卡尔巴拉战役

卡尔巴拉战役（Battle of Karbala），公元680年10月10日发生于巴格达西南的卡尔巴拉，穆罕默德的外孙、什叶派领袖侯赛因·本·阿里率领自己的支持者对抗前来镇压的倭马亚王朝叶齐德一世的大军。最终前者全军覆没，阿里之子侯赛因阵亡。

卡尔巴拉是伊拉克中部的一个重要城市，位于巴格达西南约100公里处1。作为卡尔巴拉省的省会，该市2024年估计人口为690,100人。^[1]^[2] 卡尔巴拉在伊斯兰教史上具有重要意义，尤其对什叶派穆斯林而言。公元680年10月10日，著名的卡尔巴拉战役在此发生，穆罕默德的外孙、什叶派领袖侯赛因·本·阿里在此殉难。自那时起，卡尔巴拉成为什叶派最重要的圣地之一，地位仅次于麦加、麦地那和纳杰夫。^[3]

城市内最著名的地标是侯赛因清真寺和阿巴斯清真寺，分别是侯赛因和其弟阿巴斯的陵墓。这两座清真寺每年吸引数百万什叶派朝圣者前来朝拜。卡尔巴拉每年举行两次大型宗教活动：阿舒拉节：在伊斯兰历穆哈兰姆月的第十天，纪念侯赛因殉难。阿尔巴因节：在阿舒拉节后的第40天，是更大规模的朝圣活动。这些活动期间，来自伊拉克各地和世界各国的数百万朝圣者涌入卡尔巴拉，其中很多人选择步行朝圣。这使得卡尔巴拉成为伊拉克最富有的城市之一，其经济主要依赖朝圣旅游业和农业。^[4]^[5] 卡尔巴拉城区分为旧城和新城两部分。旧城是宗教中心，新城则是现代化的住宅区。全市拥有100多座清真寺和23所宗教学校，彰显了其作为宗教文化中心的地位。^[6]

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參考文獻

al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid b. Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0040-9.
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al-Muqarram, Abd al Razzaq, Maqtal al-Husayn, Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Husayn （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, translated by Yasin T. Al-Jibouri, pub Al-Kharsan Foundation for Publications, originally published Qum, circa 1990. (al-Muqarram was born in 1899 and died in 1971—author's biography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. This is a 20th-century book—see Islamic Historiography, by Chase F. Robinson, p. 35.)

外部連結

What is Muharram?（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Battle of Karbalāʾ（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica
List of the casualties of Karbla（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Sunni links

Karbala – A Lesson For Mankind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

Shia links

Events of Karbala （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Ashura.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Poetryofislam.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, poetry on Kerbala by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni
Sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Battle of Karbala （英文）
Battle of Karbala（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
A Probe Into the History of Ashura （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Dr. Ibrahim Ayati

^ "Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls". IRIN News. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-13-142397-8.
^ John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310574620.
^ Paul Grieve (2006). A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 9780786718047.
^ Malise Ruthven (2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780195305036.
^ "Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam". PBS. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

[1] "Iraq: Livelihoods at risk as level of Lake Razaza falls". IRIN News. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2015.

[2] Under Fire: Untold Stories from the Front Line of the Iraq War. Reuters Prentice Hall. January 2004. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-13-142397-8.

[3] John Azumah; Dr. Kwame Bediako (Foreword) (26 May 2009). My Neighbour's Faith: Islam Explained for African Christians. Main Divisions and Movements Within Islam: Zondervan. ISBN 9780310574620.

[4] Paul Grieve (2006). A Brief Guide to Islam: History, Faith and Politics : the Complete Introduction. Carroll and Graf Publishers. p. 212. ISBN 9780786718047.

[5] Malise Ruthven (2006). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780195305036.

[6] "Interactive Maps: Sunni & Shia: The Worlds of Islam". PBS. Retrieved June 9, 2017.

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