Organisationa
l
Behaviour By Group 3
Project
Introducti
Perception is the way people on
perceive things and interpret
the information in order to
give meaning to the
environment. It is a
subjective process which is
influenced by people and
affects their performance. It
involves both recognising the
environment stimuli and
Nature of
Perception
INFLUENCED SHAPES
SUBJECTIVE
BY OTHERS BEHAVIOUR
One could easily Perception Silent but yet a
influence our depends upon powerful force
perception if we how an individual which influences
have positive perceives one’s behaviour.
perception of him. asituation.
Importance of
Perception
PROMOTES ATTRACTS AND
COORDINATION RETAINS
Positive perception builds Positive perception helps in
trust which is very important attracting and retaining
for working as a team. good employees and loyal
customer.
INFLUENCES DECISION SHAPES THE WORK
MAKING
People tend to follow the PerceptionCULTURE
about an
people for whom they have organization shapes its work
positive perception. culture and determines its
productivity.
PERCEPTU PERCEPTUAL
INPUTS
AL
PROCESS OF
PROCESS PERCEPTION
PERCEPTUAL
MECHANISM
The Process of Perception
PERCEPTUAL
Involves receiving stimuli which
are then selected, organized OUTPUT
and interpreted by an individual
to generate a desired response
according to the situation
RECEIVING SELECTING
The received stimuli is then
Receiving is the first and most critical
selected for further processing.
step in the process of perception. It acts
There are 2 types of factors
as a step where all information is
which affect the selection of
gathered and received by the individual
stimuli -
through the sense organs.
• External factors
• Internal factors
ORGANIZIN INTERPRETI
G NG
After the selection of stimuli, they The organized information is
are then organized in some way to then interpreted by the
make sense out of them. The perceiver to give meaning to it.
various forms of organizing stimuli Perception is said to be created
include - only when the information is
• Figure ground interpreted.This involves
• Perceptual grouping primacy effect, selective
• Simplification perception, stereotyping, halo
• closure effect, projection and
expectancy effect.
PERCEPTUA
L OUTPUT
Perceptual output refers to what a
person might think, feel, or do after
the perceptual process has occurred,
what she had actually processed and
interpreted from the sensory
information. It is very significant
because perceptual output causes
people to affect their behavior,
decisions, and response in a
workplace.
ATTRIBUTIO
N
Attribution in organizational behavior refers to the
process by which individuals interpret and assign causes
to their own and others' actions within a workplace
INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION setting. EXTERNAL ATTRIBUTION
WHEN A PERSON ATTRIBUTES THE CAUSE WHEN BEHAVIOR IS ATTRIBUTED TO
OF BEHAVIOR TO PERSONAL FACTORS LIKE SITUATIONAL FACTORS LIKE TASK
ABILITY, EFFORT, OR PERSONALITY. DIFFICULTY, LUCK, OR EXTERNAL
PRESSURES.
DETERMINING INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL
• Distinctiveness- TheATTRIBUTIONS
extent to which the behavior is unusual or
distinct from an individual's typical actions.
• Consensus- The degree to which others exhibit similar behaviors in
the same situation.
• Consistency- The stability of the individual's behavior over time and
across different situations.
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PERCEPTION
Various factors influence how individuals perceive their environment, shaping their
decisions and behaviors in the workplace.
• FACTORS IN THE
PERCEIVER
• FACTORS IN THE
SITUATION
• FACTORS IN THE
TARGET
Factors in the perceiver
The perceiver refers to the individual or group that is interpreting or making sense of the target
(the person, object, or event). The perceiver's characteristics significantly influence how the
target is understood, and they bring their own biases, experiences, and emotions into the
perception process.
• Attitudes: A perceiver's attitudes toward a person,
object, or event can shape their perception.
• Motivation: The perceiver’s current needs or desires will
affect how they focus on certain details.
• Experience: Past experiences shape how the perceiver
interprets new information.
• Interest: It is a significant factor that affects perception
because it determines where the perceiver's attention is
focused.
• Expectations: Perceivers often see what they expect to
Factors in the
situation
The situation refers to the specific context or environment in which the perception
occurs, and it plays a crucial role in shaping how the perceiver interprets the target.
Even the same target can be perceived differently depending on the situational
context.
• Time: The timing of events or actions affects
perception. The time of day, the season, and other
contextual factors can influence perception.
• Workplace Setting: The physical or social
environment influences perception. Behaviors that
are acceptable in an informal setting may be
inappropriate in a formal setting
• Social Context: The presence of others and group
dynamics affect perception.
Factors in the target
The target is the stimulus that is being processed by our senses and our cognitive
abilities. It could be anything from a visual object like a tree or a person to an auditory
stimulus (like a sound or a piece of music) to a tactile sensation (like the feeling of a
soft surface).
• Intensity: Intense stimuli, like loud noises or bright lights, are
more likely to be noticed.
• Motion: Moving objects or people are perceived more easily than
static ones.
• Size: Larger objects are generally more noticeable than smaller
ones.
• Novelty: New or unusual targets are more likely to capture
attention.
• Similarity: It refers to how much the target resembles the
perceiver or other familiar elements in terms of characteristics,
behaviors, or traits.
• Proximity: When something is closer or more immediate to the
Errors in perception
Perceptual Errors are misperceptions or
distortions in the way we perceive and relate
to information from our surroundings. These
occur as a result of past experiences,
upbringing, or mental biases. perceptual
errors can be said to be instances of
misinterpretations or misunderstandings due
to seeing, hearing, or experiencing
something that may form inaccurate
conclusions or judgments about the outside
world.
Types of perceptual
errors
Looking at information that might favor one's belief or
1.Selective
expectation but ignoring the information that
perception - contradicts; hence, things may not become clear as
they ought to be.
2. Halo effect How we judge a person is influenced by just one positive
characteristic, such as appearance or a particular talent, an
-
the effect leads to an overly favorable judgment of other
characteristics.
3. Generalized traits assigned to individuals due to group
membership (such as race, gender, age), completely
Stereotyping -
ignoring any form of individual differences.
4. Attributing one's thoughts, feelings, or characteristics to
others, assuming others feel the way you do under similar
Projection -
circumstances.
5. Horns One negative characteristic tends to overpower
judgment regarding the other qualities of a person and
effect -
leads to an overly negative evaluation.
6. Contrast Make a judgment about something or someone relative to
others and therefore accord judgment on the basis of relative
effect -
standards rather than the individual's actual performance or
qualities.
Solutions
• By being collaborative fosters a good way of correcting perceptual errors
through interaction with other individuals, where their opinions are valued to
work towards a common understanding. It calls for openness and ideation
allowing different viewpoints to come out and squashes preconceived notions
• By Understanding various views of any situation is important to rectify errors in the
perception. This involves an effort to genuinely understand other people's outlooks
and experiences so that the problem or situation can be understood better.
• Effective listening and clear communication will avoid miscommunication between
people hence giving way to good relationships and conflict avoidance.
THE ROLE OF PERCEPTION IN BOEING 737 MAX GROUNDING
TRAGEDY
Overview:
The Boeing 737 MAX grounding in 2019 serves as a critical case study in how perception aff ects
organizational behavior, particularly in the aviation industry. The tragic crashes highlighted the interplay
between safety, risk management, and regulatory compliance, revealing how perceptions can shape
organizational actions and decisions.
2011-boeing begins development
2017-the 737 MAX enters
of a 737 MAX, a modernized
version of the popular 737 aircraft commercial service
March 2019- Ethiopian Airlines Flight
October 2018 -Lion Air Flight
302 crashes shortly after takeoff, killing
610 crashes shortly after takeoff, all 157 people on board.
killing all 189 people on board. The 737 MAX is grounded worldwide
December 2020 -The 737 MAX is January 2021- Airlines begin to
recertified to fly after software reintroduce the 737 MAX to their
updates and pilot training fleets.
changes.
SOURCE: The Wall Street
KEY PERECPTION
ISSUES
Initial Shifting Blame Public Relations
Denial Crisis
Boeing initially As evidence The company faced
denied any mounted, Boeing intense public
connection between shifted blame to pilot scrutiny and
the two crashes, error and the airline negative media
emphasizing the operators, coverage, damaging
complexity of minimizing the role its reputation
aviation accidents. of the faulty software
system.
SOURCE: THE NEW YORK TIMES
PERCEPTION’S
ROLES
Internal Perception: Boeing's Regulatory Perception: The Federal
internal culture may have fostered Aviation Administration (FAA) and
a perception that the 737 MAX was other aviation authorities had a
safe and reliable, despite the perception of Boeing as a reputable
underlying design flaws. This and competent manufacturer.
perception may have led to a However, the 737 MAX grounding
reluctance to acknowledge or challenged this perception and raised
address the issues. questions about the FAA's oversight.
External Perception: The
public's perception of Boeing as
a safe and reliable company
was crucial to its success. The
737 MAX crashes damaged this
perception, leading to a loss of
trust and confidence.
Key Takeaways from Boeing
737 Max
Perception of Perception-Driven Perceptual Bias
Organizational
The crisis highlighted how trust is Risk Management
The case shows how the perception
inTheDecision-
pressure to compete with
Trust
a critical intangible asset for
Failures
of risk management processes
Making
Airbus led to perceptual bias in
organizations. When the public, within an organization influences Boeing’s decision-making,
customers, and regulators stakeholder confidence. Boeing’s
where management
perceive an organization as inadequate communication about
downplayed or ignored risks to
prioritizing profits over safety, it the MCAS system and perceived
meet competitive deadlines.
leads to an erosion of trust, which failure to properly assess risks
This reflects a classic perceptual
can be difficult and costly to impacted both internal (employees,
shareholders) and external
distortion in organizational
rebuild. In Boeing’s case, the
stakeholders (customers, behavior, where the need for
perception that safety was
regulators). The perceived lack of short-term market gains
compromised due to rushed
thorough risk management created outweighed the need for long-
development caused lasting
long-term consequences. term strategic safety planning.
reputational damage.
Consider internal and
external factors
Perception is influenced by a variety of factors,
including the person's attitudes, motives, interests,
experience, and expectations. It can also be
influenced by the work setting, social setting, and the
target itself.
Perception is the way people see and interpret the
world around them. It's a subconscious process that's
influenced by a person's knowledge and ability to pay
attention to their surroundings. Perception can affect
how people respond to situations, their performance,
and their creativity.
BEING AWARE OF PAY ATTENTION TO
PAUSE AND THINK
PERCEPTUAL BIASES PERSONALITY TRAITS
Encourage a culture of Managers can use this Try to verify and
openness, empathy, information to validate your
and inclusivity to help understand an understanding of a
employees feel more employee's work ethic situation by listening
satisfied and and strengths. to everyone involved.
collaborate better.
Conclusion • Perception is the process of selecting,
organizing and interpreting information
in order to give meaning( or make
sense of the situation).
• Perception is being influenced by many
factors such as experience, culture,
gender, context, etc
• To improve communication we must
remember that perception is seldom
the same for everyone; our perception
is one of the many possibilities.
• Make efforts to improve our perception.
Resources: case study (mansi)
The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/business/dealbook/boeing-stock-
max-9-grounding.html
The Wall Street Journal: https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-four-second-catastrophe-how-
boeing-doomed-the-737-max-11565966629
The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/08/06/ntsb-boeing-
737-hearing/
OTHER REFERENCES ARE MENTIONED IN THE PROJECT
PAPER
THANK YOU
