GROUP 3

ART
APPRECIATION
WELCOME
In Our Group Project
CUBISM
Cubism is an influential art style defined by its revolutionary method of depicting
three-dimensional reality through geometrical shapes on a two-dimensional
canvas. Established around 1907 or 1908, cubist artists depict a subject by
utilizing geometrical shapes and forms from varying perspectives of the subject.
In practice, form, and observation, cubist art is a means of discovering the true
essence of a subject rather than a surface level perspective.
PABLO PICASSO
He was a painter, printmaker, sculptor, and ceramicist who is known as
one of the most prolific influences on 20th-century art. He, along with
Georges Braque, founded the Cubism movement in the early 1900s.
However, he also made significant contributions to other movements
including Expressionism and Surrealism. His work was known for its
angular shapes and challenging traditional perspectives.
GUITAR
Guitar perfectly represents the shift between
Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism. The
piece is a collage combined with drawn elements,
made up of paper and newspaper clippings,
adding varying degrees of depth and texture. It
portrays disjointed and asymmetric parts of a
guitar, recognizable only by the central shape and
circle. Its mainly beige, black and white color
scheme is contrasted by a bright blue background,
emphasizing the bold colors of Synthetic Cubism.
GEORGES BRAQUE
He was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman and sculptor who was
a leading artist in both Fauvism and Cubism movements. He was closely
associated with Pablo Picasso during early Cubism and remained loyal to
the movement throughout the rest of his career despite changing his style
and color use. His most famous work is characterized by bold coloration
and sharp, defined angles.
HOUSES AT
L’ESTAQUE
It reflects the transition from post-
impressionism into Proto-Cubism. The viewer
can see the influence of Paul Cézanne in the
uniform brushstrokes and thick paint application.
However, Braque incorporated elements of cubist
abstraction by removing the horizon line and
playing with perspective. The houses are
fragmented, with inconsistent shadows and a
background that blends in with the objects.
MARC CHAGALL
He was a Russian-French painter and printmaker who used dream
iconography and emotive expression in his work. His work predated the
imagery of Surrealism and used poetic and personal associations rather
than traditional artistic representations. He worked in several different
mediums throughout his career and studied under a stained-glass maker
which led to him to take up its craftsmanship.
I AND THE
VILLAGE
It depicts an autobiographical scene from
Chagall’s childhood in Russia. It portrays a
surreal, dream-like setting with folk symbols and
elements from the town of Vitebsk, where
Chagall grew up. The piece is thus highly
emotional and focuses on several associations
with the artist’s significant memories. It has
intersecting, geometric panels with blended
colors, confusing the perspective and disorienting
the viewer.
FUTURISM
Futurism was not only an art movement, but a reaction to the traditional arts and
antiquated ideals underlying the cultural structures of Italy. The avant-garde ideals
of what Futurism stood for started in a manifesto published in 1909, by its
founder, Filippo Marinetti. It stood for the rise of modernity and all things to do
with it – think progression, movement, speed, urbanization, industry, technology,
locomotion, youth, violence, rebellion, among others.
Giacomo Balla
Giacomo Balla, was born in Turin, Northern Italy. He studied music as a young
boy and worked at a lithograph print shop when he was nine. He was a key artist
who taught other Futurists like Gino Severini and Umberto Boccioni in the
Divisionism art style.
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
(1912)
The painting captures the movement of a dog and its owner
walking on a leash through a city street. Balla uses dynamic
lines and repeated shapes to convey a sense of motion and
energy. Balla employed a technique known as "futurist multiple
exposure" or "chronophotography," inspired by the study of
motion in photography, to depict the movement of the dog and
its owner.
Carlo Carrà
Carlo Carrà was a painter and art writer born in Quargnento, Piedmont, Italy. He
was a mural decorator from the age of 12. He eventually joined the Futurism art
movement and later went on to produce artworks that explored other concepts and
styles like still lifes, metaphysical art, anarchy in art, as well as landscape
paintings.
The Funeral of the Anarchist
Galli (1910–11)
The Funeral of the Anarchist Galli painting features a dynamic
composition with figures in motion, capturing the energy and chaos
of the scene. The painting exhibits a fragmented and disjointed
portrayal of the figures, reflecting the influence of Cubism on the
Futurist movement. It celebrates the modern urban environment and
portrays contemporary events, reflecting the movement’s interest in
capturing the spirit of modernity. Overall, “The Funeral of the
Anarchist Galli” exemplifies the Futurist aesthetic with its dynamic
composition, bold colors, and engagement with contemporary
political and social issues.
Umberto Boccioni
Umberto Boccioni (1882–1916) was a painter and sculptor and leading artist of
Italian Futurism. Born in Southern Italy, Reggio di Calabria, but grew up in
Northern Italy’s. He produced some of the movement’s iconic paintings and
sculptures, capturing the color and dynamism of modern life in a style he
theorized and defended in manifestos, books, and articles.
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space (1913)

Boccioni's sculpture captures a sense of movement and energy,

with the figure striding forward as if in motion. The figure in the
sculpture is abstracted and streamlined, emphasizing the essence
of movement rather than realistic representation. “Unique Forms
of Continuity in Space" embodies the Futurist fascination with
speed, technology, and the modern urban environment. Overall,
"Unique Forms of Continuity in Space" exemplifies the Futurist
aesthetic and their desire to capture the dynamism and energy of
the modern world.
DADAISM
Dadaism was an avant-garde art movement that emerged during World War I,
characterized by its rejection of traditional aesthetic principles and embrace of
absurdity, irrationality, and chaos. It sought to challenge the prevailing social,
political, and cultural norms through provocative and often nonsensical artworks,
performances, and manifestos. Dadaists aimed to subvert conventional art forms
and provoke a reevaluation of society's values and institutions.
KURT SCHWITTERS
He was a German artist known for his contributions to Dadaism and
Constructivism movements. He is best recognized for his pioneering
work in collage, assemblage, and installation art. Schwitters'
unconventional approach to materials and his innovative use of found
objects have left a lasting impact on modern and contemporary art.
CONSTRUCTION
OF NOBLE
LADIES
CONSTRUCTION OF NOBLE LADIES
"Construction for Noble Ladies" by Kurt Schwitters embodies several characteristics of
Dadaism, an avant-garde movement that emerged in the early 20th century. This collage
artwork, created in 1919, is characterized by its unconventional use of materials,
fragmented composition, and juxtaposition of disparate elements. Schwitters' incorporation
of found objects and everyday materials into the piece reflects Dadaism's embrace of
randomness and the rejection of traditional artistic conventions. Like Dadaist works,
"Construction for Noble Ladies" challenges viewers' perceptions of art by presenting a
chaotic and nonsensical arrangement of elements, inviting interpretation and defying
categorization.
FRANCIS PICABIA
He was a French avant-garde artist known for his diverse and
experimental approach to art, spanning painting, poetry, and filmmaking.
He played a significant role in movements such as Cubism and Dadaism,
often challenging traditional artistic norms with his unconventional style
and subject matter. Throughout his career, Picabia's work evolved
dramatically, reflecting his restless and innovative spirit in the art world.
LOVE
PARADE
LOVE PARADE
"Love Parade" by Francis Picabia is characterized by its surreal and fragmented
composition, featuring disjointed figures and objects arranged in a chaotic
manner. The painting embodies the Dadaist rejection of conventional artistic
techniques and meanings, instead embracing randomness and absurdity. As a
Dadaist work, "Love Parade" challenges societal norms and values, aiming to
provoke thought and question established conventions through its nonsensical
imagery and playful approach to representation.
MAN RAY
He was an American modernist artist known for his contributions to Dadaism and
Surrealism, particularly in photography and experimental techniques. His iconic works
often explored themes of mystery, eroticism, and the subconscious, blending reality with
imagination to create captivating and enigmatic imagery. Renowned for his innovative
use of techniques like solarization and photograms, Man Ray left an indelible mark on
the art world, influencing generations of artists with his avant-garde approach.
INDESTRUCTIBLE
OBJECT
INDESTRUCTIBLE OBJECT
"Indestructible Object" by Man Ray embodies the essence of Dadaism through
its provocative and absurd nature. The artwork challenges traditional notions of
art by featuring a seemingly ordinary household object, an iron with tacks
attached to its base, rendered in an unconventional manner. This assemblage
defies logic and invites viewers to question the meaning and purpose of art itself.
Dadaism, known for its anti-establishment ethos and rejection of societal norms,
is evident in the artwork's subversion of expectations and embrace of chance and
spontaneity.
PRECISIONISM
Precisionism was a modernist art movement that emerged in the United States
after World War I. Influenced by Cubism, Purism, and Futurism, Precisionist
artists reduced subjects to their essential geometric shapes, eliminated detail, and
often used planes of light to create a sense of crisp focus and suggest the sleekness
and sheen of machine forms. Precisionist artworks are characterised by their
unexpected viewpoints and angles, a sharp focus, and dynamic compositions.
GEORGIA O'KEEFFE
Georgia O'Keeffe (1887-1986) was an American painter
known for her iconic artworks that often depicted natural
subjects and New York City skyscrapers. One of her famous
artworks, "Radiator Building—Night, New York" (1927),
showcases her grand statement on the city.
RADIATOR BUILDING-NIGHT, NEW YORK
Radiator Building– Night, New York is a haunting study of the
magnificent building on West 40th Street, in midtown Manhattan
which was completed 3 years earlier in 1924. The painting depicts a
night scene of the building in which the illuminated windows shimmer
against the dark of the building and the darkness of the night. To the
right of the building we see steam and smoke slowly rising upwards
from some ventilation system whilst in the left hand background
searchlights scan the night sky and a red neon sign glows in the left
background. This type of painting by Georgia O’Keefe led her to be
connected with an informal group of American artists who were
inspired by the size and scale of modern American structures, such as
bridges and skyscrapers. They were known as Precisionists or
Immaculates and it was during the 1920s and into the early 1930’s that
Precisionism blossomed. Sometimes it was referred to as Cubist-
Realism
CHARLES SHEELER
was an American artist associated with the Precisionism movement.
He was known for his precise renderings of industrial forms,
emphasizing abstract and formal qualities.One of his famous artworks,
"Skyscrapers," showcases his meticulous attention to detail and
geometric precision, capturing the essence of modern urban
architecture.
SKYSCRAPERS
Skyscrapers, which reflects the 1920s precisionist aesthetic, is
one of Charles Sheeler’s most accomplished assimilations of
European modernism into his own uniquely American style.
Using sharply defined contours, non-atmospheric planes of
color, and intense frontal light, Sheeler conveyed to the viewer
a sense of monumental buildings grouped together.In essence
the skyscraper was a “ready-made” subject for Sheeler’s
attempt to capture the streamlined grandeur of New York. The
geometry of the buildings lent itself ideally to the creation of
abstract designs on canvas.This artwork reflects the
characteristics of Precisionism, which focused on realistic
depictions of strong geometric lines and forms, celebrating the
beauty and dynamism of the industrial age.
CHARLES DEMUTH
was an American painter known for his contributions to the Precisionism
movement. He was born in 1883 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and was
influenced by Cubism and the work of Marcel Duchamp. One of his famous
artworks from this series is "Chimney and Water Tower" (1931), which depicts
the industrial structures in a precise and geometric style and a focus on
industrial subjects, capturing the essence of the modern urban landscape.
CHIMNEY AND WATER TOWER(1931)
The picture portrays one of the plant’s smokestacks and a water
tower. Rendered in warm red and cool gray, these two monumental
landmarks bisect a horizontal cloud, creating a cruciform shape that
suggests a link between the adoration of industry and religious
devotion. Through his sharp, geometric compositions, Demuth
offered a triumphal narrative of modern industry and American
exceptionalism, but the Great Depression challenged his optimistic
vision. Within two years, Armstrong laid off 50 percent of its
workforce in a devastating blow to the local community.The
painting showcases Demuth's attention to detail and his ability to
capture the essence of the modern urban landscape, aligning with
the characteristics of Precisionism, which emphasized sharp lines,
clear geometric shapes, and a celebration of industrial progress.
ART DECO
Your paragraph Art Deco is a style that emerged in the early 20th
century, reaching its peak in the 1920s and 1930s. It's characterized by
bold geometric shapes, lavish ornamentation, and a sense of luxury
and modernity. Art Deco influenced architecture, interior design,
fashion, jewelry, and visual arts, with its distinctive aesthetic still
influencing design today.
TAMARA DE LEMPICKA
Tamara de Lempicka was a prominent Polish-born Art Deco painter who gained fame
for her distinctive and elegant portraits characterized by sharp angles, bold colors, and a
sense of luxury. Her work often depicted glamorious and sophisticated figures, reflecting
the
opulence and modernity of the Art Deco era.
Lempicka's art remains celebrated for its unique style and contribution to the Art Deco
movement.
LA BELLE RAFAELA
La Belle Rafaela" is indeed a famous
painting by Tamara de Lempicka,
a prominent Art Deco
artist.Painted in 1927, it epitomizes the Art Deco
style with its sleek lines, bold colors,
and geometric shapes.
The painting depicts Rafaela,
a captivating model,
in a sensual and glamorous manner,
characteristic of Lempicka's work. Lempicka
was known for her
distinctive style that combined elements of Cubism
and neoclassical art with a modern, Art Deco flair.
"La Belle Rafaela" remains one
of her most iconic and celebratedpieces.
ERTÉ (ROMAIN DE TIRTOFF)
Erte, born Romain de Tirtoff, was a Russian-born French artist and designer who
became one of the most iconic figures of the Art Deco movement.
He was known for his distinctive style characterized by elegant, elongated figures,
intricate patterns, and bold colors. Erte's work spanned various mediums, including
fashion design, jewelry, sculpture, set design, and graphics.
THE ALPHABET SUIT
The Alphabet Suite"
(Illustration): Erte created
a series of illustrations
based on each letter
of the alphabet, showcasing
his distinctive Art Deco style and
flair for storytelling
through visual imagery.
LOUIS ICART
Louis Icart was a French artist known for his elegant and romantic etchings,
aquatints, and lithographs. He rose to fame during the
rt Deco period, creating images that captured the glamour and sophistication of the era.
A TOAST TO LOVE
Toast to Love" is indeed a
famous Art Deco artwork by Louis Icart.
In this romantic scene, a couple is depicted sharing a toast
in a luxurious setting adorned with flowers and candles.
The image exudes elegance and sophistication,
characteristic of Icart's style, and captures the joy and
passion of love. The artwork showcases Icart's mastery of
capturing intimate moments and his ability to infuse his
images with a sense of romance and allure. "A Toast to
Love" remains one of Icart's most beloved and iconic
works, embodying the spirit of the Art Deco era.
BAUHAUS
The Bauhaus was a German art school that operated from 1919 to 1933. It
is famous for its approach to design, which emphasizes the combination of
fine arts, crafts, and technology. The Bauhaus style is characterized by its
emphasis on Minimalism, Functionality, Geometric shapes, Primary
colors, Industrial materials, Experimentation . It was influential in a wide
range of disciplines, including architecture, furniture design, typography,
and visual arts.
PAUL KLEE
A Swiss-German painter, Klee taught at the Bauhaus
and is known for his whimsical, abstract paintings
that often feature delicate lines and vibrant colors.
AD PARNASSUM (1932)
Klee was at the peak of his creative
output. His Ad Parnassum (1932) is
considered his masterpiece and the best
example of his pointillist style; it is also one
of his largest, most finely worked paintings.
He produced nearly 500 works in 1933
during his last year in Germany. It
symbolises a desire to accomplish artistic
goals, a yearning for travel and for the
encounter of other cultures.
WASSILY KANDINSKY
A Russian painter and art theorist, Kandinsky was
one of the most influential artists at the Bauhaus. He
is known for his abstract paintings that often use
bold colors and geometric shapes.
COMPOSITION VIII (1923)
Kandinsky taught extensively on his
theories of form. Composition VIII was the
artist's first methodical application of his
ideas about the relationship between colour
and form and his understanding of their
spiritual and psychological effects. For
Kandinsky, the principle in the creation of a
Composition was the “expression of
feelings” or “inner necessity” through
purely pictorial means.
MARCEL BREUER
A Hungarian-born architect and furniture designer,
Breuer is known for his tubular steel furniture, which
became iconic of the Bauhaus style.
CESCA CHAIR (1928)
Its sleek and elegant lines
emphasise simplicity and
functionality. It features a
cantilevered frame made from
tubular steel, which supports a
seat and backrest made from
bentwood or cane.
SURREALISM
Surrealism was a cultural movement that emerged between World Wars I and II,
stemming from Dadaism but emphasizing positive expression over negation. Led by
figures like André Breton, Surrealism aimed to unite conscious and unconscious
experiences, blending dreams and reality. Drawing from Freudian theory, Surrealists
explored the subconscious through literature and art, creating works that defied logic
and embraced psychological processes. Through methods like automatic writing and
fantastical imagery, Surrealists sought to reveal hidden truths and challenge societal
norms.
SALVADOR DALÍ
Salvador Dalí was a prominent Spanish Surrealist artist known for his
eccentricity and avant-garde creations. His artworks often featured
dreamlike landscapes, melting clocks, and surreal imagery, reflecting his
fascination with the subconscious mind and Freudian psychoanalysis.
Dalí's meticulous attention to detail and vivid imagination cemented his
status as one of the most iconic figures in 20th-century art.
The persistence of time by Salvador deli
" The Persistence of Memory" by Salvador
Dalí is a quintessential surrealist artwork
featuring melting pocket watches, symbolizing
the relativity of space and time and
challenging fixed cosmic order. Dalí's self-
representation in the form of a creature,
influenced by Hieronymus Bosch's work, adds
another layer of surrealism, while insects like
ants and a fly evoke decay and the dream-like
quality of the painting.
MAX ERNST
Max Ernst was a German artist, sculptor and poet who was a key
member in both the Dada and Surrealism movements. His work is
known for its experimentation with illusion and the irrational and he
became a leading member in the use of Automatism. He also pioneered a
method called ‘frottage,’ which consisted of placing paper on uneven
surfaces then rubbing a pencil over it to create the silhouette of the
surface.
Celebes (1921) by Max Ernst

" Celebes depicts a Sudanese corn bin that has been

transformed into a mechanical elephant-like monster.
Like many surrealist paintings, the piece is set in a
vast, desolate landscape. At the forefront of the piece is
a headless female figure. There are numerous elements
of disjointed iconography including flying fish, oil
cans, and a pole as if images from within a dream.
These apparently random elements are products of
surrealist automatism and the free association of the
unconscious mind.
FRIDA KOHLO
Frida Kahlo- was a Mexican painter and a prominent contributor to the
Surrealism movement. She was known primarily for her highly
autobiographical self-portraits. These portraits often highlighted her
lifelong struggle with illness and disability, featuring deeply personal and
sometimes disturbing imagery. Her work also drew significant inspiration
from Mexican culture and often included traditional Mexican
iconography or clothing, bright colors and flowers.
The Broken Column (1944) by
Frida Kahlo
" The Broken Column represents the constraints of
disability on Kahlo’s life. At age 6, she contracted polio,
which left her with a permanent limp. She was later
involved in a bus accident, during which a metal pole
impaled her pelvis and left her disabled for the rest of her
life. She dawns a back brace in the painting, which she
was required to wear after her accident. Her spine is
symbolized by an ancient Greek column that is fragmented
within her body to represent her physical fragility after her
accident. She is also penetrated by many nails,
representing her constant pain and vulnerability.
ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM
Originating in the United States, Abstract Expressionism was a post-World War II art movement
that came about during the 1940s and was a new form of American Abstract art. The first
entirely American art movement that ever existed and carried a tremendous influence on many
artists across the world. Abstract Expressionism was considered to be a defiant, lawless,
incredibly peculiar, and somewhat nihilistic movement in art. Abstract Expressionist paintings
resisted stylistic categorizations but the artworks were generally grouped according to two basic
preferences. The paintings either emphasized lively and spirited gestures or placed a
contemplative and more cerebral focus on open fields of color.
MARK ROTHKO
- American painter whose works introduced contemplative introspection into the
melodramatic post-World War II Abstract Expressionist school; his use of colour as
the sole means of expression led to the development of “colour field painting.”
- He never relied on such dramatic techniques as violent brushstrokes or the dripping
and splattering of paint.
- His virtually gestureless paintings achieved their effects by juxtaposing large areas
of melting colours that seemingly float parallel to the picture plane in an
indeterminate, atmospheric space.
No. 13 (White,Red
on Yellow
Edges and boundaries are soft, frayed,
feathered - merging imperceptibly as one
ethereal field of color transitions into another,
producing an effect that is almost halo-like.
Luminosity is achieved with translucent veils of
diluted pigment. In some areas, the paint is
scumbled; in other places, it acts as a stain,
saturating the canvas fibers. Some drips travel
upward, indicating that it was upside down for a
period of time.
JACKSON POLLOCK
- Was an American painter who was a leading exponent of
Abstract Expressionism, an art movement characterized by the
free-associative gestures in paint sometimes referred to as “action
painting.”
- He made an “art gallery” in a chicken coop of his family.
- Was widely noticed for his “drip technique”
Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist)
Densely spaced lines and splatters in
black, white, pale salmon pink, teal, and
steel gray crisscross a rectangular cream-
colored .The lines move in every
direction. Most are straight but some
curve slightly. The density eases a bit
near the edges
WILLEM DE KOONING
- One of the most prominent and celebrated of the Abstract Expressionist painters,
his pictures typify the vigorous, gestural,
style of the movement.
- His Women series, painted between 1950 and 1953, famously eliminated the
elements of composition, arrangement, light, and relationships to the point where the
figures were simply seen as abstractions instead of people.
- He developed a radically abstract style of painting that fused Cubism, Surrealism
and Expressionism.
EXCAVATION
Expressive brushwork and distinctive
organization of space into sliding planes with
open contours. The mobile structure of hooked
calligraphic lines defines anatomical parts—bird
and fish shapes, human noses, eyes, teeth, necks,
and jaws—that seem to dance across the painted
surface. The original white pigment has
yellowed over the years, diluting somewhat the
flashes of red, blue, yellow, and pink that
punctuate the composition. And intensive
building up of the surface and scraping down of
its paint layers.
Group 3

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