Nursing AnaPhy Integumentary System

THE SKIN

(INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM)
Prepared by:
Ms. Gail Chantel Spring P. Saludares RN,
MN
THE SKIN
• Major organ of the integumentary
system
• it keeps water and other precious
molecules in the body.
• It also keeps excess water (and other
things) out.
• It is tough yet pliable, enables to
withstand constant insult from
outside agents.
• Without our skin, we would quickly
fall prey to bacteria and perish from
water and heat loss.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Recognize and name the following skin structures: epidermis, dermis.
2. Name the layers of the epidermis and dermis and describe the characteristics
of each.
3. Describe the distribution and function of the epidermal appendages—
sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair, and nails.
4. Identify the major of a hair and hair follicle
5. Identify the major regions of the nails.
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN

1. Two Distinct Regions of the Skin

Epidermis
made up of stratified squamous epithelium, capable of
becoming hard and tough.
2. Dermis
Made up of dense connective tissue.
 These layers are firmly connected together. But friction
such as rubbing of a poorly fitting shoes, may cause the
layers to separate, resulting in blisters.
Hypodermis- deep to the dermis, essentially adipose fats

but it is not considered part of the skin.
A. EPIDERMIS
• Most cells of the epidermis are
keratinocytes (keratin cells) which
produce keratin.
• Also referred as Keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
• Avascular- it has no blood supply on its
own.
•Keratin- the fibrous protein that makes the

epidermis a tough, durable protective layer
in a process called Keratinization.
Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
1. Stratum Corneum (horny layer)
 20-30 cell layer thick, the outermost epidermal layer.
 Cells in this layer are dead, constantly rubbing off and being replaced by
deeper cells.
 It contains glycolipids make skin water resistant.
2. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

 Thin translucent band of flattened dead keratinocytes.
 Present in thick skin such as palms of the hands and sole of the feet.
3. Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)

 Is named for the abundant granules in its cells.
 Cells flattened and increasingly keratinized
4. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)

 Its cells appear spiky, pre keratin. Tightly joins lower and upper layer
together.
 Cell division also occurs in this layer.
5. Stratum Basale (basal layer)

 “Stratum germinativum”- contains adequate nourishment and constantly
undergo cell division to produce millions of new cells daily.
 Melanocytes can be fount in this stratum- responsible for skin
pigmentation.
• Keratinocytes- produces keratin that makes the epidermis tough
protective layer.
• Desmosomes- intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion

between cells
• Epidermal Dendritic Cells/ Langerhan’s Cells- an important

“sentries” that alert and activate immune system cells to threat such
as bacteria or viral invasion.
• Melanin Granules- are distributed uniformly in the skin cell. A

pigment that range in color from yellow to brown to black.
• Melanocytes- a spider-shaped cell that produces melanin.
• Merkel Cells- a sensory nerve endings and served as light touch

receptors.
B. DERMIS
 the thick layer of living tissue below the

epidermis, containing blood capillaries, nerve
endings, sweat glands, hair follicles, and other
structures.
A. Collagenic Fibers - makes the dermis tough
and attracts and hold water keeping skin hydrated
or moist.
B. Elastic Fibers- give exceptional elasticity in
youth.
Fibroblasts, adipose cells, various phagocytes

and other cell types are also found throughout
the dermis
B. DERMIS
2 Principal Regions of the Dermis
1. Papillary Layer- very uneven and has

fingerlike projections from its superior surface
called dermal papillae attached to epidermis
above. Forms the fingerprint of the palms and
sole. Houses pain receptors and touch receptors
(Meissner’s corpuscles).
2. Reticular Layer- deepest skin layer, contains
blood vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands and
deep pressure receptor (Pacinian receptor)
DERMAL BLOOD SUPPLY
allows the skin to play a role in regulating
body temperature.
When the body temperature is high, the
capillary network of the dermis becomes
engorged with the heated blood and heat
radiates from skin surface.
If the environment is cool, the body to
conserves heat causing the dermal blood
vessels to constrict so that blood bypasses
the dermis temporarily.
DERMAL
CUTANEOUS SKIN
RECEPTORS
 The dermis has a rich nerve supply
 Many of the nerve endings bear specialized receptor
organs that responds to pain, pressure or temperature
extremes and transmit messages to the CNS for
interpretation.
• Sensory Nerve Fibers- involves collecting information
from sensory receptors
• Lamellar Corpuscle- is the other name of Pacinian
receptor for vibration and deep pressure.
• Meisner’s corpuscle- touch receptor and low frequency
vibration
• Hair Follicle Receptor- sends and receives nerve
impulses to and from the brain when the hair moves.
APPENDAGES
OF THE SKIN
• Includes cutaneous glands, hair and nails
• These arises from the epidermis and plays a
unique role in maintaining homeostasis.
• But they reside in the dermis and they
originate from the basal layer and grow
downwards into the deeper skin regions.
I. Cutaneous Glands
 This are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts.
Two categories
1.Sebaceous (oil) glands
are found all over the skin, except for the palms and soles.
Their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle or directly onto the
skin.
Produces sebum- a mixture of oily substances fragmented cells.
SEBUM
acts as a natural skin cream/lubricant keeping the skin soft and
moist.
prevent hair from becoming brittle.
Contains chemicals that kill bacteria
 The sebaceous glands become very active when androgens (male sex hormones) are
produced in increased amounts (in both sexes) - Adolescents.
2. Sweat Glands
• also called sudoriferous glands, are widely
distributed in the skin.
2 Types of Sweat Glands

A. Eccrine Glands
produces sweat - a clear secretion (water plus
salt, Vit. C, traces of metabolic waste:
ammonia, urea, uric acid).
An important and highly efficient part of the
body’s heat-regulating equipment – contains
nerve endings that causes them to secret
sweat if the environment is hot.
B. Apocrine Glands
 Confined to the axillary (armpit) and genital
areas.
 Larger than eccrine glands.
 Contains fatty acids and proteins and other
substances present in eccrine sweat.
 Milky and yellowish in color, odorless but when
bacteria lives on the skin use its proteins and fats
as a source of their nutrients it can take an
unpleasant odor.
 Begin to function during puberty in the influence
of androgen.
 Play a minimal role in thermoregulation.
II. HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
Millions of hairs are produced by hair
follicles which are found all over the body
surface except on the palms, soles, nipples
and lips.
hairs are among the fastest growing tissues in
the body.
Minor protective functions:
• guarding the head against bumps
• shielding the eyes (via eyelashes)
• helping to keep foreign particles out of the
respiratory tract (via nose hairs)
• insulation in cold and hot weather
STRUCTURES OF HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
• Root- the part of the hair enclosed in the hair follicle

• Shaft- the portion projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin.
• Hair bulb- is at the base or deep end of the follicle,
• Matrix (growth zone)- inside the hair bulb, it is where the hair is
formed by epithelial cell division (mitosis).
 As the daughter cells are pushed farther away from the growing
region, they become keratinized and die.
• Hair consists of Medulla (central region) – surrounded by the

Cortex and then by protective Cuticle.
• Hair follicle consists of inner epithelial sheath – enclosed by the
dermal sheath (connective tissue)
• Hair Papilla- contains blood vessels, protrudes into the hair bulb
provides nutrition the growing hair.
• Arrector pili muscle- connect each hair follicles into the dermis.
Cold temp and fright- causes this muscle to contract, pulling the
hair follicle upright (goosebumps)
III. NAILS
A scalelike or hornlike derivatives of the epidermis.
Transparent and nearly colorless but they appear pink because of the
blood supply in the underlying dermis.
• Free edge - a body (visible attached portion),

• Root - embedded in the skin
• Nail folds- the borders of the nail overlapped by folds of skin.
• Cuticle- the edge of the thick proximal nail fold
• Nail bed- the stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the
nail as the nail beds
• Nail Matrix- thickened proximal area, responsible for nail growth,
As the matrix produces nail cells, they become heavily keratinized
and die. Thus, nails, like hairs, are mostly nonliving material.
• Lunule- white crescent
when the supply of oxygen in the blood is low, the nail beds take on
a cyanotic (blue) cast.
REFERENCES
– Marrieb E. & Keller, S. (2018). Essentials of Human Anatomy &

Physiology (12th Ed.). Essex, England: Pearson Education.
– Marrieb, E. & Jackson, P. (2019). Essentials of Human Anatomy &
Physiology (7th Ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD.
– Wakim, S. & Grewal, M. (2020, May 25). 10.5 Human Body Cavities. Biology
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THE SKIN

1. Two Distinct Regions of the Skin

Hypodermis- deep to the dermis, essentially adipose fats

•Keratin- the fibrous protein that makes the

2. Stratum Lucidum (clear layer)

3. Stratum Granulosum (granular layer)

4. Stratum Spinosum (spiny layer)

5. Stratum Basale (basal layer)

• Desmosomes- intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion

• Epidermal Dendritic Cells/ Langerhan’s Cells- an important

• Melanin Granules- are distributed uniformly in the skin cell. A

• Melanocytes- a spider-shaped cell that produces melanin.

• Merkel Cells- a sensory nerve endings and served as light touch

 the thick layer of living tissue below the

Fibroblasts, adipose cells, various phagocytes

2 Principal Regions of the Dermis

1. Papillary Layer- very uneven and has

2 Types of Sweat Glands

• Root- the part of the hair enclosed in the hair follicle

• Hair consists of Medulla (central region) – surrounded by the

• Free edge - a body (visible attached portion),

– Marrieb E. & Keller, S. (2018). Essentials of Human Anatomy &

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