Pennsylvania's 5th Congressional District election, 2024
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← 2022
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Pennsylvania's 5th Congressional District |
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Democratic primary Republican primary General election |
Election details |
Filing deadline: February 13, 2024 |
Primary: April 23, 2024 General: November 5, 2024 |
How to vote |
Poll times: 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Voting in Pennsylvania |
Race ratings |
DDHQ and The Hill: Safe Democratic Inside Elections: Solid Democratic Sabato's Crystal Ball: Safe Democratic |
Ballotpedia analysis |
U.S. Senate battlegrounds U.S. House battlegrounds Federal and state primary competitiveness Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024 |
See also |
U.S. Senate • 1st • 2nd • 3rd • 4th • 5th • 6th • 7th • 8th • 9th • 10th • 11th • 12th • 13th • 14th • 15th • 16th • 17th Pennsylvania elections, 2024 U.S. Congress elections, 2024 U.S. Senate elections, 2024 U.S. House elections, 2024 |
All U.S. House districts, including the 5th Congressional District of Pennsylvania, held elections in 2024. The general election was November 5, 2024. The primary was April 23, 2024. The filing deadline was February 13, 2024. The outcome of this race affected the partisan balance of the U.S. House of Representatives in the 119th Congress. All 435 House districts were up for election.
At the time of the election, Republicans held a 220-212 majority with three vacancies.[1] As a result of the election, Republicans retained control of the U.S. House, winning 220 seats to Democrats' 215.[2] To read more about the 2024 U.S. House elections, click here.
In the 2022 election in this district, the Democratic candidate won 65.1%-34.9%. Daily Kos calculated what the results of the 2020 presidential election in this district would have been following redistricting. Joe Biden (D) would have defeated Donald Trump (R) 65.7%-33.4%.[3]
For more information about the primaries in this election, click on the links below:
- Pennsylvania's 5th Congressional District election, 2024 (April 23 Democratic primary)
- Pennsylvania's 5th Congressional District election, 2024 (April 23 Republican primary)
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon defeated Alfe Goodwin in the general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon (D) | 65.2 | 267,754 |
![]() | Alfe Goodwin (R) ![]() | 34.6 | 142,355 | |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.2 | 828 |
Total votes: 410,937 | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on April 23, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon | 99.2 | 70,068 |
Other/Write-in votes | 0.8 | 555 |
Total votes: 70,623 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Alfe Goodwin advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on April 23, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Alfe Goodwin ![]() | 98.5 | 37,361 |
Other/Write-in votes | 1.5 | 558 |
Total votes: 37,919 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Dasha Pruett (R)
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I am a retired Philadelphia Police Officer, 23-year Army Veteran, and public-school teacher in Chester, City, Pennsylvania, I hold a Ph.D. in Public Policy and Administration, and I am a subject mattered expert in Restorative Justice, I am a public servant. I come from humble beginnings and have spent the better portion of my adult life serving the American people. Throughout my career I have seen good, bad, the smiles and tears of so many as they navigate their way through this thing, we all know as life. I am running for the 5th Congress in Pennsylvania to continue serving the American people and to help make our communities a better place to live, work, and raise a family. As your representative I will always vote NO to any and all wasteful spending that will create unnecessary financial burdens on the American people. I will collaborate with members of Congress who demand accountability and transparency in our decisions, and outcomes. Because it’s your money! When I am sworn in as your next Congresswoman, I will vote NO on bills that impede moral family values and government overreach. I will vote NO on bills that infringe on common decency and sense. I will use the power I’ll be entrusted with, to expose any elected officials or pieces of legislation that infringes on the 1st, 2nd, 4th or any other amendments outlined in our constitution. I am running because I have #hadenough and so have You! Please sign up and help go to my website www.alfeforUSCongress.com Thankyou"
This information was current as of the candidate's run for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 in 2024.
Voting information
- See also: Voting in Pennsylvania
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. The section below shows responses from candidates in this race who completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
Survey responses from candidates in this race
Click on a candidate's name to visit their Ballotpedia page.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
Protecting Our Children
Social Security Stability
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
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Alfe Goodwin (R)
Campaign finance
Name | Party | Receipts* | Disbursements** | Cash on hand | Date |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mary Gay Scanlon | Democratic Party | $1,532,211 | $1,517,047 | $317,746 | As of December 31, 2024 |
Alfe Goodwin | Republican Party | $0 | $0 | $0 | Data not available*** |
Source: Federal Elections Commission, "Campaign finance data," 2024. This product uses the openFEC API but is not endorsed or certified by the Federal Election Commission (FEC).
* According to the FEC, "Receipts are anything of value (money, goods, services or property) received by a political committee." |
General election race ratings
- See also: Race rating definitions and methods
Ballotpedia provides race ratings from four outlets: The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, Sabato's Crystal Ball, and DDHQ/The Hill. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:
- Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
- Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
- Lean ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.[4]
- Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.
Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[5][6][7]
Race ratings: Pennsylvania's 5th Congressional District election, 2024 | |||||||||
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Race tracker | Race ratings | ||||||||
November 5, 2024 | October 29, 2024 | October 22, 2024 | October 15, 2024 | ||||||
The Cook Political Report with Amy Walter | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
Decision Desk HQ and The Hill | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | |||||
Inside Elections with Nathan L. Gonzales | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | Solid Democratic | |||||
Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | Safe Democratic | |||||
Note: Ballotpedia reviews external race ratings every week throughout the election season and posts weekly updates even if the media outlets have not revised their ratings during that week. |
Ballot access
The table below details filing requirements for U.S. House candidates in Pennsylvania in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Pennsylvania, click here.
Filing requirements for U.S. House candidates, 2024 | ||||||
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State | Office | Party | Signatures required | Filing fee | Filing deadline | Source |
Pennsylvania | U.S. House | Ballot-qualified party | 1,000 | $150.00 | 2/13/2024 | Source |
Pennsylvania | U.S. House | Unaffiliated | 2% of votes cast in the district in the last election | $150.00 | 8/1/2024 | Source |
District analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about voter composition, past elections, and demographics in both the district and the state.
- District map - A map of the district in place for the election.
- Competitiveness - Information about the competitiveness of 2024 U.S. House elections in the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the district and the state.
- State party control - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
Below was the map in use at the time of the election. Click the map below to enlarge it.
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This section contains data on U.S. House primary election competitiveness in Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania U.S. House competitiveness, 2014-2024 | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Office | Districts/ offices |
Seats | Open seats | Candidates | Possible primaries | Contested Democratic primaries | Contested Republican primaries | % of contested primaries | Incumbents in contested primaries | % of incumbents in contested primaries | ||||
2024 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 45 | 34 | 4 | 2 | 17.6% | 3 | 17.6% | ||||
2022 | 17 | 17 | 2 | 48 | 34 | 5 | 6 | 32.4% | 2 | 13.3% | ||||
2020 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 51 | 36 | 6 | 5 | 30.6% | 2 | 11.1% | ||||
2018 | 18 | 18 | 7 | 84 | 36 | 13 | 8 | 58.3% | 6 | 54.5% | ||||
2016 | 18 | 18 | 2 | 44 | 36 | 4 | 5 | 25.0% | 4 | 25.0% | ||||
2014 | 18 | 18 | 2 | 46 | 36 | 6 | 3 | 25.0% | 2 | 12.5% |
Post-filing deadline analysis
The following analysis covers all U.S. House districts up for election in Pennsylvania in 2024. Information below was calculated on April 7, 2024, and may differ from information shown in the table above due to candidate replacements and withdrawals after that time.
Forty-five candidates ran for Pennsylvania’s 17 U.S. House districts, including 25 Democrats and 20 Republicans. That’s 2.65 candidates per district, less than in the previous three election cycles. There were 2.82 candidates per district in 2022, 2.83 candidates per district in 2020, and 4.66 in 2018.
No districts were open in 2024, meaning all incumbents ran for re-election.
Seven candidates ran for the 10th Congressional District, the most candidates that ran for a district in 2024. The candidates included Republican incumbent Scott Perry and six Democrats.
Seven primaries—four Democratic and three Republican—were contested in 2024, the fewest this decade.
Three incumbents—two Democrats and one Republican—were in contested primaries. That’s higher than in 2022 and 2020 when two incumbents faced challengers, respectively.
The 3rd Congressional District was guaranteed to Democrats because no Republicans filed to run.Partisan Voter Index
Heading into the 2024 elections, based on results from the 2020 and 2016 presidential elections, the Cook Partisan Voter Index for this district was D+14. This meant that in those two presidential elections, this district's results were 14 percentage points more Democratic than the national average. This made Pennsylvania's 5th the 104th most Democratic district nationally.[8]
2020 presidential election results
The table below shows what the vote in the 2020 presidential election would have been in this district. The presidential election data was compiled by Daily Kos.
2020 presidential results in Pennsylvania's 5th based on 2024 district lines | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Joe Biden ![]() |
Donald Trump ![]() | |||
65.7% | 33.4% |
Inside Elections Baselines
- See also: Inside Elections
Inside Elections' Baseline is a figure that analyzes all federal and statewide election results from the district over the past four election cycles. The results are combined in an index estimating the strength of a typical Democratic or Republican candidate in the congressional district.[9] The table below displays the Baseline data for this district.
Inside Elections Baseline for 2024 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Democratic Baseline ![]() |
Republican Baseline ![]() |
Difference | ||
63.8 | 34.4 | D+29.5 |
Presidential voting history
Pennsylvania presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 14 Democratic wins
- 16 Republican wins
- 1 other win
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | R | R | R | P[10] | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | R | R | R | D | D | D | R | D | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | D |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of Pennsylvania's congressional delegation as of May 2024.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Pennsylvania | |||
---|---|---|---|
Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 1 | 7 | 8 |
Republican | 1 | 10 | 11 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 17 | 19 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in Pennsylvania's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
State executive officials in Pennsylvania, May 2024 | |
---|---|
Office | Officeholder |
Governor | ![]() |
Lieutenant Governor | ![]() |
Secretary of State | ![]() |
Attorney General | ![]() |
State legislature
Pennsylvania State Senate
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 22 | |
Republican Party | 28 | |
Independent | 0 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 50 |
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 101 | |
Republican Party | 100 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 2 | |
Total | 203 |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2024
One year of a Democratic trifecta • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Governor | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | D |
District history
The section below details election results for this office in elections dating back to 2018.
2022
General election
General election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon defeated David Galluch and Robert Margus in the general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on November 8, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon (D) | 65.1 | 205,128 |
![]() | David Galluch (R) ![]() | 34.9 | 110,058 | |
Robert Margus (L) (Write-in) | 0.0 | 0 |
Total votes: 315,186 | ||||
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If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon | 100.0 | 79,816 |
Total votes: 79,816 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Louis Lanni (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
David Galluch advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on May 17, 2022.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | David Galluch ![]() | 100.0 | 55,770 |
Total votes: 55,770 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- John Hayes (R)
- Alfe Goodwin (R)
2020
General election
General election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon defeated Dasha Pruett in the general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on November 3, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon (D) | 64.7 | 255,743 |
![]() | Dasha Pruett (R) ![]() | 35.3 | 139,552 |
Total votes: 395,295 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Incumbent Mary Gay Scanlon advanced from the Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon | 100.0 | 103,194 |
Total votes: 103,194 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Louis Lanni (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Dasha Pruett defeated Robert Jordan in the Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on June 2, 2020.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Dasha Pruett ![]() | 61.5 | 31,734 |
![]() | Robert Jordan | 38.5 | 19,890 |
Total votes: 51,624 | ||||
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If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Joe Billie (R)
2018
Results of 2018 redistricting
On February 19, 2018, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court adopted a new congressional district map after ruling that the original map constituted an illegal partisan gerrymander. District locations and numbers were changed by the new map. Candidates were listed under Pennsylvania’s new districts, which were used in the 2018 congressional elections. Click here for more information about the ruling.
The chart below compares this new district with the old district that was the most geographically similar to it.
Old district[11] | Prior incumbent | Prior 2016 presidential result | New 2016 presidential result |
---|---|---|---|
7th District | Pat Meehan (R) | D+2.3 | D+28.2 |
Not sure which district you're in? Find out here.
Click the box below to see how the new congressional districts compare to the ones in place before the redrawing.
General election
General election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Mary Gay Scanlon defeated Pearl Kim in the general election for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on November 6, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon (D) ![]() | 65.2 | 198,639 |
![]() | Pearl Kim (R) | 34.8 | 106,075 |
Total votes: 304,714 | ||||
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If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
The following candidates ran in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on May 15, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Mary Gay Scanlon ![]() | 28.4 | 17,220 |
![]() | Ashley Lunkenheimer | 15.3 | 9,291 | |
![]() | Richard Lazer | 15.0 | 9,095 | |
![]() | Molly Sheehan | 10.2 | 6,216 | |
![]() | Gregory Vitali | 9.4 | 5,726 | |
![]() | Lindy Li | 7.0 | 4,236 | |
![]() | Theresa Wright | 5.2 | 3,149 | |
![]() | Thaddeus Kirkland | 4.0 | 2,420 | |
![]() | Margo Davidson | 4.0 | 2,413 | |
Larry Arata | 1.5 | 925 |
Total votes: 60,691 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- George Badey (D)
- David Wertime (D)
- Dan Muroff (D)
- Shelly Chauncey (D)
Republican primary election
Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5
Pearl Kim advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Pennsylvania District 5 on May 15, 2018.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | ![]() | Pearl Kim | 100.0 | 34,352 |
Total votes: 34,352 | ||||
![]() | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team. |
Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- Paul Addis (R)
See also
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ A majority in the U.S. House when there are no vacancies is 218 seats.
- ↑ These figures include the seat of Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.), who resigned on Nov. 13, 2024, after winning re-election.
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' 2020 presidential results by congressional district, for new and old districts," accessed September 15, 2022
- ↑ Inside Elections also uses Tilt ratings to indicate an even smaller advantage and greater competitiveness.
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
- ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
- ↑ Cook Political Report, "The 2022 Cook Partisan Voting Index (Cook PVI℠)," accessed January 10, 2024
- ↑ Inside Elections, "Methodology: Inside Elections’ Baseline by Congressional District," December 8, 2023
- ↑ Progressive Party
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Refers to the old district that makes up a plurality of the new district.
- ↑ The old 1st and 11th Districts did not make up a plurality of any of the new districts. The 1st District went for Hillary Clinton by 61.3 percentage points and was represented by Bob Brady (D). The 11th District went for Donald Trump by 23.8 percentage points and was represented by Lou Barletta (R).
- ↑ District 13 incumbent Brendan Boyle (D) filed for re-election in the new 2nd District.
- ↑ District 17 incumbent Matt Cartwright (D) filed for re-election in the new 8th District.
- ↑ Lamb was elected in a March 2018 special election to replace Rep. Tim Murphy (R).
- ↑ Lamb filed to run for PA-17 in the 2018 election.
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