Database Management System (303105203)

Unit – 1: Introduction
Shreya Dholariya
Assistant Professor, Computer Science & Engineering
Unit 1: Introductory concepts of
DBMS
1)Introduction and applications of DBMS
2)Purpose of Database
3)Data Independence
4)Database System Architecture - Levels
Mappings Database
5)Users
6)DBA
Data:
Data & • Raw facts which can be manipulated.
Information • Refers to what is actually stored in the database.
Information:
• Manipulation of data.
• Summarization of data in a presentable form.
• Meaning of the data as understood by some users.
• Data comprises of raw facts, which become
information when processed
• Information conveys some meaning to people
●Organized collection of inter related facts.
Database ●Collection of “persistent” data.
●Collection of Information arranged and presented to
serve an assigned purpose.
●Definition (C.J. Date):
●A Database is a collection of persistent data that
is used by the application systems of some given
enterprise.
●Ex: Dictionary
• Data - Fact that can be recorded or stored
• e.g. Person Name, Age, Gender and Weight etc.
What is
• Database - Collection of logically related data
Database • e.g. Books Database in Library, Student Database in
Management University etc.
System • Management - Manipulation, Searching and Security of data
• e.g. Viewing result in GTU website, Searching exam papers in
(DBMS)? GTU website
• System - Programs or tools used to manage database
• e.g. SQL Server Studio Express, Oracle 11g
• DBMS - A Database Management System is a software for
creating and managing databases. It provides a systematic way
to create, retrieve, update and manage data.
• e.g. MS SQL Server 2014, Oracle 11g, My SQL, MS Access,
dBase etc.
The following are examples of database applications:
Applications • Computerized Library Systems
• Automated Teller Machines
• Flight Reservation Systems
• Computerized parts inventory systems
• Enterprise Resource Management (ERP) systems
• Online Banking systems

Write down any five applications of DBMS other than

above individually in chats separated by comma.
• Earlier database applications were built directly on
Disadvantages top of file systems.
of File • DBMS were developed to handle the difficulties of
typical file-processing systems supported by
processing conventional operating systems.
system(FPS) • Database systems offer solutions to all the
disadvantages of file processing systems.
• Data redundancy and inconsistency.
Disadvantages • Multiple file formats.
of File
• Duplication of information.
processing
system(FPS) • Difficulty in accessing data.
• File system exhibits structural dependency.
• Need to write a new program to carry out
each new task.
• Data isolation
Disadvantage • Integrity problems
s of File
• Hard to add new constraints or change
processing existing ones
system(FPS) • Atomicity of updates
• Failures may leave database in an
inconsistent state with partial updates
carried out
• Example: Transfer of funds from one account
to another should either complete or not
happen at all.
● Concurrent access by multiple users
Disadvantage • Concurrent access is needed for
s of File performance
processing • Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can
lead to data inconsistencies
system(FPS)
• Example: Two people reading a balance
and updating it at the same time
• Security problems.
Disadvantage • Security features like -
s of File • effective password protection,
processing • locking out parts of files or parts of the
system(FPS) system itself.
• Data can be shared.
Advantages • Redundancy can be reduced.
of DBMS • Inconsistency can be avoided
• Integrity can be maintained.
• Security can be enforced.
• Better Conflicting Management.
• Standards can be enforced.
• This is in agreement with the ANSI/SPARC
ANSI/SPARC study group on DBMS. ANSI/SPARC is the
THREE LEVEL American National Standards
Institute/Standard Planning and
ARCHITECTURE Requirement Committee).
• The Architecture for DBMS is divided into
ANSI/SPARC three general levels:
THREE LEVEL • External level: concerned with the way
ARCHITECTURE individual users see the data.
• Conceptual level: can be regarded as a
community user view - a formal
description of data of interest to the
organization, independent of any storage
considerations.
• Internal level: concerned with the way
in which the data is actually stored.
ANSI/SPARC
THREE LEVEL
ARCHITECTURE
What type of data

ANSI/SPARC
THREE LEVEL
ARCHITECTURE
How data will be stored

Where data is stored

• Hide irrelevant details from the users.
Data • Three levels of data abstraction:
Abstraction • Physical: Lowest Level of data abstraction. It tells
us where the data actually stored in memory.
• Logical: Describes how the data is stored in the
Database. In short, it represents SCHEMA
• View: Highest level of data abstraction. It contains
what type of data is to be stored in the database.
Database
Application
Architecture
s
Advantages:
Database 1)Easy to maintain
Application 2)Modification is bit easy
Architecture 3)Communication is faster
s Disadvantages :
1)Performance degrades when number of
users increase
2)Cost-ineffective
Database
Application
Architecture
s
●Advantages
Database 1) High performance
Application 2) Improve Data Integrity
Architecture 3) Improved Security – Client has not
s direct access to database.
4) In three tier architecture application
performance is good.
● Disadvantages
1) Increase Complexity/Effort
Data • Ability to modify a data or a structure of the
Independence database without disturbing an entire
application.
Two levels of data independence:
Data
Independence Physical data independence
A user is allowed to enter any type of data in relevance to
Database Requirement.

Logical data independence

A user can change the internal schema of the database
without considering the type of data already exists in
Database.
●Application programmer: writes programs in some
Users high-level language such as Java, etc.
●Specialized users: write specialized database
applications that do not fit into the traditional data
processing framework.
●Database Administrator (DBA): controls all
operations on the database.
●Naive users: invoke one of the permanent
application programs that have been written
previously E.g. people accessing database over the
web, bank tellers, clerical staff. In short, General
Users (End Users).
1. Schema Definition
Role of DBA ●defines the logical schema of the database.
2. Storage Structure and Access Method Definition
●decides how the data is to be represented in the
database & how to access it.
3. Defining Security and Integrity Constraints
●decides various security and integrity constraints.
4. Granting of Authorization for Data Access
●determines which user needs access to which part of the
database.
5. Liaison with Users
Role of DBA ●provide necessary data to user.
6. Assisting Application Programmer
●provides assistance to application programmers to
develop application programs.
7. Monitoring Performance
●ensures that better performance is maintained by
making change in physical or logical schema if required.
8. Backup and Recovery
●backing up the database on some storage devices such
as DVD, CD or Magnetic Tape or remote servers and
recover system in case of failures, such as flood or virus
attack from this backup.
It comprises of 4 components:
Overall 1) Users
Database
2)Query Processor
Architecture
3)Storage Manager
and
Components 4)Disk Storage
Executes low
Naive Application Sophisticated Database level instructions
user programmer user administrator generated by
uses write uses uses

Overall
DML compiler.
Application Application Query Administration

Database
interfaces program tool tool
Translates DML

Architectur
statements
Interprets into
DDL
Compiler DML DDL low level
and linker queries interpreter statements
Deals withinto
instructions
aexecution that
set of tables
e and Fetches data from
Application
program
object code
DML compiler
and organizer
DDL
of
the query
containing
and DML
evaluation
metadata
statements
Componentdisk storage to
memory for being
Query evaluation
engine Query processor
engine
understands

s used
Buffer
manager
File
manager
Authorization and
integrity manager
Transaction
manager
Preserves atomicity
and controls
Storage concurrency
Manages allocation manager
of space on disk Provides interface
storage between low-level
Indices Data dictionary data stored and
Disk storage
Data Statistical data application
To provide faster To store metadata program or queries
access to data items
Checks the To store statistical
To store user data authority of users information about the
to access data and data
integrity
MCQs The view of total database content is

(A) Conceptual view B) Internal view.

(C) External view. (D) Physical View.

MCQs The security features of the database are set
up by the _______.

A.Online Users
B.Database Administrator
C.Naive Users
D.Application Programmer
Which of the following are the roles of the
MCQs
Database Administrator:
a) Managing security issues
b) Storage structure definition
c) Develop application programs
d) Take backups of the database
A. a
B. a,b,c
C. a,b,d
D. All of these
Typically, a database management system is
MCQs managed by a person called a _____________.
 
A. system manager
B. technology manager
C. database manager
D. database administrator
MCQs
The database environment has all of the
following components except:

(A) users. (B) separate files.

(C) database. (D) database administrator.

1) Silberschatz A, Korth HF, Sudarshan S.
References Database system concepts. New York: McGraw-
Hill; 1997 Apr.
2) Date CJ. An introduction to database
systems. Pearson Education India; 1975.
3) PL/SQL Programming by Ivan Bayross.
Thanks