Data Display and
At theAnalysis
end of this topic, students should be able
to:
• represent raw data on a frequency table with
a tally column
• represent data on a pictograph, bar chart, pie
charts and frequency table
• find the mean, median, mode and range of
a short distribution
• find the mean and mode from a frequency
Frequency table with a tally
column
A frequency table is a chart that
summarizes all the data under two
columns - categories, and their
frequency. It has two or three columns.
Usually, the first column lists all the
outcomes as individual values or in the
form of class intervals, depending upon
the size of the data set. The second
column includes the tally marks of each
outcome. The third column lists the
frequency of each outcome. The second
Illustration
We represent the frequency using the
five-bar gate notation.
For example:
How to Construct a Frequency Table
In order to draw a tally chart:
[Link] a data table with 3 columns.
2. Write the category names into each row
of the table.
3. Record the data into the table using
five-bar gate tally marks.
4. Work out the frequency for each
category by counting the tally marks.
Example 1: journey to
school
Below is a list of the methods of transport
used to get to school by class 9A.
bus, bus, bus, walk, bus, walk, bike, bus,
walk, bus, car, car, walk, walk, walk,
walk, bus, bus, bike, bus, car, walk, bus,
walk, bus, bike, walk, bike, bike, car,
walk, walk, car, walk, bike, bus, walk,
walk, car, car.
Draw a tally chart to display this
Example 1
cont…
Here we are looking at modes of transport,
so the title of the first column is
‘Transport’, then we have our ‘Tally’
column, and then the ‘Frequency’ column.
The data can be divided into four
categories: walk, bus, car and bike.
Example 1
cont…
Tally each value in the data one at a time. Work
out the frequency for each category by counting
the tally marks.
Remember that a five-bar gate represents 5 tally
marks.
Example 2: shoe
size
A children’s shoe shop took a survey of
their
customers shoe size over one day.
Here is a list of their responses.
Draw a frequency table (tally chart) to
show the results.
Example 2
cont…
Work out the frequency for each
category by counting the tally marks.
Bar
charts/graphs
Bar Graphs: consists of two or more parallel
vertical (or horizontal) bars (rectangles).e.g.
between two grades, two companies, etc.
Pie charts
Pie charts are circular charts divided into
sectors according to the value they
represent. The arc length of each sector is
proportional to the quantity it represents.
Pictograph
A pictograph conveys statistical information
through pictures and symbols.
For example, here is a pictogram to show the
number of parcels an office sends in a week.
Example
Suppose a class was asked what their
favorite soft drink is and the following is
the results: Dr.
Coke Pepsi Mt. Dew Coke Pepsi Pepper Sprite Coke Mt. Dew
Dr. Dr.
Pepsi Pepsi Pepper Coke Sprite Mt. Dew Pepsi Pepper Coke
Dr.
Pepsi Mt. Dew Coke Pepsi Pepsi Pepper Sprite Pepsi Coke
Dr.
Pepper Mt. Dew Sprite Coke Coke Pepsi
Create a frequency distribution for
the data
To do this, just list each drink type, and then
count how often each drink comes up in the
list. Notice Coke comes up nine times in the
data set. Pepsi comes up 10 times. And so
forth. Mt Dr.
Drink Coke Pepsi Sprite
Dew Pepper
Frequency 9 10 5 5 4
Draw a bar graph of the
frequency distribution
Along the horizontal axis you place the drink.
Space these equally apart, and allow space
to draw a rectangle above it. The vertical axis
contains the frequencies. Make sure you
create a scale along that axis in which all of
the frequencies will fit. Notice that the
highest frequency is 10, so you want to make
sure the vertical axis goes to at least 10, and
you may want to count by two for every tick
mark.
Pie chart
example
Imagine you survey your friends to find the
kind of movie they like best:
Table: Favourite Type of Movie
Comed Action Romance Drama SciFi
y
4 5 6 1 4
Pie chart example
cont…
Now to figure out how many degrees for each "pie slice"
(correctly called a sector).
A Full Circle has 360 degrees, so we do this
calculation:
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi TOTAL
4 5 6 1 4 20
4/20 × 5/20 × 6/20 × 1/20 × 4/20 ×
360°
360° 360° 360° 360° 360°
= 72° = 90° = 108° = 18° = 72°
Pie chart example
cont…
Now you are ready to start drawing!
• Draw a circle.
• Then use your protractor to measure the
degrees of each sector.
• Here I show the first sector ...
•Finish up by colouring each sector and giving it
a label like "Comedy: 4 (20%)", etc.
We can show that on a bar graph like this:
Table: Favourite Type of Movie
Comedy Action Romance Drama SciFi
4 5 6 1 4
Draw a pie chart of the frequency
distribution - of Favorite Soft
Drink
To draw a pie chart, multiply the relative
frequencies by 360°. Then use a protractor to
draw the corresponding angle. Or, it is easier
to use
Drink
Excel,
Coke
or some
Pepsi
other spreadsheet
Mt Dew
Dr.
Sprite
program to draw the graph. Peppe
r
Frequency 9 10 5 5 4
(10/33)*36
(9/33)*360 0 (5/33)*360 (5/33)*360 (4/33)*360
Angles =98.2° =54.5° =54.5° =43.6°
=109.1°
Draw a pictograph of the
frequency distribution - of Favorite
Soft you
Here Drink
can get creative. One thing to draw
would be glasses. Now you would not want to
draw 10 glasses. So what you can do is let
each glass be worth a certain number of data
values, let’s say one glass = frequency of two.
So this means that you will need to draw half
of a glass for some of the frequencies. So for
the first drink, with a frequency of nine, you
need to draw four and a half glasses. For the
second drink, with a frequency of 10, you
need to draw five glasses. And so on.
Mean Median and Mode in Statistics
Mean, median, and mode are the measures of
central tendency, used to study the various
characteristics of a given set of data. A measure
of central tendency describes a set of data by
identifying the central position in the data set
as a single value. We can think of it as a
tendency of data to cluster around a middle
value.
Mean
To find the mean of ungrouped data we must
add up all the numbers we’re finding the
average of, and then divide by how many
numbers there are in that list:
Sum of items
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
Total number of items
Mode
The mode is the most common value. To find it, look
for which value appears most often. There might be
two values which are tied for the most appearances, in
which case we say the data is bimodal, or
alternatively there might be no repeats at all, in which
case there is simply no mode.
Median
The median is the middle value of a data set,
which separates the highest and lowest
values equally.
Put the numbers in order from smallest to largest
and find the middle value/middle two values.
Cross out the smallest number and the largest
number, then cross out the next smallest and
largest, keeping going crossing out pairs of
number like this until you have one or two left. If
there is one left, then that is the median; if there
are two values, left then the median is the
halfway point between the two.
Rang
e
The range is not another average – it is a measure of
spread. This means the range is a way of telling us
how spread out the data is.
To calculate it, we subtract the smallest value from
the biggest value.
•Range=Biggest value−Smallest Value
Finding the Mean, Median and Mode
9 people take a test. Their scores out of 100 are:
56,79,77,48,90,68,79,92,71
Work out the mean, median, and mode of their
scores.
• Mean: There are 9 data points. First add the numbers
together and then divide the result by 9.
66
56+79+77+48+90+68+79+92+71=660
Mean 0 = 73.3(1
9
• Median: Firstly, put=the numbers𝑑𝑝)in ascending
order.
There are 9 numbers, and 9+1
2
= 5,so the median must be the
48,56,68,71,77,79,79,90,92
term
5 th
along.
Counting along the list, we get that the median is 77.
• Mode: We can see very clearly from the ordered list that
there is only one repeat, 79, so the mode is 79.
Calculating the Range
Find the range of 12, 8, 4, 16, 15, 15, 5, 15, 10, 8
A good way to make sure you haven’t missed any
numbers in determining the biggest and smallest value
is to order them. Doing this, we get:
4,5,8,8,10,12,15,15,15,16
Range = Largest − Smallest =16−4=12
So the range is 12.
Mean and mode from a frequency
table
To find the mean from a frequency table:
• Set up a new column to multiply each
category by its frequency.
• Find the sum of the new column. This finds the
total of all the values in the frequency table.
• Add the frequencies to find how many values
there are.
• Divide the total of all the values by how many
values there are.
The mode from a frequency table is the value
that has the highest frequency.
Example 1: Mean Number of Wins
The following frequency table shows the
total number of wins for 30 soccer teams
in a certain league:
Find the mean and
mode.
Example 1 cont…
The modal number of wins is 3.
For the mean we create an extra
column𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
0 2 0× 2=0
1 3 1× 3=3
2 7 2 × 7 = 14
3 8 3 × 8 = 24
4 7 4 × 7 = 28
5 3 5 × 3 = 15
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 30 84
Example 1
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡
cont…
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 = 𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
=
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
�
8
�
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 4
3
=
0
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
2.8
Example 2: Mean Number of
pets
owned
The by different
following families
frequency table shows the
total number of pets owned by 20 different
families in a certain neighborhood:
Find the mean and
mode.
Example 2 cont…
The modal number of wins is 3.
For the mean we create an extra
𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠 × 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
column
0 2 0× 2=0
1 10 1 × 10 = 10
2 4 2×4=8
3 3 3×3=9
4 1 4×1=4
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 20 31
Example 2 cont…
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑜𝑡
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 = 𝑎𝑙
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓
=
𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠
�
3
�
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 1
2
=
0
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
1.55
