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江湖骗子

维基百科,自由的百科全书
Pietro Longhi英语Pietro Longhi: The Charlatan, 1757

江湖骗子江湖郎中江湖术士是指从事招摇撞骗,通过伪医术或类似信任骗局的欺骗手段,以获取金钱、权力、名声或其他利益的人。例如出现在《坎特伯雷故事集》的篇章〈赦罪者的故事英语The Pardoner's Tale〉中,赦罪者欺骗罪人购买假的赦罪符,同义词包括老千光棍冒牌货等。

释义

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英文单词“charlatan”来源于法语,原意是指卖药人,他们可能通过露天音乐和表演来自我宣传。巴黎最著名的骗子是塔巴兰英语Tabarin,他表演的鬧劇受到義大利即興喜劇的影响,也启发17世纪剧作家莫里哀。这个词汇在西班牙语“charlatán”相似,意为喋喋不休的人或话匣子。词源学家将其追溯到意大利语可能来源于“ciarlare[1],意思是闲聊或唠叨;或者来源于“Cerretano”,指的是翁布里亚大区切雷托村的居民,这个村庄在16世纪以江湖医生闻名[2],或者两者兼而有之。

用法

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The Pardoner, from the Ellesmere Chaucer英语Ellesmere Chaucer

江湖骗子经常以浮夸吹嘘的话术,到处去推销某种服务或产品,他与“点子”(即目标客户)没有私人关系,并且会避免使用精心设计的恶作剧或角色扮演骗局。江湖骗子通常被指控使用虚假医疗、伪科学或其他诈骗伎俩,试图给人留下深刻印象,从而欺骗受害者购买毫无价值的药方英语patent medicine、商品和服务,这些东西却无法兑现承诺的效果。例如:19世纪的假药贩子巡回各地英语medicine show兜售“蛇油”或“万能药”,当人们发觉遭遇一场骗局的时候,骗子却早已离开城镇。不同骗子团伙会有各自独创的黑话,例如:骗子设计的陷阱称为“布局”、骗局操控的受害者称为“水鱼”、目标对象踏入陷阱称为“上钩”、发现情况不妙并主动撤离称为“扯呼”。

其他类似的词语还包括,江湖医生可以指出售“祖传秘方”之类的可疑药物,或者提供未经验证的虚假医疗服务的人;江湖贩子是以欺骗方式推销,出售假冒、低劣或夸大效果的商品的人;江湖神棍是假装能够与灵界接触,欺骗那些想要寻求灵异沟通的人。美国揭穿假冒灵媒的著名人物,包括:加拿大裔舞台魔术师及科学怀疑论者詹姆斯·兰迪、巴西作家蒙特罗·洛巴托英语Monteiro Lobato和匈牙利裔魔术师哈利·胡迪尼

巨骗

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另见

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参考资料

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  1. ^  Chisholm, Hugh (编). Charlatan. Encyclopædia Britannica 5 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 891. 1911. 
  2. ^ Charlatan. Dictionary.com
  3. ^ Radionics. Skeptics Dictionary. 
  4. ^ Mary, Johanna. Amy Bock and the Western Tradition of Passing Women. New Zealand Studies. 1995, 5 (3) [31 May 2021]. 
  5. ^ Coleman, Jenny. Mad or Bad? The Life and Exploits of Amy Bock. Dunedin: Otago University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-947522-18-6. 
  6. ^  Humphreys, Jennett. Carleton, Mary. Stephen, Leslie (编). Dictionary of National Biography 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1887. 
  7. ^ Bernbaum, Ernest; Levis, Howard C.; Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress). The Mary Carleton narratives, 1663-1673, a missing chapter in the history of the English novel. (PDF). Cambridge, Harvard University Press; [etc., etc.] 1914. 
  8. ^ Paul, Kari. Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes again delays start of 11-year prison term | Theranos | The Guardian. The Guardian. 27 April 2023 [2023-05-02]. 
  9. ^ Nash, Jay Robert. The Great Pictorial History of World Crime, Volume 2. Rowman & Littlefield. 2004: 364. ISBN 1-928831-20-6.  "Gustavus Katterfelto launched a successful medical swindle. Passing himself off as a worldly philosopher and scientist, Katterfelto swindled Londoners with his sleight of hand tricks and medicine show for nearly three years. In 1872, he claimed to have invented the Solar Microscope, which he used to detect a deadly plague similar to the Black Death."
  10. ^ Partnoy, Frank. The Match King: Ivar Kreuger, The Financial Genius Behind a Century of Wall Street Scandals. PublicAffairs. 2010. ISBN 978-1586488123. 
  11. ^ Creswell, Julie; Thomas, Landon Jr. The Talented Mr. Madoff. The New York Times. New York. January 24, 2009 [June 27, 2020]. 
  12. ^ Quen, Jacques M. Elisha Perkins, Physician, Nostrum-Vendor, or Charlatan?. Bulletin of the History of Medicine英语Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1963, 37 (37): 159–166. PMID 13972718. 

延伸阅读

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  • Brock, Pope. (2009). Charlatan: The Fraudulent Life of John Brinkley. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0753825716
  • Humbertclaude, Éric英语Éric Humbertclaude. Récréations de Hultazob Paris: L'Harmattan 2010, ISBN 978-2-296-12546-9 (sur Melech August Hultazob, médecin-charlatan des Lumières Allemandes assassiné en 1743)
  • Riordan, Timothy B. (2009). Prince of Quacks: The Notorious Life of Dr. Francis Tumblety, Charlatan and Jack the Ripper Suspect. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786444335
  • Porter, Roy. (2003). Quacks: Fakers and Charlatans in Medicine. NPI Media Group. ISBN 978-0752425900
  • Stratmann, Linda. (2010). Fraudsters and Charlatans: A Peek at some of History's Greatest Rogues. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752457109

外部链接

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