隱變量理論

隱變量理論（英語：hidden variable theory）又稱隱變數理論，是由物理學家質疑量子力學完備性而提出的替代理論。歷史上隨着量子力學的發展，而提出了海森堡不確定原理等限制，一別於經典物理，諸如位置與動量等無法同時精準測出其值；此外關於粒子位置等特性由機率密度描述所取代。一些物理學家例如愛因斯坦，認為量子力學並未完整地描述物理系統的狀態，亦即質疑量子力學是不完備的。因此量子力學的背後應該隱藏了一個尚未發現的理論，可以完整解釋物理系統所有可觀測量的演化行為，而避免掉任何不確定性或隨機性。

歷史上愛因斯坦是隱變量理論的主要倡導者，出於對標準量子力學詮釋的機率性解釋的不滿。他曾說：「我相信上帝不擲骰子。」

1935年，愛因斯坦與波多爾斯基、羅森共同提出的EPR悖論（以姓氏字首為縮寫）試圖對哥本哈根詮釋做出挑戰，論文中指出「實在性元素」（即隱變量）應該加入量子力學中，俾使在量子纏結現象中不會出現鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出後，這樣的爭辯仍停留在物理哲學的範疇，直到約翰·貝爾提出貝爾定理方得區分兩者差異。透過實驗證實：一定類型的局域隱變量理論與實驗結果不相符，包括EPR佯謬中提出的詮釋版本。非局域（廣域）的隱變量理論最知名者為德布羅意-玻姆理論。

參見

• 量子不確定性
• 量子力學
• 量子形而上學
• 量子神祕主義（Quantum mysticism）
• 關係性量子力學（Relational quantum mechanics）

參考資料

延伸閱讀

• Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" Physical Review 47, 777–780 (1935).
• John Stewart Bell, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", Physics 1, (1964) 195–200. Reprinted in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• D. Bohm and B. J. Hiley, The Undivided Universe, Routledge, 1993
• Wolfgang Pauli, letter to M. Fierz dated 10 August 1954, reprinted and translated in K. V. Laurikainen, Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, p. 226.
• Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations, translated by A. J. Pomerans, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, pp. 63–64.
• Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë, Mecanique quantique (see also Quantum Mechanics translated from the French by Susan Hemley, Nicole Ostrowsky, and Dan Ostrowsky; John Wiley & Sons 1982) Hermann, Paris, France. 1977.
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• Wojciech Zurek "Environment-induced superselection rules" Physical Review D 26 1862. 1982.
• Max Jammer, "The EPR Problem in Its Historical Development", in Symposium on the Foundations of Modern Physics: 50 years of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Gedankenexperiment, edited by P. Lahti and P. Mittelstaedt (World Scientific, Singapore, 1985), pp. 129–149.
• Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986.
• Thomas Kuhn. Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 Chicago University Press. 1987.
• Asher Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
• Carlton M. Caves and Christopher A. Fuchs, "Quantum Information: How Much Information in a State Vector?", in The Dilemma of Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen – 60 Years Later, edited by A. Mann and M. Revzen, Ann. Israel Physical Society 12, 226–257 (1996).
• Carlo Rovelli. "Relational quantum mechanics" International Journal of Theoretical Physics 35 1637–1678. 1996.
• Roland Omnès, Understanding Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 1999.
• Roman Jackiw and Daniel Kleppner, "One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics", Science, Vol. 289 Issue 5481, p. 893, August 2000.
• Orly Alter and Yoshihisa Yamamoto. Quantum Measurement of a Single System (PDF). Wiley-Interscience. 2001. 136 pp. ISBN 9780471283089. doi:10.1002/9783527617128. Slides. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2014-02-03）. 
• Erich Joos, et al., Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory, 2nd ed., Berlin, Springer, 2003.
• Wojciech Zurek (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical — Revisited", (An updated version of Physics Today, 44:36–44 (1991) article)
• Wojciech Zurek, "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical" in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.75, (715).
• Asher Peres and Daniel Terno, "Quantum Information and Relativity Theory", Reviews of Modern Physics 76 (2004) 93.
• Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Alfred Knopf 2004.
• Maximilian Schlosshauer, "Decoherence, the Measurement Problem, and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics", in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.76, pages 1267–1305, 2005.
• Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli. "Relational Quantum Mechanics" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition).
• Marco Genovese, "Research on hidden variable theories: a review of recent progresses", in Physics Reports, vol.413, 2005.

外部連接

• The David Bohm Society. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-20） （英語）.