Anatomy 11
Muscular Tissue
CHAPTER 16
Adam [Link]’a
Major Functions of muscular system
1. Moving the skeletal system and posture.
2. Passing food through the digestive
system & constriction of other internal
organs.
3. Production of body heat.
4. Pumping the blood throughout the body.
5. Communication - writing and verbal
Specialized Cells (Myocytes) ~
Myocytes are contractile muscle cells that
make up the heart muscle: • They
include one to four nuclei per cell. • They
have high mitochondrial organelle
density within the cell that can produce
3 Types of Muscular Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
Location
Function Appearance Control Nerve supply
Skeletal(stria Attached to move bones multi-nucleated voluntary Autonomic
ted) skeleton & striated
Cardiac heart pump blood one nucleus, involuntary Autonomic
In striated, &
(striated) Myocardium intercalated
discs
various various one nucleus & involuntary Somatic
Visceral organs, functions, no striations
(smooth example: GI example:
muscle ,Unst tract peristalsis
riated,
Visceral)
How are Muscles Formed?
A myoblast is a type of embryonic
progenitor cell that differentiates to
form muscle cells.
Skeletal muscle fibers are made
when myoblasts fuse together,
so muscle fibers have multiple
nuclei. The fusion of myoblasts is
specific to skeletal muscle (e.g.,
biceps brachii), not cardiac or
smooth muscle.
Specialized Structures found in
Myocytes
Sarcolemma: The cell membrane of a muscle cell.
Transverse tubule: a tubular invagination of the sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac
muscle fibers that surrounds myofibrils (smallest unint); involved in transmitting the
action potential from the sarcolemma to the interior of the myofibril.*(extensions of
the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle
cells, T-tubules allow heart muscle cells to contract more forcefully by synchronizing
calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: The special type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum found
in smooth and striated muscle fibers whose function is to store and release calcium
ions.
Skeletal Muscle - Microscopic Anatomy
A whole skeletal muscle
(such as the biceps
brachii) is considered an
organ of the muscular
system. Each organ
consists of skeletal muscle
tissue, connective tissue,
nerve tissue, and blood or
vascular tissue.
Skeletal Muscle - Microscopic
Anatomy
Skeletal Muscle - Microscopic Anatomy
Epimysium, perimysium and
endomysium layers of connective
tissue generally extend beyond the
fleshy part of the muscle, forming a
thick ropelike tendon. Fascia is a layer
of thickened connective tissue that
covers the entire muscle and is located
over the layer of epimysium that also
makes up the tendon that connects to
the periosteum of the bone.
Within the sarcolemma is the sarcoplasm , the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.
. السيتوبالزم للعضلة، هو الساركوبالزمsarcolemma داخل
Sarcoplasm includes a substantial amount of glycogen. Glycogen can be
used for synthesis of ATP.
ATP يمكن استخدام الجليكوجين لينشأ. يحتوي على كمية كبيرة من الجليكوجينSarcoplasm
In addition, the sarcoplasm contains a red-colored protein called myoglobin .
This protein, found only in muscle, binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into
muscle fibers from interstitial fluid.
هذا. يحتوي الساركوبالزم على بروتين أحمر اللون يسمى الميوجلوبين، باإلضافة إلى ذلك
يربط جزيئات األكسجين التي تنتشر في غشاء عضلي، الموجود فقط في العضالت، البروتين
.من السائل الخاللي
Sliding Filament Theory ~ main
structures
Myofibril: A cylindrical organelle running the length of the
muscle fiber,
containing Actin and Myosin filaments.
● Sarcomere: The functional unit of the myofibril, divided into I,
A and H bands.
● Actin: A thin, contractile protein filament, containing 'binding'
sites.
● Myosin: A thick, contractile protein filament, with protrusions
known as
Myosin Heads.
● Tropomyosin: An actin-binding protein which regulates
muscle contraction.
The breakdown of
the structure of a
skeletal muscle
from the organ
down to the actin
and myosin.
muscle organ
fascicle myofiber
myofibril
sarcomere actin
myosin
Sliding Filament Mechanism
Note the changes in the I band and H zone as the muscle contracts
Structural
Muscle Proteins
Titin
Nebulin
Contractile Regulatory
Alpha-actin
Troponin
Myosin
Myomesin
Actin Tropomyosin
Dystrophin
The Contraction Cycle
https://
[Link]/watch?v=BVcgO4p8
8AA
The Contraction Cycle
The Sliding Filament Mechanism
Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thin filament to slide inward
Consequently, Z discs move toward each other and the sarcomere shortens
Thanks to the structural proteins, there is a transmission of force throughout the entire muscle,
resulting in whole muscle contraction.
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
This concept connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament
mechanism
In the presence of high concentrations of Ca+, the Ca+ binds to Troponin,
changing its shape and so moving Tropomyosin from the
binding site of the Actin. The Myosin heads can now attach to the Actin, forming
The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ).
The neuromuscular junction is a chemical synapse between the motor
neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber.التحام العصب مع العضلة
It consists of a presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic
membrane or cell.
The Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ).
The events at the NMJ produce a muscle action potential:
Voltage-gated calcium channels open resulting in an influx of calcium.
This causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter (NT) into the synaptic cleft. NT binds to ligand-gated
Na+ channels on the motor endplate which cause an influx of Na + into the muscle.
This depolarizes it and results in Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
NT gets broken down.
Without this series of events, muscle contraction would not be possible.
The Neuromuscular Junction
A nervous impulse arrives at the neuromuscular junction, which causes a
release of a chemical called Acetylcholine. The presence of Acetylcholine causes
the depolarization of the motor end plate which travels
throughout the muscle by the transverse tubules, causing Calcium (Ca+) to be
released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The Neuromuscular Junction
How Skeletal Muscles Produce
Movement
Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on
tendons. Tendons attach to and pull on bones, and movement
occurs.
Origin and Insertion
Origin and Insertion
Most muscles cross at least one
joint and are attached at the
articulating bones
When a muscle contracts, it draws
one articulating bone toward the
other
Origin – the attachment to the
stationary bone
Insertion – the attachment to the
moveable bone
How Skeletal Muscles are Named
A muscle may be named based on:
Location
Size
Number of origins
Appearance
Direction of fibers
Origin and insertion
Muscle action
How Skeletal Muscles are Named
How Skeletal Muscles are Named
Muscles and Their Movements
Anatomy Overview:
The Muscular System in General
[Link]
Structure & Function of Skeletal Muscle
[Link]
Running Injuries.
Most running injuries involve the knee
Running injuries are usually related to faulty training
techniques
Running injuries can be treated with:
PRICE Pressure, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation
NSAIDS or corticosteroid injections.
Rehabilitative exercises.
Compartment Syndrome
Pressure constricts the structures within a compartment
resulting in damaged blood vessels
Left untreated:
Nerves can suffer damage
Muscles can develop scar tissue and contracture may result.
Compartment Syndrome
Compartment syndrome
is a painful condition that occurs when pressure within the
muscles builds to dangerous levels. This pressure can
decrease blood flow, which prevents nourishment and
oxygen from reaching nerve and muscle cells. Compartmen
syndrome can be either acute or chronic.
Myasthenia gravis الوهن العضلي
Is a long-term neuromuscular disease that leads to varying degrees of
skeletal muscle weakness. The most commonly affected muscles are those of
the eyes, face, and swallowing. It can result in double vision, drooping eyelids
(ptosis) , trouble talking, and trouble walking.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease which results from antibodies that
block or destroy nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) at the
junction between the nerve and muscle. This prevents nerve impulses from
triggering muscle contractions.
