Idi na sadržaj

Indijski potkontinent

S Wikipedije, slobodne enciklopedije
Indijski potkontinent
Geopolitičko pokrivanje potkontinenta
Površina4.440.000 km2
Br. stanovnikaoko 1.8 milijardi
DemonimJužni Azijati
Desi
Države
Zavisne
teritorije
Spisak
JeziciJezici južne Azije
Vremenske zoneUTC +6
UTC +5:45
UTC +5:30
UTC +5
Najveći gradovi
10 najvećih

Indijski potkontinent[a] jest fiziografska regija u južnoj Aziji, uglavnom smještena na Indijskoj ploči, koja se sa Himalaja pruža prema jugu u Indijski okean. Geopolitički, obuhvata velike kopnene mase zemalja Bangladeša, Butana, Indije, Maldiva, Nepala, Pakistana, i Šri Lanke.[1][2][3][4] Iako se termini "indijski potkontinent" i "južna Azija" često koriste naizmjenično za označavanje regiona, geopolitički termin Južne Azije često uključuje Afganistan, što se ne smatra dijelom potkontinenta.[5]

Geološki, potkontinent potiče iz Indijskog ostrva, izolovane kopnene mase koja se odvojila od superkontinenta Gondvane tokom krede i spojila se sa kopnom Evroazije prije skoro 55 miliona godina, formirajući Himalaje.[6] Historijski gledano, kao i do danas, to je i bio i idalje jeste najnaseljenija regija na svijetu, u kojoj živi otprilike 20-25% globalne populacije u svim vremenima u historiji. Geografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji smješteno ispod Trećeg pola, ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Indo-Burmanskim planinskim lancima na istoku.[7] Susjedne geografske regije oko potkontinenta uključuju Tibetansku visoravan na sjeveru, Indokinesko poluostrvo na istoku, Iransku visoravan na zapadu i Indijski okean na jugu.

Etimologija

[uredi | uredi izvor]

U mnogim historijskim izvorima, regija koja okružuje i jugoistočno od rijeke Ind nazivana je jednostavno "Indija".[8] Historičari idalje koriste ovaj izraz za označavanje cijelog indijskog potkontinenta u raspravama o historiji sve do ere Britanske Indije.[8] Tokom ovog perioda, "Indija" se odnosila na poseban politički entitet koji je kasnije postao nezavisna država.[8]

Prema Oksfordskom rječniku engleskog jezika, izraz potkontinent označava "podjelu kontinenta koja ima poseban geografski, politički ili kulturni identitet" i također "veliku kopnenu masu nešto manju od kontinenta".[9][10] Njegova upotreba za označavanje indijskog potkontinenta dokazana je od ranog dvadesetog vijeka kada je većina teritorije bila ili dio Britanskog carstva ili u savezu s njima.[11][12][13] Bio je prikladan izraz za označavanje regije koja se sastoji od Britanske Indije i kneževskih država.[14][15]

Termin je posebno bio uobičajen u Britanskoj imperiji i njenim nasljednicima,[16] dok je izraz Južna Azija češća upotreba u Evropi i Sjevernoj Americi.[17][18] Prema historičarima Sugata Bose i Ayesha Jalal, indijski potkontinent je postao poznat kao Južna Azija "u novijem i neutralnom jeziku".[19] Indolog Ronald B. Inden tvrdi da upotreba termina Južna Azija postaje sve raširenija jer jasno razlikuje region od Istočne Azije.[20] Dok Južna Azija, precizniji izraz koji odražava savremena politička razgraničenja regije, zamjenjuje indijski potkontinent, termin koji je usko povezan s kolonijalnim naslijeđem regije, kao naslovni termin, potonji se još uvijek široko koristi u tipološkim studijama.[21][22]

Od podjele Indije, građani Pakistana (koji je postao nezavisan od Britanske Indije 1947) i Bangladeša (koji je postao nezavisan od Pakistana 1971) često percipiraju korištenje indijskog potkontinenta kao uvredljivo i sumnjivo zbog dominantnog položaja Indije u pojam. Kao takav se sve manje koristi u tim zemljama.[24] U međuvremenu, mnogi indijski analitičari radije koriste ovaj termin zbog sociokulturnih zajedništva u regionu.[25] Region se takođe naziva "azijski potkontinent",[26][27] "južnoazijski potkontinent",[28][29][30] kao i "Indija" ili "Velika Indija" u klasičnim i premodernim smislima.[31][32][33]

Geologija

[uredi | uredi izvor]
S lijeva na desno, odvajanje indijskog potkontinenta od Gondvane prije 150 miliona godina, 120 miliona godina, 80 miliona godina i tokom paleocena.
Zbog tektonike ploča, Indijska ploča se odvojila od Madagaskara i sudarila (oko 55 miliona godina) sa Evroazijskom pločom, što je rezultiralo formiranjem Himalaja.

Indijski potkontinent je ranije bio dio Gondvane, superkontinenta koji je nastao tokom kasnog neoproterozoika i ranog paleozoika.[6] Gondvana je počela da se raspada tokom mezozoika, sa Indijskim ostrvom koji se odvojio od Antarktika prije 130-120 miliona godina[34] i Madagaskara prije oko 90 miliona godina,[35] tokom krede. Ostrvska Indija se kasnije povukla prema sjeveroistoku, sudarajući se s Evroazijskom pločom prije skoro 55 miliona godina, tokom eocena, formirajući Indijski potkontinent.[6] Zona u kojoj se spajaju euroazijska i indijska potkontinentna ploča ostaje geološki aktivna, sklona velikim potresima.[36]

Fiziografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Arakanom na istoku.[7][37] Proteže se prema jugu u Indijski okean sa Arapskim morem na jugozapadu i Bengalskim zalivom na jugoistoku.[38] Većina ove regije počiva na Indijskoj ploči i izolirana je od ostatka Azije velikim planinskim barijerama. Lakadivska ostrva, Maldivi i arhipelag Chagos su tri niza koralnih atola, zaliva i farskih ostrva na indijskoj ploči zajedno sa grebenom Čagos-Lakadiv, podmorskim grebenom koji je nastao sjevernim pomijeranjem Indijske ploče preko žarišta Reunion tokom Krede i ranog kenozoika.[39][40][41] Maldivski arhipelag se uzdiže iz podruma vulkanskih bazaltnih izliva sa dubine od oko 2000m formirajući središnji dio grebena između Laccadiva i Velike Chagos obale .[41]

Geografija

[uredi | uredi izvor]
Rijeka Ind definira veći dio ekosistema na indijskom potkontinentu.

Prema antropologu Johnu R. Lukacsu, "indijski potkontinent zauzima glavnu kopnenu masu Južne Azije."[42] Prema historičaru BN Mukherjeeju, "Potkontinent je nedjeljiv geografski entitet."[43] Prema geografu Dudleyju Stampu, "možda ne postoji kopneni dio svijeta koji je priroda bolje označila kao regija ili 'carstvo' od Indijskog potkontinenta."[44]

Ova prirodna fizička kopnena masa u južnoj Aziji je kopneni dio Indijske ploče, koji je relativno izoliran od ostatka Euroazije.[45] Himalaji (od rijeke Brahmaputre na istoku do rijeke Ind na zapadu), Karakoram (od rijeke Ind na istoku do rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) i planine Hindu Kuša (od rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) čine njegovu sjevernu granicu.[46][47] Na zapadu je omeđen dijelovima planinskih lanaca Hindu Kuša, Spin Ghara (Safed Koh), Sulaiman planina, Kirthar planina, Brahui i Pab i, između ostalih,[46] sa zapadnim pregibnim pojasom duž granice ( između lanca Sulaiman i rasjeda Chaman),[48] gdje se, duž istočnog Hindukuša, nalazi granica između Afganistana i Pakistana. Na istoku je omeđen brdima Patkai, Naga, Lushai i Chin.[46] Indijski okean, Bengalski zaliv i Arapsko more čine granicu indijskog potkontinenta na jugu, jugoistoku i jugozapadu.[46]

S obzirom na teškoće prolaska kroz Himalaje, sociokulturna, vjerska i politička interakcija indijskog potkontinenta uglavnom se odvijala kroz doline Afganistana na njegovom sjeverozapadu, dolinama Manipura na njegovom istoku, i pomorskim putevima.[45] Teža, ali historijski važna interakcija takođe se dogodila kroz odlomke koje su koristili Tibetanci. Ovi putevi i interakcije doveli su do širenja budizma sa potkontinenta u druge dijelove Azije. Islamska ekspanzija stigla je na potkontinent na dva načina: preko Afganistana na kopnu i do indijske obale preko pomorskih puteva na Arapskom moru.[45]

Geopolitika

[uredi | uredi izvor]
Kamena unutrašnjost Himalaja.

U smislu modernih geopolitičkih granica, potkontinent čini Bangladeš, Butan, Indiju, Nepal i Pakistan, osim, po konvenciji, ostrvsku državu Šri Lanku i druge obližnje ostrvske države Indijskog okeana, kao što su Maldivi i Britanske indijskookeanske teritorije.[potreban citat][2][3][49][50][51] za razliku od "Južne Azije", ponekad izraz "indijski potkontinent" može isključiti ostrva Maldive i Šri Lanku.[52] Prema Chrisu Brewsteru i Wolfgangu Mayrhoferu, Indija, Pakistan, Bangladeš, Šri Lanka, Nepal i Butan čine indijski potkontinent. Brewster i Mayrhofer također tvrde da se s Afganistanom i Maldivima region naziva Južna Azija.[53] Na periferiji potkontinenta, uključujući Pakistan, Bangladeš i ostrvske lance Maldiva, živi velika muslimanska populacija, dok je srce, uključujući većinu Indije, Nepala i Šri Lanke, pretežno hinduističko ili budističko.[54] Budući da se većina ovih zemalja nalazi na Indijskoj ploči, neprekinutoj kopnenoj masi, granice između zemalja često su ili rijeka ili ničija zemlja.[55]

Precizna definicija "indijskog potkontinenta" u geopolitičkom kontekstu je donekle sporna jer ne postoji globalno prihvaćena definicija o tome koje su zemlje dio južne Azije ili indijskog potkontinenta.[56][57][58][4] Bilo da se zove Indijski potkontinent ili Južna Azija, definicija geografskog opsega ove regije varira.[59][60] Afganistan, iako se često smatra dijelom južne Azije, obično nije uključen u indijski potkontinent.[56][61][62][63][64][65] Maldivi, ostrvska država koja se sastoji od malog arhipelaga jugozapadno od poluotoka, iako se uglavnom smatra dijelom indijskog potkontinenta,[3] ponekad se spominje u izvorima, uključujući Međunarodni monetarni fond, kao grupa ostrva udaljena od indijskog potkontinenta u pravcu jugozapada.[66][67]

Kultura

[uredi | uredi izvor]

Religija

[uredi | uredi izvor]
Glavni članak: Južna Azija § Religija

Sport

[uredi | uredi izvor]
Glavni članci: Sport u južnoj Aziji i Tradicionalne igre južne Azije

Kriket je najpopularniji sport na potkontinentu,[68] sa 90% obožavatelja ovog sporta širom svijeta na potkontinentu.[69] Postoje i neke tradicionalne igre, kao što su kabaddi i kho-kho, koje se igraju širom regiona i zvanično na Južnoazijskim igrama i Azijskim igrama.[70][71][72] Lige koje su stvorene za ove tradicionalne sportove (kao što su Pro Kabaddi Liga i Ultimate Kho Kho) su neka od najgledanijih sportskih takmičenja na potkontinentu.[73][74]

Također pogledajte

[uredi | uredi izvor]

Napomene

[uredi | uredi izvor]
  1. ^ Ponekad se jednostavno naziva "potkontinent" u južnoazijskom kontekstu.

Reference

[uredi | uredi izvor]
  1. ^ "Indian subcontinent". New Oxford Dictionary of English (ISBN 0-19-860441-6) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929: "the part of Asia south of the Himalayas which forms a peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean, between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Historically forming the whole territory of Greater India, the region is now divided into three countries named Bangladesh, India and Pakistan."
  2. ^ a b Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. str. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9.
  3. ^ a b c Mariam Pirbhai (2009). Mythologies of Migration, Vocabularies of Indenture: Novels of the South Asian Diaspora in Africa, the Caribbean, and Asia-Pacific. University of Toronto Press. str. 14. ISBN 978-0-8020-9964-8.
  4. ^ a b Michael Mann (2014). South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. str. 13–15. ISBN 978-1-317-62445-5.
  5. ^ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4; note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in Indian subcontinent or South Asia;

    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""

    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1

    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2
  6. ^ a b c Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press. str. 267–271. ISBN 978-1-139-49920-0.
  7. ^ a b Baker, Kathleen M.; Chapman, Graham P. (11. 3. 2002), The Changing Geography of Asia, Routledge, str. 10–, ISBN 978-1-134-93384-6, This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east.
  8. ^ a b c "Indian subcontinent Map, Countries, Population, & History". Encyclopædia Britannica. 20. 9. 2022. Pristupljeno 23. 8. 2023.
  9. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged, Merriam-Webster, 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "a large landmass smaller than a continent; especially: a major subdivision of a continent ! e Indian subcontinent | "
  10. ^ Subcontinent, Oxford English Dictionaries (2012). Retrieved 6 December 2016; Quote: "A large distinguishable part of a continent..."
  11. ^ McLeod, John (1. 1. 2002). The History of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313314599 – preko Google Books.
  12. ^ Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X
  13. ^ "Indian subcontinent" is used by Henry D. Baker, British India With Notes On Ceylon Afghanistan And Tibet (1915), p. 401.
  14. ^ "British Raj". Oxford English Dictionary (Online izd.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  15. ^ "Princely states". Oxford English Dictionary (Online izd.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  16. ^ Milton Walter Meyer, South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent, pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, ISBN 0-8226-0034-X

    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8

    Boniface, Brian G.; Christopher P. Cooper (2005). Worldwide destinations: the geography of travel and tourism. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5997-0.

    Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0-7506-2050-1

    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1
  17. ^ Judith Schott & Alix Henley, Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society, pages 274, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1996, ISBN 0750620501
  18. ^ Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0198568177
  19. ^ Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayeha (2004) [First published 1998]. Modern South Asia. Routledge. str. 3. ISBN 0415307872.
  20. ^ Ronald B. Inden, Imagining India, page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1850655200
  21. ^ McArthur, Tom (2003). The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press. str. 309. ISBN 9780198607717.
  22. ^ Lange, Claudia (2012). "Standards of English in South Asia". u Raymond Hickey (ured.). Standards of English: Codified Varieties around the World. Cambridge University Press. str. 256. ISBN 9781139851213.
  23. ^ Ali, K. (1980). A New History of Indo-Pakistan up to 1526 (4th izd.). Lahore: Aziz Publishers.
  24. ^ For example, a history book intended for Pakistani B.A. students by K. Ali uses the term "Indo-Pakistan" instead.[23]
  25. ^ B.H. Farmer, An Introduction to South Asia, page 1, Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1983, ISBN 9780416726008, "The 'Indian sub continent' is a term that certainly recognises the dominant position of India in both area and population. Since the partition of Indian Empire, use of this term becomes offensive to the Pakistanis and the Bangladeshis."

    Jona Razzaque, Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, page 3, Kluwer Law International, 2004, ISBN 9789041122148 "Yet, because citizens of Pakistan (which was carved out of India in 1947 and has had recurring conflicts with India since then) and of Bangladesh (which became separated from Pakistan by civil war in 1971) might find offensive the dominant placement of India in the term "Indian subcontinent", many scholars today prefer the more recently adopted designation 'South Asia.'"

    Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224

    S K Shah, India and Its Neighbours: Renewed Threats and New Directions, page 26, Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2017, ISBN 9789386367501 "Indian analysts, who talk of the Indian sub-continent, wish to keep in mind, in their analyses, the common historical, political, religious and cultural heritage of these three countries. The term sub-continent is used less and less in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The political leadership and the policy-makers in these two countries do not wish to be reminded of this common heritage. Any highlighting of this common heritage by Indian analysts is viewed by them with suspicion—— as indicating a hidden desire to reverse history and undo the 1947 partition."
  26. ^ Lizzie Crouch and Paula McGrath, "Humanity's global battle with mosquitoes", Health check, BBC World Service
  27. ^ K. Alan Kronstadt, Terrorist Attacks in Mumbai, India, and Implications for U. S. Interests, page 7, Diane Publishing, 2011, ISBN 9781437929539
  28. ^ Aijazuddin Ahmad, Geography of the South Asian subcontinent: A Critical Approach, page 17, Concept Publishing Company, 2009, ISBN 9788180695681
  29. ^ Ayesha Jalal (2008). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Harvard University Press. str. xiii. ISBN 9780674028012.
  30. ^ K. D. Kapur, Nuclear Non-proliferation Diplomacy: Nuclear Power Programmes in the Third World, page 365, Lancers Books, 1993, ISBN 9788170950363|Daya Nath Tripathi (ed), Discourse on Indo European Languages and Culture, page 193, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2005, ISBN 9788178271200

    Muhammad Akram Khan, What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda, page 183, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, ISBN 9781782544159
  31. ^ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4ISBN 0-313-31459-4; note: McLeod does not include Afghanistan in Indian subcontinent or South Asia;

    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""

    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1ISBN 0-19-513798-1

    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2ISBN 0-415-30787-2
  32. ^ Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224
  33. ^ Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846
  34. ^ Gaina, Carmen; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (juli 2007). "Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica". Geophysical Journal International (jezik: engleski). 170 (1): 151–169. Bibcode:2007GeoJI.170..151G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x.
  35. ^ Torsvik, T.H.; Tucker, R.D.; Ashwal, L.D.; Carter, L.M.; Jamtveit, B.; Vidyadharan, K.T.; Venkataramana, P. (oktobar 2000). "Late Cretaceous India-Madagascar fit and timing of break-up related magmatism". Terra Nova (jezik: engleski). 12 (5): 220–224. Bibcode:2000TeNov..12..220T. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3121.2000.00300.x. ISSN 0954-4879.
  36. ^ Alexander E. Gates; David Ritchie (2006). Encyclopedia of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Infobase. str. 116–118. ISBN 978-0-8160-7270-5.
  37. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. str. 889–890. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9.
  38. ^ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4
  39. ^ E. Bredow, R. Gassmöller, J. Dannberg and B. Steinberger, Geodynamic Models of Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Indian Ocean and its Effect on the Crustal Thickness of the Réunion Hotspot Track (abstract), Astrophysics Data System (ADS), Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
  40. ^ T.R. McClanahan, C.R.C. Sheppard and D.O. Obura, Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation, page 327, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 9780195352177
  41. ^ a b Rudie H. Kuiter and Timothy Godfrey, Fishes of the Maldives – Indian Ocean, page 1, Atoll Editions, 2014, ISBN 9781876410971
  42. ^ John R. Lukacs, The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, ISBN 9780306414077
  43. ^ Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey, page 4, Regency Publications, 2001, ISBN 9788187498261
  44. ^ L. Dudley Stamp (1957). India, Pakistan, Ceylon and Burma. London: Methuen. str. 185. OCLC 213547929.
  45. ^ a b c Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe, Cambridge University Press, str. 5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80, ISBN 978-0-521-80904-7
  46. ^ a b c d Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, Nationhood and Statehood in India: A historical survey, page 4, Regency Publications, 2001, ISBN 9788187498261ISBN 9788187498261
  47. ^ Samiul Hasan, The Muslim World in the 21st Century: Space, Power, and Human Development, page 84, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 9789400726321
  48. ^ S. Mukherjee, R. Carosi, P.A. van der Beek, B.K. Mukherjee and D.M. Robinson (ed.), Tectonics of the Himalaya, Geological Society of London, 2015, ISBN 9781862397033
  49. ^ Dhavendra Kumar (2012). Genomics and Health in the Developing World. Oxford University Press. str. 889. ISBN 978-0-19-537475-9. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 2. 2018. Pristupljeno 9. 12. 2016. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and other small islands of the Indian Ocean
  50. ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, ISBN 3-11-013417-9

    Haggett, Peter (2001). Encyclopedia of World Geography (Vol. 1). Marshall Cavendish. str. 2710. ISBN 0-7614-7289-4.
  51. ^ "the Indian Subcontinent occupies the major landmass of South Asia" John R. Lukacs, The People of South Asia: the biological anthropology of India, Pakistan, and Nepal, page 59, Plenum Press, 1984, ISBN 9780306414077. "the seven countries of South Asia constitute geographically a compact region around the Indian Subcontinent".

    Tatu Vanhanen, Prospects of Democracy: A Study of 172 Countries, page 144, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 9780415144063
  52. ^ John McLeod, The history of India, page 1, Greenwood Publishing fGroup, 2002, ISBN 0-313-31459-4
  53. ^ Chris Brewster and Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Handbook of Research on Comparative Human Resource Management, page 576, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2012, ISBN 9780857938718
  54. ^ Salma K. Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli and Andre Raymond, The City in the Islamic World, page 198, BRILL, 2008, ISBN 9789004162402
  55. ^ Chandra K. Sharma, Geology of Nepal Himalaya and Adjacent Countries, page 14, Sangeeta Sharma Books, 1990, ASIN B0006EWSCI
  56. ^ a b Ewan W. Anderson; Liam D. Anderson (4. 12. 2013). An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs. Routledge. str. 5. ISBN 978-1-136-64862-5., Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".
  57. ^ Jona Razzaque (2004). Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Kluwer Law International. str. 3 with footnotes 1 and 2. ISBN 978-90-411-2214-8.
  58. ^ Akhilesh Pillalamarri, South Asia or India: An Old Debate Resurfaces in California, The Diplomat, 24 May 2016;

    Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014), Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History: Volume II: A Prelude to Civilization, Foursome, str. 14, ISBN 978-1-4959-4130-6
  59. ^ Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224ISBN 9781134593224
  60. ^ Kathleen M. Baker and Graham P. Chapman, The Changing Geography of Asia, page 10, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 9781134933846ISBN 9781134933846
  61. ^ Ira M. Lapidus (2014). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. str. 269, 698–699. ISBN 978-0-521-51430-9.
  62. ^ Robert Wuthnow (2013). The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion. Routledge. str. 11–. ISBN 978-1-136-28493-9.
  63. ^ Kumar, Dhavendra (20. 10. 2004). Genetic Disorders of the Indian Subcontinent - Google Books. ISBN 9781402012150. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2022.
  64. ^ Isenberg, Irwin (4. 10. 2007). The Nations of the Indian Subcontinent - Irwin Isenberg - Google Books. H. W. Wilson. ISBN 9780824205218. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2022.
  65. ^ Prior, Katherine (1997). The History of Emigration from the Indian Subcontinent - Katherine Prior - Google Books. Franklin Watts. ISBN 9780531144183. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2022.
  66. ^ Ludwig Paul, Persian Origins, page 31, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003, ISBN 9783447047319, "Maldive Islands which are scattered about the sea south-west of the Indian subcontinent, extending over more than 1,000km in a north-south direction."
  67. ^ Legal Department, International Monetary Fund, Maldives: Detailed Assessment Report on Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing of Terrorism, page 15, International Monetary Fund, 2012, ISBN 9781463979676, "Maldives is the smallest Asian country in both population and land area. Its closest neighbors to the north are India's Laccadive Islands. To the northeast is the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. To the south it borders the British Indian Occan Territory. About 2.600 kilometers (1,600 miles) further east, across the Indian Ocean, is Malaysia. To the west, the Horn of Africa is approximatcly 3,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) away."
  68. ^ Majumder, Boria (21. 12. 2006). "South Asia's cricket obsession". BBC. Pristupljeno 15. 8. 2023.
  69. ^ "India constitutes 90 percent of one billion cricket fans: ICC research". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 27. 6. 2018. Pristupljeno 15. 8. 2023.
  70. ^ "Indian Traditional Games for Children, Traditional Games of Tamilnadu for Kids, Old Ancient Tamil Games of Tamil Nadu". ParentCircle. 25. 10. 2016. Pristupljeno 4. 11. 2022.
  71. ^ "OCA » Ancient tag game of kho kho catching on fast". Olympic Council of Asia. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 11. 2022. Pristupljeno 4. 11. 2022.
  72. ^ Venkat, Rahul (27. 6. 2023). "Kabaddi at Asian Games: Indian men and women rule the roost". Olympics.com. Pristupljeno 15. 8. 2023.
  73. ^ Khosla, Varuni (17. 1. 2023). "Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India". Mint. Arhivirano s originala, 19. 1. 2023. Pristupljeno 18. 1. 2023. He also said that UKK is now among the top-5 non-cricketing leagues in India, after Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) and Indian Super League being the first two...
  74. ^ Taneja, Nidhima (27. 1. 2023). "Pro kabaddi, kho-kho leagues chase IPL viewership. India rediscovering regional sports". ThePrint. Pristupljeno 8. 8. 2023.
Preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indijski_potkontinent&oldid=3555654"