Session

Session

Surface Chemistry-2
Session Objectives
 Colloids
 Classification of colloids
 Preparation of colloidal sols
 Purification of colloidal sols
 Important properties of colloidal sols
 Emulsions
 Identification of emulsion
 Preparation of emulsions
 Applications of colloids
Colloids
Size of particles lies between that of true
solution and suspension, i.e. 10 Ao to 1000 Ao
Solute and solvent are replaced by dispersed

phase & dispersion medium
Sols( solid in liquid),gels(liquids in solids),

emulsions (liquid in liquid)
Property True solution Suspension Colloidal solution
Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Appears to be homogenous

but actually heterogeneous
Particle size < 10–9 Ao (1 nm) > 1000 Ao (100 nm) Between 10 Ao (1 nm) to
1000 Ao (100 nm)
Sedimentation Do not settle Settle on standing Do not settle
Diffusion Diffuse quickly Unable to diffuse Diffuse slowly
Visibility Particles invisible Particles visible by Particles scatter light and

naked eye or under can be observed under
microscope ultramicroscope
Filterability Pass easily through Unable to pass through Pass through filter paper
animal membrane animal membrane or but not through animal
and filter paper filter paper membrane
Appearance Clear and Opaque Translucent

transparent
Classification of colloids
Classification is based on following criteria
Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.
Types of particles of the dispersed phase.

Classification based on
physical state of dispersed
phase and dispersion medium
Eight types of colloidal systems are possible.
Dispersed Dispersion Type of Example

phase medium colloid
Solid Solid Solid sol Some coloured glasses, and
gem stones
Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese butter, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide

sprays
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumice stone, foam rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, soap-

lather
Classification based on nature
of interaction
Lyophobic colloids (solvent hating colloids )
When metals and their sulphides simply mixed with
dispersion medium, they don’t form colloids.
• need stabilizing to preserve them.

• irreversible.
• For example, colloidal solutions of gold,silver, Fe(OH)3, As2S3, etc.
Lyophilic colloids ( solvent loving)

Directly formed by substances like gum, gelatine rubber etc.
on mixing with a suitable liquid(the dispersion medium).
• self-stabilizing
• reversible sols
• For example, gums, gelatin, starch, albumin in water.
Classification based on
type of particles of the
dispersed phase
Multimolecular colloids : Consists of
aggregates of a large number of atoms
or smaller molecules whose diameter is
less than 1 nm
Macromolecular colloids: In these colloids,

the molecules have sizes and dimensions
comparable to colloidal particles. For example,
proteins, starch, cellulose.
Associated colloids
At low concentrations, behave as normal, strong electrolytes
At higher concentrations exhibit colloidal state properties due

to the formation of aggregated particles (micelles)
The formation of micelles takes place only

above a particular temperature called
Kraft temperature (Tk) and above a
particular micelle concentration called
Critical Micelle Concentration
E.g Soaps and detergents

Multimolecular colloids Macromolecular colloids Associated colloids
Formed by aggregation of Formed by large Formed by aggregation of large

large number of atoms or sized molecules number of ions in concentrated
molecules with diameters solution
less than 1 nm
Lyophilic in nature Lyophobic in nature Both lyophilic and lyophobic in

nature
Molecular mass is High molecular mass High molecular mass

intermediate
Held by weak van der Held by stronger van der van der Waals’ forces increase
Waals’ forces Waals’ forces due to the with increase in concentration
long chains
Preparation of
Lyophobic sols
Condensation methods
Particles of atomic or molecular size are induced to form aggregates
Oxidation method
Sulphur colloids are prepared by oxidation of H2S by O2.
Reduction
Silver colloids are prepared by passing H2 through a saturated aqueous
solution of silver oxide at 65° C.
Hydrolysis
Dark brown Fe(OH)3 colloidal solution is prepared by adding FeCl3
into boiling water.
Double decomposition
Arsenious sulphide colloidal solution is prepared by passing of
H2S gas into a solution of As2O3.
Exchange of solvent
Colloidal solution of phosphorus is prepared by addition of alcohol
into a solution of phosphorous in excess water.
Preparation of Lyophobic
sols
Dispersion methods
Mechanical disintegration
By vigorous mechanical agitation.
Peptization : Process of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles

on adding suitable electrolyte is known as peptisation
e.g. Fe(OH)3 solution is formed from FeCl3.
Electrol-disintegration (Bredig’s arc method)

Electrical disintegration of a colloidal solution, e.g. alternating
current passed through a gold solution.
Purification of colloids
Dialysis
In this process, the colloidal particles are separated from the
impurities (mainly electrolytes) by the diffusion through a porous
membrane such as parchment, collodion, etc.
Electrodialysis
This is a special type of dialysis process, which is accelerated by the
application of a potential difference across the membrane. So ions
migrate faster than the colloids .
Ultrafiltration
In this process the colloidal particles are separated by the process of
filtration, through a filter paper, which is impregnated with gelatin or
collodion followed by hardening in formaldehyde.
Properties of colloids
Optical properties: Tyndall effect
When a beam of light falls at right angles to the line of view

through a solution, the solution appears to be luminescent and
due to scattering of light the path becomes visible.
Quite strong in lyophobic colloids while in lyophilic colloids it is quite weak.

Properties of
colloids
Brownian movement: Zig- zag
movement of colloidal particles in
a colloidal sol
Properties of
colloids
Electrophoresis
Movement of colloidal particles under

influence of electric field
Electro-osmosis: molecules of dispersion medium are allowed to move
under influence of electric field
Coagulation or flocculation:Process which involves coming

together of colloidal particles so as to change into large sized
particles which ultimately settle as a precipitate or float on
surface.It is generally brought about by addition of electrolytes.
The minimum amount of an electrolyte that must be added to one litre

of a colloidal solution so as to bring about complete coagulation or
flocculation is called coagulation or flocculation value.Smaller is the
flocculation value of an electrolyte,greater is the coagulating or
precipitating power.
Hardy schulze law : Coagulating power of an
electrolyte increases rapidly with the increase in
the valency of cation or anion.
For negatively charged sol, the coagulating

power of electrolytes are
AlCl3 > BaCl2 > NaCl or Al3+ > Ba2+ > Na+
For positively charged, then the coagulating

power of electrolytes follow the following order:
PO 34  SO 24  Cl

Gold Number
Covering up of lyophobic particles by lyophilic
particles is known as its protective action and such
colloids are called protective colloids.
Gold number is defined as amount of protective sol

that will prevent the coagulation of 10 ml of a gold
solution on the addition of 1 ml of 10% NaCl solution.
Smaller the gold number,higher is protective power

Emulsion
A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another
immiscible liquid is known as an emulsion,
e.g. milk, Na-soaps, vanishing cream, etc.
Types of emulsions
1. Oil in water, where oil is the dispersed phase and water

is the dispersion medium, e.g. milk.
2. Water in oil where water is the dispersed phase and oil

is the dispersed medium, e.g. butter, cream.
Cleaning Action of Soap
Soap contains a nonpolar carbon end that
dissolves in nonpolar fats and oils, and a
polar end that dissolves in water.
Dust and soap molecules form micelles

that dissolve in water and are
washed away.
Soap forms a precipitate with ions in hard

water (Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+)
Applications of colloids
1. Rubber plating
2. Sewage disposal
3. Smoke screen
4. Purification of water
5. Cleaning action of soap
6. In medicine
7. Formation of delta
8. Photography
9. Artificial rain

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Session

Solute and solvent are replaced by dispersed

Sols( solid in liquid),gels(liquids in solids),

Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Appears to be homogenous

Diffusion Diffuse quickly Unable to diffuse Diffuse slowly

Visibility Particles invisible Particles visible by Particles scatter light and

Appearance Clear and Opaque Translucent

Physical state of dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

Nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion medium.

Types of particles of the dispersed phase.

Dispersed Dispersion Type of Example

Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust

Liquid Solid Gel Cheese butter, jellies

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud, insecticide

Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream, soap-

• need stabilizing to preserve them.

Lyophilic colloids ( solvent loving)

Macromolecular colloids: In these colloids,

At higher concentrations exhibit colloidal state properties due

The formation of micelles takes place only

E.g Soaps and detergents

Formed by aggregation of Formed by large Formed by aggregation of large

Lyophilic in nature Lyophobic in nature Both lyophilic and lyophobic in

Molecular mass is High molecular mass High molecular mass

Peptization : Process of passing of a precipitate into colloidal particles

Electrol-disintegration (Bredig’s arc method)

When a beam of light falls at right angles to the line of view

Quite strong in lyophobic colloids while in lyophilic colloids it is quite weak.

Movement of colloidal particles under

Coagulation or flocculation:Process which involves coming

The minimum amount of an electrolyte that must be added to one litre

For negatively charged sol, the coagulating

For positively charged, then the coagulating

PO 34  SO 24  Cl

Gold number is defined as amount of protective sol

Smaller the gold number,higher is protective power

1. Oil in water, where oil is the dispersed phase and water

2. Water in oil where water is the dispersed phase and oil

Dust and soap molecules form micelles

Soap forms a precipitate with ions in hard

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