煉奶

煉奶係混入砂糖或糖漿嘅濃縮牛奶。經真空、均質、殺菌、濃縮等工序濃縮後，煉奶嘅水份大約只有鮮牛奶嘅四分之一，而且因為加咗蔗糖，甜度比鮮牛奶高得多。煉奶常被用於製作甜品，而有啲嘢飲亦會用到煉奶沖調，例如香港嘅茶餐廳嘅特色嘢飲茶走。

有時煉奶亦會加入冰品度，例如臺灣刨冰店家會以額外加錢方式，為雪花冰或係選滿材料嘅傳統鉋冰上淋上煉奶增加香氣。

歷史

依照馬哥孛羅嘅文學作品紀錄，韃靼人識將牛奶濃縮。紀錄指出，當時每個人拎十磅重牛奶糊狀物，佢將水同牛奶撈埋（Ten pounds of milk paste was carried by each man who would mix the product with water）。無論如何，馬哥孛羅可能只係指出韃靼人凝乳可以稀釋喺一種嘢飲（airan）之中，從而發酵成煉奶，而唔係用新鮮牛奶濃縮成煉奶。

1820年Nicolas Appert（英文：Nicolas Appert）喺法國^[1] 同埋1853年Gail Borden, Jr.（英文：Gail Borden, Jr.）喺美國試將牛奶濃縮。呢項發明之前，搾出嚟嘅牛奶只可以保持新鮮一陣間，亦唔運得遠。Borden同其他人試過一排都衰埋，Borden見到果汁用嘅眞空蒸發，就將用眞空蒸發將牛奶濃縮而唔會令啲奶凝固^[2]。佢頭兩間廠唔成功^[3]，到第三間同佢新合伙人Jeremiah Milbank（英文：Jeremiah Milbank）^[4]開喺紐約Wassaic嘅廠就掂咗，生產出嚟嘅煉奶唔使雪藏，重可以有排𧄌。

出名牌子

參考資料

↑ Le livre de tous les ménages ou l'art de conserver. (Complete Book of Housework, or The Art of Preservation (法文), Paris, 1831, p. 82
↑ Becksvoort, Christian (1998-09-01). The Shaker Legacy: Perspectives on an Enduring Furniture Style. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. pp. 13. ISBN 1-56158-218-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
↑ Borden's gravestone epitath is "I tried and failed, I tried again and again, and succeeded.
↑ "Gail Borden: Dairyman To A Nation" by Joe B. Frantz, University of Oklahoma Press 1951

睇埋

[1] Le livre de tous les ménages ou l'art de conserver. (Complete Book of Housework, or The Art of Preservation (法文), Paris, 1831, p. 82

[2] Becksvoort, Christian (1998-09-01). The Shaker Legacy: Perspectives on an Enduring Furniture Style. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press. pp. 13. ISBN 1-56158-218-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[3] Borden's gravestone epitath is "I tried and failed, I tried again and again, and succeeded.

[4] "Gail Borden: Dairyman To A Nation" by Joe B. Frantz, University of Oklahoma Press 1951

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