯ãããããå¤åã®ããã¤ããã"èªã "ãã "è¦ãã "ã¸ã®åºç¯ãªè»¢æã¨ããæå°ã®ãã¨ã«çµ±ä¸ãããã¨ãã§ããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã¨ææããæ¹è©å®¶ã§ãããããããçµ±ä¸ãããã¹ãã¼ãªã¼ã«èª¬å¾åãæãããã®ã¯é£ããï¼ ä¾ãã°ãã´ã£ã¯ããªã¢æã®äººã ããã¹ãã¢ããã¹ãã¯ãé人éçã§éå®çãªèªãæã®å°é ã¨ããã¢ãããºã ã®åå©ä¸»ç¾©ã«ä¸¦ã¶ãã¨ãæããããããªããéç証æ ã«ãã£ã¦å¯è½ã«ãªã£ãåºãè¦éã«ãã£ã¦ããããã®å¤åããã¹ã¦ãé·ãååã®éç¨ã®æ®µéã¨ãã¦è¦ããã¨ãã§ããããã«ãªã£ãããã¾ãã¾ãªè¸è¡éåã¯ããã°ãã°äºãã«å¯¾ç«ããã¨ãã«ãæ®éã®è¨èãã¨ã®å解ãæ±ããã¨è¨ãããããå®éã«ã¯ãã¹ã¦ããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããã³ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®è¨èããã¼ããç©èªæ¦ç¥ããé ããã¦ããã
ãã¡ãããããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãã¯ããªãåºç¯ãªã¸ã£ã³ã«ã§ãããæå¦è ã¯ã´ã·ãã¯ãæ¢åµå°èª¬ã®ãããªãµãã¸ã£ã³ã«ã®æ´å²ã«é¢å¿ãæã¤ã®ãä¸è¬çã§ããã第2ç« ã§ã¯ãããããæ¦å¿µãæãä¸ããæ°ããæ¹æ³ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ã¸ã®è¦ç¹çã¢ããã¼ããã©ã®ããã«ãµãã¼ãã§ãããã説æãããèªç¶ãªæå¦ã®ç¨®é¡ã¨ãã¦ã®ã¸ã£ã³ã«ã¨ããã¢ãªã¹ããã¬ã¹çãªæ¦å¿µã¯ãéå»50å¹´ã®éã«ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ãæ´å²çã«å¶çºçãªå¶åº¦ã¨ãã¦æ±ããããæ éãªã¢ããã¼ãã¸ã¨éãè²ã£ããæ¹è©å®¶ãã¡ã¯ãSFã«å®å®ããå®ç¾©ãä¸ãããã¨ãã代ããã«ãSFã¨ã¯ã¤ã¾ãã¨ããããã¾ãã¾ãªæ´å²ç主ä½ã "SF "ã¨å¼ãã§ããä½åã®ç·©ãããªã°ã«ã¼ãåãã«éããªããã¨æå±ããããã«ãªã£ã¦ããããã®ãã¨ã¯ãSFãæ代ã«ãã£ã¦ç°ãªãæå³ãæã£ã¦ããå¯è½æ§ã示åãã1920年代以åã®SFã«ã¤ãã¦èªãããæ¹è©å®¶ããåä»ãªç«å ´ã«è¿½ããããã¨ããã®ãããããã®æå¦çä¼çµ±ã®ã©ããããå ã ã®èªè éã«ã¯SFã¨å¼ã°ãã¦ããªãã£ãããã§ããã
æ代ã¨ã¨ãã«æå³ãå¤ãã人éã®åµé ç©ã¯ã¸ã£ã³ã«ã ãã§ã¯ãªããã¸ã£ã³ã«å²ã«ç«ã¡ã¯ã ãã解éä¸ã®åé¡ã¯ãæ´å²ãã®ãã®ã®è¦ç¹ç次å ã«æ ¹ããããã®ã§ããããããã«è§£æ±ºããã«ã¯ãã¾ãã«æ·±ããSFã®ãããªç¨èªã®æå³ã¯ã常ã«è¦³å¯è ã®ç«ã¡ä½ç½®ã«ä¾åãããããããæ¬æ¸ã®ä¸å¿çãªä¸»å¼µã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã¯ãç¾ä»£ã®éçææ³ãè¦ç¹ã®åé¡ã表ç¾ããã®ã«é常ã«é©ãã¦ãããæ´å²ã®ãã®æ¬¡å ãæ´»ç¨ãããã¨ãã§ããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
é è¿æ³ã®åé¡ã¯ãç§ãã¡ãæ°å¦ã«åºä¼ããã¨ãæå¾ ããæå¾ã®å ´æãããããªãã20ä¸ç´ã«ã¯ãæ°åã¯ä¸»ã«ç©ççãªæ¸¬å®ï¼ã¾ãã¯äººå£çµ±è¨å¦çãªã«ã¦ã³ãï¼ã«ä½¿ããã観å¯è ã«ãã£ã¦å¤§ããç°ãªããã¨ã¯ãªãã£ãããã®ãããªé£æ³ãããã¢ã©ãã¢æ°åã¯ããèªä½ã客観çã§ããã社ä¼çæèããç¬ç«ãããã®ã§ãããã®ãããªå°è±¡ãå¤ãã®äººã ã«ä¸ãã¦ãããããããç¾ä»£ã®éçææ³ãæ¹ãã¦è¦ç´ãã¦ã¿ãã¨ã客観æ§ã¸ã®å¿åã«ãã£ã¦åºå¥ããã¦ããªããã¨ã«æ°ã¥ããããããªããç¹ã«æ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ã¯ã主観çãªæèã«ææãããå¾åããããããä¸éãé¨ããã¦ããã
å¦è ãæ示çã«æ¦å¿µãå®ç¾©ããã°ãä¸ç«æ§ãç®æãå®ç¾©ãä½ããã¨ãã§ãããããããæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ãä½ãåºãã¢ãã«ã¯ãæ確ãªå®ç¾©ã«é ¼ãã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®ä»£ããã«ãæ¦å¿µããã£ã±ãä¾ç¤ºçãªäºä¾ããå¦ç¿ãããä¾ããå¦ç¿ãããã¨ã§ãæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ã¯æè»æ§ãæã¤ããåæã«ç¹å®ã®è¨¼æ ã®é¸æã«æ½ãä»®å®ãåè¦ãæ¾ãä¸ããããããã®ãã¨ã¯ãä¸ç«çãªè£å®è ã§ãããã¨ãæå¾ ããã¦ããæ©é¢ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯å¤§ããªåé¡ã¨ãªã£ã¦ãããä¿¡ç¨åã«é¢ããéè¡ã®å¤æããæ§å¥ã人種ã«é¢ããæãè¾¼ã¿ã«ãã£ã¦å½¢ä½ããããã¨ã¯é¿ããããããããæ¿èªããããã¼ã³ãå´ä¸ããããã¼ã³ã®äºä¾ããä¿¡ç¨åãå¦ç¿ããã¢ãã«ã¯ããã®ãã¼ã³ãæ¿èªãããå´ä¸ããããã人ã®ãã¤ã¢ã¹ãå¸åãã¦ãã¾ãå¯è½æ§ãé常ã«é«ããä¸åä¸å ãç®æãéèæ©é¢ã¯ãæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ãé¿ãããã¨ãé¸ã¶ãããããªããä¸æ¹ãéå»ã«ã¤ãã¦æ¨è«ããå ´åãç§ãã¡ã®ç®çã¯é常ããã¤ã¢ã¹ãèªèãæ¢æ±ãããã¨ã§ããããã¤ã¢ã¹ãæ¶ãå»ããã¨ã§ã¯ãªããä¾ãã°ãæå¦ä½åã®ç¹å®ã®é¸æã«æé»çã«å«ã¾ãã¦ãã主観çå好ãç解ãããã¨ã¯ãã¾ãã«ç§ãã¡ã®ç 究ã®ç®æ¨ãããããªãããã®ç¨®ã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã«ã¨ã£ã¦ãæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ãå¦ç¿å¯¾è±¡ã®è¨¼æ ã«æ½å¨ããä»®å®ãå¸åããå¾åããããã¨ã¯ãåé¡ã§ã¯ãªãããã©ã¹ã®å©ç¹ã§ããããã¾ãã¾ãªäººãé¸ãã 証æ ã§ã¢ãã«ãå¦ç¿ããããã¨ã§ããã¾ãã¾ãªç¤¾ä¼çè¦ç¹ãçµæ¶åãããäºãã«å³å¯ã«æ¯è¼ãããã¨ãã§ããã
ç§ããè¦ç¹ã®ã¢ããªã³ã°ãã¨å¼ã¶ãã®ã¢ããã¼ãã¯ãããæ°å¹´ã§å ·ä½åãããã®ã§ãããæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ã®ä»ã®ä½¿ãæ¹ã«æ £ãã¦ããèªè ã¯ãããã¤ãã®ä»®å®ãèã«ç½®ãã¦ããå¿ è¦ããããããããªããæ¬æ¸ã§ä½æãããã¢ãã«ã¯æ師ããã¢ãã«ã§ãããã¤ã¾ãã常ã«äººéã®èªè ã«ãã£ã¦ã©ãã«ä»ãããã証æ ããåºçºãããããããå¿åã®ããã¹ãã®çã®ä½è ãè¦æããã¨ããæ師ããã¢ãã«ã¨ã¯ç°ãªããè¦ç¹ã¢ãã«ã¯åã«äººéã®å¤æãåç¾ãããã¨ãç®çã¨ãã¦ããªãããã®ä»£ããã«ãç°ãªã観å¯è éã®è¦å·®ã測å®ããããã«ä½¿ç¨ãããã
ãã®æ¦ç¥ã¯ããã®å¾ã®ãã¼ã¸ã§å¤ãã®å¿ç¨ãå©ãã ããããã¨ãã°ç¬¬2ç« ã§ã¯ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ã®æ´å²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®çåãæããããããã«ãã®æ¹æ³ãç¨ãããå ´åã«ãã£ã¦ã¯ãç°ãªãæ代ã®è¦³å¯è ã«ãã£ã¦å®ç¾©ãããã¸ã£ã³ã«ã¯ããã®ååããæ³åãããããããã¾ãä¸è´ãããã¨ãå¤æããã19ä¸ç´ã®ãç§å¦çããã³ã¹ããç 究ããã¢ãã«ã¯ãç¾ä»£ã®ããµã¤ã¨ã³ã¹ã»ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ããåããã®ã¨ãã¦èªèãããã¨ã容æã§ããããã¨ãã°ãèªè ããã´ã·ãã¯ãã¨å¼ã¶ãã¾ãã¾ãªä¼çµ±ã¯ãåä¸ã®ã¢ãã«ã§ã¯ãã¾ãèªèã§ããªãããã®ãããªè¨¼æ ã¯ãæ´å²å®¶ãã²ã¨ãããã«ãããåå²ãããããä¸æ¯ãªè°è«ãè¶ ãã¦ããã¾ãã¾ãªææ§ãã®åº¦åããæã¤å¢çãèªãããããæè»ãªè°è«ã¸ã¨åããå©ãã¨ãªãã ããã
第3ç« ã§ã¯ãå½¢å¼ã¨ã¸ã£ã³ã«ã®åé¡ããæå¦ã®çç£ã¨æµéã®ããå³ããå´é¢ã¨ã©ã®ããã«äº¤é¯ãã¦ãããã®èª¬æã§å§ã¾ããããã«ã¯ãã¯ã¹ãã®æ¸åº«ã«ç¤¾ä¼çæèãåãå ¥ãã¦ä¾¡å¤ãé«ããå¿ è¦ãããããã¨ãã°ãã©ã®ä½åãåæ¥çã«æåããã®ãããããã¯æ¹è©å®¶ã®ãæ°ã«å ¥ãã«ãªã£ãã®ããç¥ãããã§ããããã®è¨¼æ ã«ãã£ã¦ãå¦è ãã¡ã¯æå¦ã®æµè¡ãå¸å ´ããã®å§åãæ¹è©å®¶ã®å¤æãã¿ã¼ã³ã®å¤åã¨ã©ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ãã¦ããããåããã¨ãã§ããããã®èª¿æ»ã«ãã£ã¦ãæå¦ã®éçãå®ç¾©ããåºæºããé·ãæéã«ãããå¤åã®æ¹åæ§ã¨å¼·ãä¸è´ããã¨ãããé©ãã»ã©è¦åçãªãã¿ã¼ã³ãæããã«ãªããæå¦å²ã®å¼§ã¯é·ãããï¼ããã°ï¼å声ã«åãã£ã¦æ²ãã£ã¦ããããã®æç¹ã§ãç§ãã¡ã¯ãã¯ããè¦æ £ããæ´å²ã®èª¬æããããé·ãè¦ç¹ã§ã¨ãããããã«åç´ã«ããä¸åº¦ç¹°ãè¿ãã¦å¤å®¹ããã¦ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããç¾çå¤æã®åºæºãä½ä¸ç´ã«ãããã£ã¦æ¯è¼çå®å®ããã¾ã¾ã§ãããåãããã«é·ãæé軸ã®ä¸ã§æå¦ã®å¤åãå½¢ä½ã£ã¦ããã¨ããã°ãç§ãã¡ã¯ãæç§æ¸ãè«æéã§èªãããæ¥éãªä¸ä»£é転ã®ç©èªã¨ã¯åºæ¬çã«ç¸åããæå¦å²ã®èª¬æãè¦ã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
æ¬æ¸ã®æåã®3ç« ã¯ãæ¸ç©ãã»ã¨ãã©ã®å ´åå ¨ä½ã¨ãã¦è°è«ããããæå¦å²ã®æ¬¡å ï¼å容ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ãªã©ï¼ã«ã¤ãã¦è¿°ã¹ã¦ãããããããããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®ãããªãããã¯ã¯ãé·ãæé軸ã横æãã¦è¿½è·¡ããã®ãé£ããããªããªããã¢ã«ã´ãªãºã çã«è§£æããã®ãå°é£ãªãæ¸ç©ã®ã¬ãã«ä»¥ä¸ã®åºåãå¿ è¦ã ããã§ãããããããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ç§å¦è ã®ååãããã°ããããã®ãããã¯ãããç¨åº¦é²å±ããããã¨ãå¯è½ã§ããã第4ç« ã§ã¯ãç¹ã«ããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã«é¢ããæé»ã®ä»®å®ã«ãã£ã¦å½¢æãããæ¹æ³ã«ã¤ãã¦ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼è¨å®ã®æ´å²ãæ¢ããç¹°ãè¿ãã«ãªãããè¦ç¹ã¢ãã«ã¯ç§ã®è°è«ã«æ±ºå®çãªåãä¸ãã¦ããããä¾ãã°ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®æ§æ ¼ä»ããã©ãã»ã©å¼·ãã¸ã§ã³ãã¼åããã¦ããããåãä¸ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã¯ããã¯ã¹ãã®ä¸ã§è¡ããããã®ã¨ãã¦å¥³æ§ãç·æ§ã表ç¾ãããäºç©ã®ã¿ã使ã£ã¦ããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ä¸ã®å¥³æ§ãç·æ§ããåºå¥ããã®ãã©ãã»ã©å®¹æããåããã¨ã§ããããã¡ã¼ã¹ããã¼ã ã代åè©ãå¤ããå ´åã§ãã£ã¦ããã¢ãã«ã¯ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®ææ³ä¸ã®æ§å¥ãäºæ¸¬ã§ããã ãããï¼ãããããªããã¸ã§ã³ãã¼ã«å¯¾ããè¦æ¹ã¯æ代ã«ãã£ã¦ã©ã®ããã«ç°ãªãã®ã ãããï¼ããããã»ãã³ãã³ãæ§ç¯ãããã¼ã«ãä¸é¨ä½¿ç¨ãããã¨ã§ã1840å¹´ããç¾å¨ã«è³ãã¾ã§ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®æé»ã®æ§å¥è¨å®ãçå®ã«ææ§ã«ãªã£ã¦ãããã¨ã示ããã¨ãã§ããããã¡ãããããèå³æ·±ãã®ã¯ãæ§å¥ã示ãå ·ä½çãªãã£ãã¼ã«ã§ãããããã¯å¸¸ã«æç½ã§ã¯ãªãã20ä¸ç´ã®ä¸é ã«ãªãã¨ãçªç¶ãå¾®ç¬ãã®ã¯å¥³æ§çã ãããã¤ãªã¨ç¬ãã®ã¯ç·æ§çã«ãªããããããæãèå³æ·±ãã®ã¯ããã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®æ§å¥ãäºæ¸¬ããç´°é¨ã¯æ¥µãã¦ä¸å®å®ã§ãããã¨ãå¤æãããã¨ã ããã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã«ãããæ§å¥ã¯ã1840å¹´å½æã¨ä»æ¥ã§ã¯åããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããã®éç¨ã§ãä½å®¶ã®ç¤¾ä¼å²ã«ãããããã¤ãã®ç´æã«åããå¾åã«ã¤ã¾ãããã¨ã«ãªããç¹ã«ã1850å¹´ãã1970å¹´ã®éã«ã女æ§ã«ãã£ã¦æ¸ãããè±èªå°èª¬ã®å²åã50ï¼ æ¸å°ãã¦ãããã¨ãæããããã
ç§ãä¸ã§æ¦èª¬ããæå¦å²ã¸ã®ã¢ããã¼ãã¯ãæ§ããã«è¨ã£ã¦ãè°è«ã®ä½å°ããããæå¦çãªè°è«ã§ã¯é常ãæ°åã¯ç¨ããããªããã人æå¦ã«ããã¦æ°åãéè¦ãªå½¹å²ãæãããã¨ãã§ããã®ããå¤ãã®å¦è ã¯çåè¦ãã¦ãããæ¬æ¸ã®ç¬¬5ç« ã§ã¯ãããããæ¸å¿µã«æ·±ãå¿çããããã®è«äºãå·»æ«ã«åããã®ã¯ããã®è«äºãã第ä¸åçãå±ããã°ããããã決çãã¤ããããªã対ç«ããå²å¦éã®éäºã ã¨ã¯èãã¦ããªãããã§ããã大è¦æ¨¡ãªéçç 究ã®ä¾¡å¤ã«å¯¾ããç念ã¯ãéå»ã«å¯¾ããæ°ããªè¦ç¹ã®æ¬è³ªçãªé¢ç½ãã«å¯¾ããç念ã§ãããããã¦ãæ°ããªè¦ç¹ãé¢ç½ããã©ããã¯ããããæ¢æ±ãã¦ã¿ãªããã°ããããªãã®ã§ãããæ¬æ¸ã®æå¾ã«ãæ°ããªè¨è¿°ã®å°ºåº¦ãæ¢æ±ããå¾ãç§ã¯ãã®åºæã®é¢ç½ãã¨ã人æå¦è ãè¦éãåºããããã«æ¯æããªããã°ãªããªããããããªã代åã¨ãæ¯è¼æ¤è¨ããã
確ãã«ããã¹ã¦ã®ç¥èã«ã¯å¯¾ä¾¡ãå¿ è¦ã ããããããã®å ´åããã®ä»£åã¯å²å¦çã¨ãããããå¶åº¦çãªãã®ã§ãããæã ãè¦ã¦ããã®ã¯ãæ§é 主義ã¨ãã¹ãæ§é 主義ã®éäºã®ããã«ãããè¦ç¹ãæ¨ã¦ã¦å¥ã®è¦ç¹ãæ¡ç¨ããªããã°ãªããªããããªè°è«ã§ã¯ãªããdistant readingã¯ãåãªãæ°ããªè¨è¿°ã®å°ºåº¦ã§ãã£ã¦ãæã®è§£åå³ãç´°èå ã§èµ·ãã£ã¦ããåå¦åå¿ã¨å¯¾ç«ããªãã®ã¨åãããã«ãç²¾èª(close reading)ã¨å¯¾ç«ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªããããã¾ã§ã®æå¦çæåã®å°ºåº¦ãç½®ãæããã®ã§ã¯ãªããdistant readingã¯å¦ååéãæ¡å¤§ããå¯è½æ§ãç§ãããã®ã§ãããã©ã¡ããã¨ããã°ãçåå¦ãåå¦ããã大è¦æ¨¡ãªåæã«åºããããã«ãããããæ¡å¤§ã«ã³ã¹ããããããã¨ã¯å¦ããªããæ°ãã種é¡ã®éé¬ã¯å¦è ã®ä»äºãå¢ãããæå¦é¨ã®æ§æ ¼ãå¤ãã¦ãã¾ããããããªããããã§ç¬¬5ç« ã§ã¯ã人æå¦ã«ãããéçç 究ã«å¿ è¦ãªæ°è³ªã¨éé¬ã«ã¤ãã¦èå¯ãã第1ç« ãã第4ç« ã¾ã§ã«å±éãããæ°ããè¦ç¹ããé¢é£ãã代åãæãã«å¤ãããã©ãããèªè ã«å¤æãã¦ããããã¨ã«ããã
ããããã³ã¹ãã¨ä¾¿çã天秤ã«ããããã¨ã¯ãé·ãæé軸ããè¦ãã¦ãããã®ããã¦ã¯ããã¦å¯è½ã¨ãªããåºæã§ç§ãã§ãããã¨ã¯ãèªè ãæåã«æãããããããªãããã¤ãã®èª¤è§£ã解ããã¨ã§ãããç¹ã«ãæ¬æ¸ãéãã¦ã°ã©ããè¦ãç¬éã«ãããæ¸å¿µãé ã«æµ®ãã¶ãããããªããããã¯ãéçææ³ã¯å®¢è¦³çãªç¥èãçã¿åºãããã«ã人æå¦ã®è§£éçãªå´é¢ãåãé¤ããã¨ãã¦ãããã¨ãããã®ã ããã®èãæ¹ã¯ã人æå¦è ã¨ç§å¦è ã®éã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®å¤±æããçã¾ãããã®ã ã¨ç§ã¯èãã¦ãããé·ã話ãçãã¾ã¨ããã¨ãæ¬è³ªçã«ã¯æ°åã¯è¨èããã客観çã¨ããããã§ã¯ãªããæ°åã¯ãç¨åº¦ã®åé¡ãæ¨è«ããããã«äººéãä½ãåºããè¨å·ã«éããªããéå»ã«é¢ããä»ã®è°è«ã¨åæ§ãçµ±è¨ã¢ãã«ã証æ ã®æ«å®çãªè§£éã§ãããã¢ãã«ãæ°å¦çã«è¡¨ç¾ãããã¨ã¯ãããã¤ãã®ä»®å®ï¼ç¹ã«éã¨ç¨åº¦ã«é¢ããä»®å®ãå«ãï¼ãæ示ããã¨ããå©ç¹ããããããããæ°åã«ã¯çåã解決ããç¹å¥ãªåã¯ãªããä»®å®ãæ¨è«ã¯ä¾ç¶ã¨ãã¦ãæ £ã親ããã è°è«ã®ããã»ã¹ãéãã¦æã¡åºãããªããã°ãªããªããããã«æå¦å²ã«ããã¦ã¯ãç 究è ã¯ãã°ãã°ä¸»è¦³çãªä¿¡å¿µãã®ãã®ã§ããä¸çã®å´é¢ãã¢ãã«åããããã«çµ±è¨ãç¨ãããã¨ã«ãªããä¾ãã°ãã¸ã£ã³ã«ãæ¢æ±ããéãç§ã¯ã1973å¹´å½æã®ç¹å®ã®è¦³å¯è ã°ã«ã¼ããããããæ¢åµå°èª¬ã®ä¸ä¾ã ã¨èãã確çãã®ãããªå¤æ°ãã¢ãã«åããã
è¨ãæããã°ãæå¦ã¸ã®éçã¢ããã¼ãã¯ãæå¦å²ããã«ã¯ã¹ä¸»ç¾©ããã¼ã¦ã£ã³ã®è«çã«æ¯é ããã¦ããã¨ãã信念ãåæã¨ããå¿ è¦ã¯ãªããæ¬æ¸ã¯ãé·ãæé軸ã«æ¸¡ãå¤åã®ãã¿ã¼ã³ãã¹ã±ããããä¸æ¹ã§ãæå¦å²ã馴æã¿æ·±ã主æµã®ç©èªã«ãã£ã¦èª¬æã§ããã¨ããä»®å®ã«ã¯ãåºæ¬çã«æµæãããæ¬æ¸ã®ç¬¬1ç« ã¯ãäºã¤ã®ç©èªã®è©³ç´°ãæ¢ãã¨ãããæå¦ã®èªè ãå¤ãã®å ´åã«å§ããã¨ããããéå§ãããããããããããã¦ãããã¡ã«ããããã®ç´°é¨ã¯ãä»ã®å¤ãã®æ¸ç©ã«ãå ±éããããã大ããªãã¿ã¼ã³ã¸ã¨æ´çããã¦ãããããã¦ããããã®ãã¿ã¼ã³ãç解ãããã¨ãã¦ãã¢ãã«ã¨å¼ã°ããä¸è¬åãå½¢æãå§ããããããã®ã¢ãã«ã¯ãå¦è ãã¡ãããã¾ã§èª¬æã§ããªãã£ã大ããªãã¿ã¼ã³ãæããã«ãããããããè¦ç¹ã®éããè°è«ããªããªãããã§ã¯ãªããéçã¢ãã«ã¯ãä»ã®ã©ã®æ´å²è§£éããã客観çãªãã®ã¨ããããã§ã¯ãªããããã¯ã人é¡ã®éå»ã®è¬ã«åãçµãããã®ããä¸ã¤ã®æ¹æ³ã«éãããããåºãè¦éã«ç«ã¤ããã«å¾éãã¦ããè¤éããä¸å¯è§£ãã軽æ¸ãããããã§ã¯ãªãã
ç§ãåé ã§åãä¸ããã2ã¤ç®ã®èª¤è§£ã¯ããã©ã³ã³ã»ã¢ã¬ããã£ãç´19å¹´åã«æå±ããdistant readingã®æ¥µè«çãªå®ç¾©ã«é¢ãããã®ã§ãããç§ãdistant readingã¨ããè¨èãæ¡ç¨ããã®ã¯ããããé©åã§ãã£ãããã§ãããã¾ããéå»ã®çæ¿ãããããããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦éå»ãå¦å®ããåæã«ãããæ£å½åãããã¨ããå¦åçå¾åãè¦æãã¦ããããã§ããï¼distant readingããã¤ã¼ãã§ãã£ããã¨ã¯èª°ããç¥ã£ã¦ããããç§ã¯æ¹å¤çdistant readingãçºæãããããã¯ã¾ã£ããã®å¥ç©ã§ãããï¼ çµããã®ãªãçæ¿ã®ããããã¯ããããããããããã2019å¹´ãdistant readingãè©ä¾¡ããæ¹æ³ã¯ãå¢ãã¤ã¤ããç 究è ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«ãã£ã¦æè¿çã¿åºãããçµæãè¦ããã¨ã§ããããã©ã³ã³ã»ã¢ã¬ããã£ã2000å¹´ã«æå±ãããã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®æç´¢çãªæ ¹æ ãããã£ã¦è«äºãç¹°ãåºãããã¨ã§ã¯ãªããã¨è¨ãå¿ è¦ãããã
社ä¼ç§å¦çææ³ã¨ãã¸ã¿ã«ããã¹ããç¨ãã¦æå¦ã®éå»ãæ¢æ±ãããã¨ãææ¡ããå¦è ã¯ãã¢ã¬ããã£ãåãã¦ã§ã¯ãªããã³ã¼ãã¹è¨èªå¦ã社ä¼å¦ãæ¸ç©å²ã®å½±é¿ãåããåæ§ã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯ã1980年代ãã1990年代ã«ããã¦ãã§ã«é²è¡ãã¦ãããä»ä¸ç´ã«å ¥ãã大è¦æ¨¡ãªç 究ããµãã¼ãããä¸é£ã®ç¤¾ä¼çã»æ¦å¿µçé©æ°ï¼ä¾ãã°ãã¸ã¿ã«ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã¼ãæ©æ¢°å¦ç¿ï¼ã«å¾æ¼ãããããã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯åçã«å éããããããã2000å¹´å½æãã»ã¨ãã©ã®æå¦ç 究è ã«ã¯ãããã®è¦ç´ ã¯ã»ã¨ãã©è¦ãã¦ããªãã£ããããã©ããããdistant readingã¯å½åã1990年代ã®å¤å ¸ãæ¡å¼µã復èããããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®å»¶é·ã¨ãã¦ç解ããã¦ããããã®ããããã®äºæ¥ã¯ãå¦è ãã¡ã®æ³¨æãå¼ãããã®éå¾³çãªä¸»å¼µã¨ãªã£ããããããªããdistant readingãããªããªãããæå¦ã®å± æ®ºå ´ãã«å¿ãå»ãããä½ååãã®æ¬ã®å«ã³ãç¡è¦ãã¦ãããã¨ã«ãªãã
19å¹´çµã£ãä»ã§ãã大è¦æ¨¡ãªæå¦å²ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯é®®æã§é©åã§ããã¨ããçç±ã§ãã°ãã°distant readingã¨å¼ã°ããã ãããããã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯ãå½åãã®ååã«ä»éãã¦ãã極è«ããè±å´ãããä¾ãã°ãã¢ã¬ããã£ãå復ã®é義çç·æ¥æ§ã強調ãããã¨ã§ãå¤ãã®æçè«è ã¯ããã¸ã¿ã«ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã¼èªä½ããã¾ã ã«ã失ãããããããã¯åã«ãã¸ã¿ã«åããã¦ããªãå¤ãã®èµæ¸ãé¤å¤ãã¦ããã¨åè«ãããã©ããªã«å¤§è¦æ¨¡ãªã³ã¬ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ãã£ã¦ãããã¹ã¦ã®ä½åãå± æ®ºå ´ããæããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããããã¯äºå®ã§ãããã¾ããé常ãæ確ã«éå®ããããµã³ãã«ã使ã£ã¦ããç¾ä»£ã®distant readingã«å¯¾ããç°è«ã§ããªããdistant readingã®ãã¤ã³ãã¯ãåºçããããã¹ã¦ã®ä½åã®å®å ¨ãªã¢ã¼ã«ã¤ããååãããã¨ã§ã¯ãªããç°ãªãæ代ã社ä¼çæèããå¼ãåºããããµã³ãã«éã®éããç解ãããã¨ã«ããã
ãã®ä»ã«ãå¤ãã®ç¹ã§ãdistant readingã®æ ãæãã¡ã¨ãã®æ¹è©å®¶ãã¡ã¯ããã°ãã°äºããéãéãã¦è©±ããã¦ããã«éããªããæå¦å²ã¸ã®éçãªã¢ããã¼ãã¯é常ã«çç£çã§ãã£ãããããããçã¿åºããçµæã¯ãæãæªåé«ããããã§ã¹ããäºæ¸¬ããçµæã§ã¯ãªããä¾ãã°ãå¤å ¸ã¨å± æ®ºå ´ã®éãã¯ãããã»ã©å¤§ãããªããã¨ãå¤æãã¦ãããèåãªä½å®¶ãç¡åã®ä½å®¶ããã»ã¼åãæ¹åã«é²ãã§ãããã¨ãå¤ãããããããã®åæç¯å²ãæ¡å¤§ãããã¨ã§ãdistant readingã®æ ãæãã¡ã¯é·ãæ´å²çãªå¼§ã«ã¤ã¾ãããå¤å ¸ã¨ç¡åä½å®¶ã®ä¸¡ã°ã«ã¼ãã«ã¤ãã¦ç§ãã¡ãç¥ã£ã¦ããã¨æã£ã¦ãããã¨ãå¤ãã¦ãã¾ãã
ä»ããããã®ä¼è©±ã«åã³ç¦ç¹ãå½ã¦ãæã§ãããdistant readingã®æ ãæãã¡ã«ã¯ãæ¹è©å®¶ãã¡ã20å¹´åã«ç´æãããã¨ããããã£ã¨èå³æ·±ããå½¼ããå®éã«è¡ã£ããã¨ã¸ã®åå¿ãä¿ããããªãæ°ãããããã§ã¹ããå¿ è¦ãªã®ã ãæ¬æ¸ã¯ãããã¤ãã®å¯è½ãªæ¹æ³ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ã§ãåãªãã¢ã¼ã«ã¤ãã®ç¶²ç¾ æ§ããé·ãã¿ã¤ã ã©ã¤ã³ã®åºããã¸ã¨éç¹ã移ããã¨ã§ãä¼è©±ã®ç¦ç¹ãåå®ç¾©ããã
å½ç¶ã®ãã¨ãªãããããããè¿°ã¹ãæ¹æ³ã«ã¯éçããããæ°ããã¦é¢ç½ãããã¨ãã£ã¦ããæå¦ç 究ã®é ã ã«ã¾ã§æ°åãæ¼ãè¾¼ãã®ã¯èª¤ãã§ãããä¸ã¤ã®ä½åã®è¯ããç¹ç´°ã«è¡¨ç¾ãããæ¹è©å®¶ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ã¯ã大æµã®å ´åãçµ±è¨ã¯å¿ è¦ãªãã ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãã¾ãã¨ããããªåçã«ç±ä¸ãããã¾ããä¾ãã°ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã®ã¤ãªããã詳細ã«è¨ãããããã¯ã¼ã¯ã°ã©ãã«ãã£ã¦ä¸åã®æ¬ã®ç解ã«ã©ãã ãã®ãã¨ãä»ãå ããããããã観å¯è ãã¡ã¯èªå¼µãã¦ãã¾ããã¨ããããããã¹ããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã§åæãããã¨ã¯ã以åããã¯æè»ã«ãªã£ããã人éã®èªè§£ã«æ¯ã¹ãã°ã¾ã ã¾ã ç²éã§ããã主ã«å½¹ç«ã¤ã®ã¯ã証æ ã大ãããã¦ä¸äººã®èªè ã®è¨æ¶ã«åã¾ããªããããªåé¡ã§ãããéçææ³ãç¹ã«é·ãæéã®ç解ã«è²¢ç®ãã¦ããã®ã¯ããã®ãããªçç±ã«ããã
ä¸æ¹ãæå¦å²ã®æ¬ã¯ãå°ä¸3ä¸ãã£ã¼ãã®ä¸ç©ºã§ãã¹ã¦ã®æéãéãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããæå¦ã¯åæ§çãªãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã¨å ±é³´ãããã£ãã¼ã«ã«ãã£ã¦èªè ã®å¿ãã¤ãããã®ã§ãããæå¦å²ã«ãåããã¨ãå¿ è¦ã§ãããç¾ä»£ã®æå¦å²ã«ã¯ç¹ã«ãã®ãã¨ããã¦ã¯ã¾ãã第1ç« ã¨ç¬¬3ç« ã§èª¬æããããã«ãå ·ä½çãªç¹ç°æ§ã¯ãã®300å¹´ã®éã«è©©ãå°èª¬ã«ã¨ã£ã¦çå®ã«éè¦æ§ãå¢ããç¾å¨ã§ã¯æå¦ã¸ã£ã³ã«ã¨ãã³ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ãåãã主ãªæä½ã®éããæ§æãã¦ããã大éæãªä¸è¬åã«çµå§ãããããªç¾ä»£æå¦å²ã§ã¯ããã®ä¸»é¡ã®éè¦ãªå´é¢ãä¼ãããã¨ãã§ããªãã ãããããã§æ¬æ¸ã¯ãé常ã«åºãæ´å²çè¦éãæã¡ã¤ã¤ããåã ã®ä½å®¶ã®äºä¾ç 究ãé¸æãããç®æã®ç²¾èªã«ãè¸ã¿è¾¼ãã§ããã
ãã®ãããªå°ºåº¦ã®ä¸¦ç½®ã«ãã£ã¦çã¿åºãããä¿®è¾å¦çãç¾å¦çãªã²ãã¿ããdistant readingã¸ã®çã®ææ¦ã¨ãªããéçãªæ¨è«ã¨äººæ主義çãªè§£éã®éã«ã¯ãåççã«ã¯çç¾ã¯ãªããããããªããããããæå¦ã®å¦åããç§å¦ã«ããã¦ä¸è¬çãªåºæºãããå³ããç¾çåºæºãç®æãã¦ãããã¨ã¯äºå®ã§ãããããã«ãããããããå¹ åºãèªè ãèå³ãæ±ãã®ã«åå詳細ã§ãåååççã§ãååçãçãã¨ããéçæå¦å²ããdistant readingã®æ ãæãã¡ã¯æãåºããã¨ãã§ããã ããããããã§ããªããã°ãã©ããªè°è«ãç§ãã¡ãæããã¨ã¯ã§ããªãã ãããç§ãã¡ã®ãã£ã¦ãããã¨ã¯éè¦ãããããªãããããã¯ç¤¾ä¼ç§å¦ã«å±ãããã¨ã«ãªãã ãããç§ã¯æ°åã人æå¦ã«ããªãããã¨ã示ãããããããããããäºåã«è¨¼æãããã¨ã¯ã§ããªããç§ã«ã§ããã®ã¯ãçµ±è¨ã¢ãã«ã使ã£ã¦å¹ åºã人ã ã®é¢å¿ãå¼ããµã¹ãã³ã¹ã«æºã¡ãç©èªãèªãæ¬ãæ¸ããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ããããæãåºããã¨ãããã¨ã ãã§ããã