Fernandez, Mark Dane C.

Castro, Ronalyn
Duaque, Remie
Lasay , Rowena
Lazaro, Jerico
BSIT – 3K (WAFT, MECH. TECH)

1. Define what is history.

-History is derived from the Greek word historia, which means
“learning by inquiry.” It is the study of past events, especially
human affairs, arranged in chronological order to understand what
happened, and its impact. Historical writing, or historiography,
involves examining records, artifacts, and evidence to give
meaning and narrative to the past.

2. What is Factual History? Speculative History

-Factual History is the study of past events based on verified
evidence such as documents, artifacts, and eyewitnesses. It
focuses on what can be proven to have happened using reliable
sources.
- In Speculative History it involves imagining or hypothesizing
about events that might have happened but lack solid evidence. It
often fills in gaps where historical records are missing or
unclear.

3. What is Historiography?
-Historiography is the method of writing history that involves
examining sources, selecting specific details from authentic
materials, and synthesizing them into a coherent narrative that
can withstand critical examination. It also refers to the theory
and history behind how history is written.
4. What are the limitations of historical knowledge?
-The limitations of historical knowledge include the
incompleteness of records, as many past events happened without
leaving any evidence or artifacts. Historians can only study the
parts of history that have survived, which is just a small
portion of the entire past. Because of this, historical
interpretations may change over time as new evidence is
discovered, showing the incomplete and evolving nature of
historical knowledge.

5. Why is History a subjective process?

-History is a subjective process because historians interpret
incomplete evidence based on their own perspectives and
understanding of the past. Their interpretations may vary
depending on the time, place, and context in which they study the
records, making history not just a collection of facts but a
reconstruction influenced by human experiences.

6. What is Historical Method? Historiography?

-The Historical Method is the process of critically examining and
analyzing past records to reconstruct historical events as
accurately as possible. While, Historiography is the imaginative
reconstruction and interpretation of the past based on the data
gathered though the historical method.

7. What is the meaning of Historical Data?

-Historical Data are sourced from the artifacts of the past.
These artifacts can either be relics or remains, or the
testimonies of witnesses of the past. Thus, historical sources
are those materials from which the historians construct meaning.
a. Relics – or remains whose existence offer researchers a clue
about the past are artifacts or documents in which history may be
written.
b. Testimonies -whether oral or written, may have been created to
serve as records or they might have been created for some other
purposes. All these describe an event, such as property exchange,
speeches, and commentaries.
The historian deals with the (c.) dynamic or genetic (the
becoming) as well as the static (the being) and aims at being
(d.) interpretive (explaining why and how things happened, and
were interrelated) as well as (e.) descriptive (telling what
happened, when and where, and who took part).
8. Written Sources of History- Written sources of history
encompass a vast range of material created throughout human
history, offering invaluable insights into past events,
societies, and cultures.

A. Narrative of literature: Narrative in literature refers to

the art of storytelling. Encompassing the structure, techniques,
and elements used to convey a story. It’s the foundation upon
which all fictional works are built. Shaping how readers engage
with characteristic, events, and themes.

B. Diplomatic sources: Diplomatic resources are official records

and communications related to international relations, providing
crucial insight into the conduct of foreign policy and historical
events. These sources are essential for understanding
negotiations, treaties, and the motivations behind state action.

C. Social Documents: Social documents are records created by

government agencies, organizations, or individuals that offer
valuable insights into the social, economic, and political
conditions of a particular time and place. Unlike personal
diaries or letters, which offer individual perspectives, social
documents provide a broader, often quantitative, view of society.
They are invaluable tools for historians and social scientists
seeking to understand past and present societal structures and
trends.
9. Non-written Sources of History – non-written sources of
history, also known as material culture, provide invaluable
insights into the past, complementing and sometimes even
contradicting written accounts. These sources offer tangible
evidence of past lives, cultures, and societies, revealing
aspects often overlooked in textual records. They are crucial for
understanding societies that lacked written languages or where
written records are scarce or unreliable.

a. Material evidence – also known as archeological evidence is

one of the most important unwritten evidences because these
artifacts can tell a great deal about the ways of life of
people in the past and their culture as well as reveal a
great deal about the socio – cultural interconnections of
the different groups of people especially when an object is
unearthed in more than one place.
b. Oral evidence - refers to the collection and interpretation
of memories and experiences from individuals who witnessed
past events. Much are told by the tale of the tales or sagas
of ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals
from the premodern period of Philippine history. During the
present age, Interview is another major form if oral
evidence.

10. Historical Sources

- A historical source encompasses "every kind of evidence that
human beings have left of their past activities — the written
word and spoken word, the shape of the landscape and the material
artifact, the fine arts as well as photography and film."
a. Direct or Primary Sources - are first person, contemporaneous
account of events created by individuals during that period or a
few years later (such as correspondence, diaries, memoirs, and
personal histories).
b. Secondary Sources – on the other hand, are materials made by
people long after the events being described had taken place
to provide valuable interpretations of historical events.
Citations:
Links used:
[Link]
[Link]
Speculative-Historydocx/

Books used:
Torres, Jose Victor Z. Batis: Sources in Philippine History,2019
Victoria O. Ilagan. Readings in Philippine History ,2019