READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE WHAT ARE SOURCES?

 It is required to gain extensive knowledge on particular

HISTORY topic.

PRELIMINARIES PRIMARY SOURCES VS. SECONDARY SOURCES

A. THE MEANING OF HISTORY PRIMARY SOURCES

 Raw materials of historical research.

HISTORY  Documents or artifacts closest to the topic.

 Derived from the Greek word Historia which means  Ex: Autobiographies,Interviews, Photograph, etc.

learning by inquiry.
 Systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena. SECONDARY SOURCES
(Aristotle)  Analysis or restatement of primary sources.

 Chronological arrangement of an account.  Describes or explains primary sources.

 Process of scientific investigation of past events.  Ex: Articles, Bibliographies, History Books, etc.

 Account of phenomena especially human affairs in

chronological order. HEARSAY AND SECONDARY EVIDENCE
 Historian uses the best secondary available if he can’t find

THEORIES IN INVESTIGATING HISTORY primary witness.

 Historian does not rely upon them fully.

 FACTUAL HISTORY  Secondary Source: Historian’s “original” source.

→ presents the plain and basic information vis-a-vis:  “Original” Source: Accurate report of primary testimony.

1. Events that took place (what).

2. Time and date of event happened (when). CATEGORIES OF WRITTEN SOURCES
3. Place which event took place (where). 1. NARRATIVE
4. People involved (who).  Chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form.

 SPECULATIVE HISTORY  Ex: Newspaper Article - intended to shape opinion.

→ Goes beyond facts because it’s concerned about: 2. DIPLOMATIC

1. The reasons for which events happened (why).  Document/record an existing legal situation or create a

2. The way they happened (how). new one.

→ Tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event.  The “best” source.

 Ex: Legal Document - provides evidence that legal

HISTORY (FILIPINO PERSPECTIVE) transaction has been completed.

 KASAYSAYAN: 3. SOCIAL
→ Salaysay: Narrative or story.  Pertains to economic, social, political or judicial
→ Saysay: Meaning significance.
 Kept by bureaucracies.

ZEUS SALAZAR (UST)  Ex: Government Reports

 “Ang kasaysayan ay isang salaysay na may saysay sa mga

taong nagsasalaysay.” CATEGORIES OF NONWRITTEN SOURCES

 “Ang kasaysayan ay isang salaysay hinggil sa nakaraan na 1. MATERIAL EVIDENCE
may saysay para sa sinasalaysay ang pangkat ng tao o  Archaeological reports.

salinlahi.”  One of the most important unwritten sources.

 Pantayong Pananaw - adds to the simple definition of  Ex: Pottery, Jewelry, etc.

history as a systematic account of past events. 2. ORAL EVIDENCE

 History is shaped by the elite who articulate what is  Told by the tales or sagas of ancient people.

deemed the “relevant past,” heavily influenced by foreign  Ex: Folk Songs, Popular Rituals

cultures and languages.

 It has focused on political events like colonial resistance OBJECTIVELY VS. SUBJECTIVELY
and imperialism.  To be studied objectively (with the intention of acquiring).

 The dominant narrative tends to use terms from the

colonizer’s language. ARTIFACTS

 Relics of human happenings can be found.

AGONCILLO  Artifacts

 History is the study of the relevant past.  Ex: Pottery, Coin, Jewelry, etc.

 It emphasizes the struggle of the Filipino freedom.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
CONSTANTINO Event → Observed → Remembered → Recorded → Survived
 History as the history of the inarticulate. → Historian’s Attention → Credible → Grasped → Narrated

B. SOURCES OF HISTORICAL DATA HISTORY AS ACTUALITY

 the whole history of the past.
HISTORY AS RECORD
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 Throught the surviving record of it.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 Examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate the
HISTORICAL METHOD
underlying circumstances upon which the text came to be.
 Examines and analyzes the records and survivals of the
 GOALS:
past.
1. To discover the original meaning of the text in its
primitive or historical context.
HISTORIOGRAPHY
2. To establish reconstruction of the historical situation of
 Imaginative reconstruction of the past.
the author and recipients of the text.
 TYPES:
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
1. External
1. Selection of a subject.
2. Internal
2. Collection of a probable sources.
 PARTS:
3. Examination of those sources.
1. To determine the authenticity of the material.
4. Extraction of credible particulars from the sources.
2. To weigh the testimony to the truth.
TESTIMONIES OF WITNESSES
EXTERNAL = AUTHENTICITY
 Oral or written.
 Fabricated, forged, fake.
 Serves as records.
 Hoax, misinterpretation.
 Historians deal with the:
TESTS:
1. DYNAMIC: The becoming.
→ Date
2. STATIC: The being.
→ Author’s Handwriting, Signature
3. INTERPRETATIVE: Explaining why/how things happened
→ Anachronistic Style (Idiom, Orthography, Punctuation)
were interrelated.
→ Anachronistic References to Events (Too Early, Too Late,
4. DESCRIPTIVE: Telling what happened, when and where,
Too Remote)
and who took part.
→ Provenance
→ Semantics (Interpretation)
HOW CAN WE TRUST THE SOURCES?
1. Think about where, when, and why document created.
INTERNAL = CREDIBILITY
2. The purpose of the author.
TESTS:
3. Read sources skeptically and critically.
→ Verisimilitude
→ Author’s Mental Processes
RULES HOW TO DECIDE
→ Approximate Date
1. Time and Place
→ Ability to Tell the Truth
a. Direct traces of the events.
→ Willingness to Tell the Truth
b. During and after the event.
→ Corroboration Supporting the Evidence
c. Interview the person involved.
2. Bias
HISTORICAL FACT
 Every source is biased in some way.
 Derived directly or indirectly from historical documents
 Tells us only what the creator of the document thought
and regarded as credible after careful testing in
happened of what the creator want us to think
accordance with the canons of historical method.
happened.
 VERISIMILAR - not being preposterous.
a. Piece of evidence must be read or viewed.
b. Creator’s POV
c. Piece of evidence must be cross-checked.

ORIGINAL SOURCE
 Fresh and creative ideas.

 In its earliest, unpolished stage.

 Approved, unmodified, and untampered.

 Earliest available source of the information.

DOCUMENTS
1. WRITTEN
 Historical information contrasted with oral testimony or

with artifacts, pictorial survivals, and archaeological

remains.
2. HUMAN
 An account of individual experience which reveals the

individual’s actions as human agent and as a participant

in social life.
PRIMARY SOURCES
THE KATIPUNAN AND THE REVOLUTION: MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL
By: Santiago Alvarez a.k.a Gen. Apoy
AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND → Daniel Tirona questioned Bonifacio’s qualifications,
leading to confrontation where Bonifacio demanded an
 Santiago Alvarez, also known as Gen. Apoy or Kidlat ng apology and pulled out a revolver, aiming at Tirona.
Apoy. → Bonifacio adjourned the meeting and declared the
 Born in July 25, 1872, in Noveleta, Cavite. results null and void.
 Only child of revolutionary leader Gen. Mariano Alvarez
and Nicolasa Virata.  March 26, 1897
 His parents hoped he would become a teacher. → Baldomero Aguinaldo attempted to reconvene the
 His education was interrupted by the Philippine Revolution, meeting to reconcile the two factions.
which he played a key role in the Battle of Dalahican. → No Magdalo members attended the meeting.
 After the revolution, he continued his studies, earning
degrees from UST, San Juan de Letran, and Liceo de Manila.  March 27, 1897
 1920: He practiced law amidst rising hopes for Philippine → A secret meeting took place at the Tanza Parish House
Independece, influence by the Jones Law of 1916. where Aguinaldo, Trias, and Ricarte took their oaths to
office, solidifying the results of the Tejeros Convention.
OBJECTIVE OF THE AUTHOR → The ceremony was conducted by Fr. Cenon Villafranca
and witnessed by Severino de Las Alas and Daniel Tirona.
 To write the book for the youth. → Bonifacio was not invited.
 To show the different story about the revolution and will → The Magdalo faction secured the parish house to avoid
be used as a historical account in the future (now). interference of Magdiwang faction.
 To document the origins and activities of the Katipunan
secret society and Philippine Revolution.  April 3, 1897
→ Supremo Bonifacio led an attempt to recapture
DATE WRITTEN Noveleta from the Spaniards.
→ Gen. Vibora and Santos Nocon joined Bonifacio in the
 The Tagalog text of General Alvarez’s memoirs was offensive.
serialized in 36 installments, from July 24, 1927 to April 15, → Despite Spanish losses, the Katipunan were
1928 in Tagalog Weekly, Sampaguita. unsuccessful in reclaiming Noveleta.

MENTION OF DATES  After April 3, 1897

→ Spanish forces reinforced their numbers and advanced
 March 24, 1896 their positions.
→ Alvarez begins his narration of the revolutionary events. → Spanish took control along the seashores of Noveleta
→ Preparations for the revolution were well underway. and Salinas and in the field west of Bakaw.
→ Spaniards began an artillery bombardment of Katipunan
 March 24, 1897 from Tejeros to Tarike.
→ A scheduled meeting of Magdiwang and Magdalo → Bombardment was followed by a ground assault
leaders of Tejeros. involving cavalry and infantry.
→ Meeting was postponed due to the death of Lt. Gen.
Crispulo Aguinaldo (Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo’s brother), KEY PERSONALITIES
died in the Battle of Salitran. 1. MR. LOPE K. SANTOS - encouraged and prodded Alvarez
→ Emilio Aguinaldo excused himself to make funeral to write his memoirs; noticed the direct beneficiaries of
arrangements. Alvarez’s work.
2. MAGDIWANG GOV’T - honored Santiago Alvarez to be
 March 25, 1897 Captain General or head of its army; Gen. Artemio
→ The Tejeros Convention was reconvened. Riacarte was Lieutenant General.
→ The assembly discussed the establishment of a 3. LT. GEN. CRISPULO AGUINALDO - the meeting
revolutionary government, which led to internal scheduled was postponed due to his death.
disagreements and an election. 4. SEC. OF THE TREASURY DIEGO MOJICA - proposed a
a. Emilio Aguinaldo - President of the New Government resolution of condolence and prayers for patriots who
b. Mariano Trias - Vice President had died heroically.
c. Artemio Ricarte - Secretary 5. SEC. JACINTO LUMBRERAS - signed the meeting’s
d. Gen. Vibora - Captain General invitation and presided over the assembly.
e. Emiliano R. de Dios - Secretary of War 6. EMILIO DE DIOS - elected as Secretary of War.
f. Andres Bonifacio - Secretary of the Interior 7. DANIEL TIRONA - against the result of the voting when
Bonifacio was elected as Secretary of the Interior.
8. ARISTON VILLANUEVA - former Secretary of War.
9. APOY - former Captain General; made an order to arrest THEMATIC MOTIVATION OF AUTHORS (Why the Tejeros
Antonio Montenegro. meeting failed?)
10. ANTONIO MONTENEGRO - got arrested by Gen. Apoy.  It was failed because Bonifacio assumed the chairmanship

11. TRINING & JOSEPHINE - asked and pleaded Apoy not to of the assembly and he also presided.
arrest Montenegro.  He elaborates that the attendees should respect what ever

12. FR. CENON VILLANUEVA - officiated the oath taken by the results would be.
the newly elected officers.  He said that nominee who would get the highest numbers

13. SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS & DANIEL TIRONA - witnesses of votes regardless of his life and educational attainment
of oath taking. will be the winner of a respective position.
14. ANDRES BONIFACIO - leader of the Katipunan and  Daniel Tirona is against of Bonifacio being the Secretary of

elected as the Secretary of the Interior. the Interior and said that the position should be given to
15. EMILIO AGUINALDO - elected as the President of the the educated lawyer, Jose Del Rosario.
Katipunan.  Bonifacio took offense, he pulled out his revolver and aim

16. BALDOMERO AGUINALDO - Magdalo President. to Mr. Tirona, that’s why Bonifacio declared the results
17. MARIANO TRIAS - elected as Vice President. null and void.
18. GENERAL VIBORA - elected as Captain General.

SECONDARY SOURCES
REVOLT OF MASSES: THE STORY OF BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN
By: Teodoro Agoncillo
 January 2, 1897
AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND → A letter from Rizal to Alvarez expressed concern about
 Teodoro A. Agoncillo (1912-1985) the Magdalo faction and requested information about
 He was born on November 9, 1912 in Lemery, Batangas. their secret society structure.
 He graduated from the UP in 1934.

→ Bachelor’s Degree in Philosophy  January 1897

→ Master’s Degree in Arts → San Francisco de Malabon was seized by revolutionary
 He was an instructor at Manuel L. Quezon University and forces.
Far Eastern University, as well as a Linguistic Assistant at
the Institute of National Language.  March 22, 1897
 One of the prominent Filipino Historians of the 20 → Emilio Aguinaldo was born and became a General.
th

century. → Beginning of Tejeros Assembly and continues skirmishes

 He earned renown for promoting distinctly nationalist between Magdalo forces and the Spaniards.
point of view of Filipino History.
 An essayist and a poet. March 25, 1897
 Had the opportunity to join the UP Department of History → Tejeros Convention was convened to resolve the
Faculty in 1958. conflict between the two factions, deciding the type of
 He chaired the History Department from 1963-1969, and government to be formed.
stayed on at the institution until his retirement in 1977.
 1963: Pres. Diosdado Macapagal appointed him as a March 27, 1897
member of the National Historic Institute. → Magdalo leaders ignored Bonifacio’s declaration that
the Tejeros Convention was void and took their oath of
OBJECTIVE OF THE AUTHOR office in the secret ceremony at the Tanza Parish House.
 To include what transpired prior to and following the

Tejeros Convention in order to connect the present with KEY PERSONALITIES

the past. 6. ANDRES BONIFACIO - Supreme Head of Katipunan.
 To present a history of the Philippine Revolution that 7. GEN. EMILIO AGUINALDO - leads the Magdalo soldiers
focuses on the role of the masses. faced the Spanish in Salitran.
8. ARTEMIO RICARTE - military commander brigadier-
DATE WRITTEN general.
 It’s published in 2002 at UP Press, located in Q.C. However, 9. MARIANO ALVAREZ - Magdiwang’s chosen President.
it was composed in 1947 and first published in 1956. 10. CANDIDO TIRONA - Magdiwang’s Minister of War.
11. EDILBERTO EVANGELISTA - Magdalo’s elected
MENTION OF DATES Lieutenant General.
 December 1896 12. BALDOMERO AGUINALDO - made the proposal to
→ Bonifacio, together with his wife and brothers moved in establish a revolutionary government.
Cavite. 13. DANIEL TIRONA - Magdalo man.
→ The visit was intended to mediate the growing rift 14. ESTEBAN SAN JUAN - invited Bonifacio to attend the
between the two factions. demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta.
15. ARISTON VILLANUEVA - Magdiwang’s Minister of War, 23. ANTONIO MONTENEGRO - Magdiwang Representative.
who stood up and said that if new government was to 24. JACINTO LUMBRERAS - Acting President of Magdiwang
established, Bonifacio is the one who planned and in the meeting.
organized the entire revolutionary movement, must of
right occupy presidency without any election. THEMATIC MOTIVATION OF AUTHORS (Why the Tejeros meeting
16. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ - Magdalo’s Commander in Chief. failed?)
17. PASCUAL ALVAREZ - Magdalo’s Executive Secretary.  Agoncillo attributed the Tejeros Convention’s downfall to

18. LUCIANO SAN MIGUEL - Magdiwang Representative. internal factionalism and egotistical desires within the
19. MARIANO TRIAS - Magdalo’s Minister of Grace and Katipunan leadership.
Justice.  Agoncillo argued that the conference failed due to rivalries

20. SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS - Magdiwang Representative. for status and power, rather that shared revolution
21. SANTOS NOCON - Magdiwang Representative. objectives.
22. CAYETANO TAPACIO - Magdiwang’s Minister of Finance.

THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

By: Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND KEY PERSONALITIES
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, a Filipino lawyer and 1. EMILIO AGUINALDO: Leader of the Philippine
revolutionary, authored the declaration. Revolution and the first president of the Philippines.
 He played a key legal role in the revolution against Spanish 2. AMBROSIO RIANZARES BAUTISTA: Author of the
colonization and helped formalize the declaration of declaration and Aguinaldo’s adviser.
independence. 3. PEDRO PATERNO: Negotiated peace between Spain and
the Filipinos before the revolution.
OBJECTIVE OF THE AUTHOR 4. FELIPE AGONCILLO: Diplomat who represented the
 To formally declare the Philippines' independence from Philippine cause internationally.
Spanish rule.
 To legitimize the actions of the Filipino revolutionaries and MENTION OF DATES
assert the sovereignty of the new Filipino government.  June 12, 1898: The date of the formal proclamation of

 To proclaim that the Philippines no longer recognized Philippine independence, which is celebrated as Philippine
Spanish authority. Independence Day.

DATE WRITTEN THEMATICAL MOTIVATION

 The declaration was signed and read on June 12, 1898 at  Themes of nationalism, freedom, and resistance against

the house of General Emilio Aguinaldo in Cavite, marking colonial oppression.

the formal proclamation of Philippine independence.  Reflects the Filipino people’s desire for self-determination

and the right to govern themselves.

 Emphasizes the declaration of the Philippines as a
sovereign nation, free from foreign control.

TESTIMONIES OF THE SURVIVORS OF BATAAN DEATH MARCH

KEY PERSONALITIES
AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND 1. The survivors of the Bataan Death March, who provide
 The author is likely a historian, military historian, or the testimonies.
journalist focused on documenting survivor stories from 2. High-ranking military officers from both the American
historical tragedies, particularly WWII in the Philippines. and Japanese sides could be mentioned, depending on
the content of the testimonies.
OBJECTIVE OF THE AUTHOR
 To share first-hand testimonies from survivors of the MENTION OF DATES
Bataan Death March.  April 1942: The date of the Bataan Death March.

 To preserve personal accounts of the event, highlight the  Other dates may refer to when survivors were interviewed

atrocities experienced, and ensure the historical or when their testimonies were given.
significance of the march is remembered.
THEMATICAL MOTIVATION
DATE WRITTEN  Central themes include survival, resilience, and the horrors

 The Bataan Death March occurred in April 1942. of war.

 The testimonies were likely documented in the decades  The testimonies offer a personal perspective on one of the

following the war, possibly in the 1950s or later, as most harrowing episodes in the Pacific theater of WWII,
survivors began to publicly share their stories. emphasizing the brutalities faced by POWs (Prisoners of
War).
SA AKING MGA KABATA
AUTHOR’S BACKGROUND KEY PERSONALITIES
 Traditionally attributed to José Rizal, the national hero of 1. JOSÉ RIZAL (ATTRIBUTED AUTHOR) – A polymath, writer,
the Philippines. and revolutionary who played a major role in inspiring the
 Rizal was a well-known reformist and advocate for Philippine Revolution through his works.
Philippine independence during the Spanish colonial 2. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR, ANDRÉS BONIFACIO, AND OTHER
period. CONTEMPORARIES OF RIZAL also supported similar ideas of
 Recent scholarship has debated whether Rizal was the true national pride through language and identity, though they
author of the poem, as he would have been around eight were not directly involved in this particular poem.
years old at the supposed time of its composition.
MENTION OF DATES
OBJECTIVE OF THE AUTHOR  The specific mention of the date 1869 is based on

 The poem emphasizes the importance of loving one’s anecdotal claims regarding Rizal’s early life, though no
native language. clear historical documentation supports this.
 It encourages Filipinos to take pride in their own language

and culture, as a form of identity and resistance against THEMATICAL MOTIVATION

colonization.  The central theme of the poem is linguistic nationalism—the

 The author aims to instill patriotism and a sense of belief that a country’s language is integral to its freedom and
national pride among the youth. identity.
 The poem reflects a desire for cultural independence from

DATE WRITTEN Spanish colonizers.

 The poem is traditionally dated to 1869, when Rizal was  It suggests that love for one's language is intertwined with the

around eight years old, though doubts have been raised concept of liberty, and that without valuing one’s native
about this timeline. language, a people cannot be truly free.
 No definitive manuscript or evidence confirming the exact

date of authorship has been found.