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    Introduction

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    of 29

    22ITGA0-DATABASE

    MANAGEMENT
    SYSTEMS
    By
    K.V.Uma,
    Associate Professor, IT,
    TCE
    Chapter 1
    • Database Systems Concepts:

    Structured data, unstructured data and Information,


    Databases and Database Users. Data models and its
    Types, Schemas and Instances, Three Schema
    Architecture, Classification of DBMS.
    Structured Data
    • Data that resides in a fixed field within a file or record.
    • Structured data is typically stored in a relational database
    (RDBMS) and can consist of numbers and text.
    • Examples :
    Names, addresses, credit card numbers, numerical
    data, Microsoft Excel files etc
    Example for Structured Data
    Unstructured Data

    • Unstructured data is more or less all the data that is not

    structured.

    • Unstructured data may have a native, internal structure,

    it's not structured in a predefined way.

    • There is no data model.

    • Examples : rich media, text, social media activity, video

    files, audio files, surveillance imagery, etc.


    Semistructured Data

    • It's a type of structured data that does not fit into the

    formal structure of a relational database.

    • Employs tagging systems and other identifiable markers,

    separating different elements and enabling search.

    • Semi-structured data formats include JSON, CSV, and

    XML file types.


    JSON format
    Basic Definitions
    ◼ Database:
    ◼ A collection of related data.

    ◼ Data:
    ◼ Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning.

    ◼ Mini-world:
    ◼ Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a
    database.
    ◼ For example, student grades and transcripts at a university.

    ◼ Database Management System (DBMS):


    ◼ A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and
    maintenance of a computerized database.
    ◼ Database System:
    ◼ The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes,
    the applications are also included.
    Database Management System
    (DBMS):

    • DBMS is a collection of programs which enables its


    users to access database, manipulate Data and
    help in representation of data.
    • It also helps control access to the database by various
    users
    • Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL,
    Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle,
    RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, and FoxPro.
    Simplified database system environment
    DBMS Functionality
    • Define a particular database in terms of its data types,
    structures, and constraints
    • Construct or Load the initial database contents on a
    secondary storage medium
    • Manipulating the database:
    • Retrieval: Querying, generating reports
    • Modification: Insertions, deletions and updates to its content
    • Accessing the database through Web applications
    • Processing and Sharing by a set of concurrent users and
    application programs – yet, keeping all data valid and
    consistent
    DBMS Functionality (contd)
    • Other features:
    • Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access
    • “Active” processing to take internal actions on data
    • Presentation and Visualization of data
    • Maintaining the database and associated programs over the
    lifetime of the database application
    • Called database, software, and system maintenance
    Main Characteristics of the Database
    Approach
    1.Self-describing nature of a database system:
    • A DBMS catalog stores the description of a particular
    database (e.g. data structures, types, and constraints)
    • The description is called meta-data.
    • This allows the DBMS software to work with different
    database applications.
    2.Insulation between programs and data:
    • Called program-data independence.
    • Allows changing data structures and storage organization
    without having to change the DBMS access programs.
    DBMS catalog
    Main Characteristics of the Database
    Approach (continued)
    3.Data Abstraction:
    • A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users
    with a conceptual view of the database.
    • Programs refer to the data model constructs rather than data
    storage details
    4.Support of multiple views of the data:
    • Each user may see a different view of the database, which
    describes only the data of interest to that user.
    DBMS VS FILE SYSTEM
    File System
    Drawbacks of using file systems to store
    data:
    1.Data redundancy and inconsistency
    • Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
    2.Difficulty in accessing data
    • Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
    3. Data isolation — multiple files and formats
    4.Integrity problems
    • Integrity constraints (e.g. account balance > 0) become part of
    program code
    • Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones
    5. Atomicity of updates
    • Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
    updates carried out
    • E.g. transfer of funds from one account to another should either
    complete or not happen at all
    6.Concurrent access by multiple users
    • Concurrent accessed needed for performance
    • Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
    • E.g. two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
    7.Security problems

    • Database systems offer solutions to all the above


    problems
    Database Users
    ◼ Users may be divided into
    1.Actors on the Scene :
    ---- who actually use and control the database
    content, and those who design, develop and
    maintain database applications
    2.Workers Behind the Scene
    --- who design and develop the DBMS software and
    related tools, and the computer systems operators
    Database Users
    ◼ Actors on the scene
    1.Database Administrators
    2.Database Designers
    3.Endusers
    1.Database administrators:
    ◼ Responsible for authorizing access to the
    database, for coordinating and monitoring its use,
    acquiring software and hardware resources,
    controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of
    operations.
    2.Database Designers:
    ◼ Responsible to define the content, the structure,
    the constraints, and functions or transactions
    against the database. They must communicate
    with the end-users and understand their needs.
    3.End-users: They use the data for queries,
    reports and some of them update the database
    content. End-users can be categorized into:
    ◼ Casual: access database occasionally when
    needed
    ◼ Naïve or Parametric: they make up a large section
    of the end-user population.

    ◼ Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do


    this activity for an entire shift of operations.
    3.Sophisticated:
    ◼ These include business analysts, scientists, engineers,
    others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities.
    ◼ Many use tools in the form of software packages that
    work closely with the stored database.
    4.Stand-alone:
    ◼ Mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use
    packaged applications.
    ◼ An example is a tax program user that creates its own
    internal database.
    ◼ Another example is a user that maintains an address
    book
    Workers Behind the Scene

    1. DBMS system designers and implementers


    2. Tool developers
    3. Operators and maintenance personnel
    Advantages of Using the DBMS
    Approach
    1.Controlling Redundancy
    2.Restricting Unauthorized Access
    3.Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects
    4. Providing Storage Structures and Search
    Techniques for Efficient Query Processing
    5. Providing Backup and Recovery
    6. Providing Multiple User Interfaces
    7. Representing Complex Relationships among Data
    8. Enforcing Integrity Constraints
    9. Permitting Inferencing and Actions Using Rules

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