如果話屬 X 嘅物品可以分做若干個「類型」,意思係指呢啲物品彼此之間喺某啲特性上有差異,呢啲差異係離散嘅(或者大致離散),所以是但攞件呢啲物品嚟睇,研究者都有得話件物品屬「咁多個類型之中其中一個」。語言類型學做嘅,正正就係想睇勻世上咁多隻語言,據估計廿一世紀初嘅世界有 7,000 幾隻語言[3],搵吓佢哋可以喺邊啲方面上彼此之間有差異,再同每隻語言分好嗮類[4]:1.2。
對比越南話:越南話嘅基本音節結構就係 [C][w]V[C],即係話唯一一種可能嘅複輔音(指多過一個 C 砌埋一齊,中間冇任何嘅 V)係 Cw-呢種複輔音係指有一個 C 後面掕住 w,即係類似廣東話 kwaa1(漢字:跨)噉嘅音,段音節中間係 V 而最尾有可能掕個 C [18]。例子可以睇吓 mộc qua(河內音:/məwk͡p̚˧˨ʔ kwaː˧˧/;木瓜噉解)入面個 qua 噉[註 9]。
語言學家講親語序,最常講嘅係基本語序,即係有關「句子入面嘅 S V 同 O 要以咩先後次序嚟排」嘅考量。世上大多數語言嘅基本語序都係 S 行頭嘅,即係句子呈 SVO 或者 SOV 噉嘅樣。舉實際啲嘅例子,廣東話同標準官話等嘅漢語以及係英文等嘅多隻歐洲語言都算係 SVO 語言,啲句子通常都係 S 行先、再到 V、O 就喺尾,例[註 10]:
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Keenan, E. L., & Comrie, B. (1977). Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar (PDF). Linguistic inquiry, 8(1), 63-99,呢篇文嘅作者同多位其他語言學家都有講,某啲文法單位似乎比較易有複雜文法變化,例如上面提咗有啲語言淨係畀主語掕 RC;有語言學家主張某啲文法單位(好似係主語)比較能夠單獨存在,對人腦嚟講「易啲處理,做起複雜文法變化上嚟都易啲理解」。
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↑ 1.01.1Typological traits and genetic linguistics (PDF). University of New Mexico,呢篇文頭嗰句就噉講:"One of the basic principles in establishing a genetic grouping of languages is that typological traits must be excluded from consideration at the initial stage of establishment." 粵譯:「確立語言嘅遺傳分組(指語系關係)嗰陣嘅其中一條基本原則,係一定要喺確立嘅早期考量度排除類型學特徵(即係唔好諗類型學特徵)。」
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