Chapter 2:

Content and Contextual

Analysis of selected
Primary Sources
PART 1
Chapter 2: Content and Contextual
Analysis of selected Primary Sources
• “First Voyage Around the World” by Antonio
Pigafetta
• “Customs of the Tagalogs” by Fray Juan de
Plasencia
• “Kartilya ng Katipunan” by Emilio Jacinto
• “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” by Emilio
Aguinaldo
• “Acta de la Proclamacion de la Independencia
del Pueblo Filipino” by Ambrosio Bautista
• “Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of
the American Era” by Alfred McCoy and
Alfredo Roces
• “Filipino Grievances Against Governor
Wood”
by Commission on Independence
• “President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before
the U.S. Congress (September 18, 1986)”
• “Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Film)”
• “Works of Luna and Amorsolo
(paintings)”
1. Content Analysis
• Identification of the historical importance of
the text

Title of Background/ Reason/s of Highlights of

Primary Biography of writing this its Content
Primary
Source Author/s
Source
2. Contextual Analysis
• Examination of author’s main argument or
point of view

Title of Main Bias Importance in

Primary Argument Understanding
Source Philippine
History
“First Voyage Around the
World”
(“Primer Viaje en Torno del Globo”)
Historical background
• Written by Antonio Pigafetta
in one of the five ships that
first circumnavigate the world
• It covers the time when
Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet
“Armada de Molucca” started
the voyage (1519) until it was
successfully went back to Spain
• The copies of this account was presented by
Pigafetta to Pope Clement VII, King Francis
I’s mother, etc.
• His original diary was lost and
not known in what language
it was written
• Survived in 4 manuscript
versions; 1 Italian
(Carlo Amoretti) and
3 French
MARCH 17, 1521 (originally March 16)
• Arrival in “Zamal” (Samar) particularly in
the island of “Humunu” (Homonhon)
• Magellan called it “Acquada da li buoni
Segnialli” (Watering place of God Signs)
• The district was called “Las Islas de San
Lazaro” (Islands of Saint Lazarus)
MARCH 18, 1521 (originally Mar ch 17)
• Magellan and his men landed in Humunu
and saw b y native boatmen from Suluan
Island who gave them foods.
• Transacti on made through Magel lan’s slave
interprete r, “Enrique” (of Malacc a)

MARCH 22,1521 (originally Mar ch 21)

• The boatmen return to Magellan’ s location
and gave t wo boats of foods
MARCH 30 (originally March 29)
“Umangkla ang barko namin sa isla ng Mazaua, malapit sa
bahay ng Rajah nito (Rajah Siagu) at umakyat ng barko
ang Rajah at sila Magellan kung saan sila’y nagpalitan ng
regalo.
Nag-almusal at ipinasyal ni Magellan ang Rajah sa paligid
ng kanyang barko at ipinakita ang kanyang mga armas.
Gayundin ako at isang kasama ay sumama sa Rajah at sa
Balanghai, kami ay pinakain ng baboy, pinainom ng alak at
pinakita ng hari ang kanilang palasyo at nagpakain pa.”

MARCH 31 (originally March 30)

“Bumalik kami sa aming mga barko kasama ang kapatid
ng Rajah ng Mazaua, ang Rajah ng Butuan- Calagan na si
Colambu, ang pinakamaayos na lalaking nakita namin.”
APRIL 1, 1521 (originally March 31)
• First mass in the Philippines was happened
in “Mazaua”
• Attended by Magellan, Rajah Colambu,
Rajah Siagu (Siaui) and local islanders
APRIL 8, 1521
• Magellan went to Zubu (Cebu) and met
Rajah Humabon
• The rajah wanted Magellan and his men to
pay tribute to them but told his translator
Enrique that they are working for King of
Spain and threatened him a war
APRIL 15, 1521 (original April 14)
• Held a mass on Humabon’s place where
attended by 800 local members
• Magellan gave Hara Humamay an image of
Sto. Niñ o
• Humabon became “Carlos” and Humamay
became “Juana”
APRIL 27, 1521 (originally April 26)
• Rajah Zula told Magellan that Matan’s
(Mactan) chieftain Cilapulapu (Lapulapu)
refused to obey the King of Spain
• Zula requested Magellan to send him only
one boatload of men to fight Cilapulapu but
Magellan offered three boats instead.
APRIL 28, 1521 (originally April 27)
• 60 of Magellan’s men set out armed with
corselets and helmets and 20-30 Balanhais
loaded by Rajah Humabon’s men went to
Matan to attack Cilapulapu
• The local islanders had lances of bamboo
and stakes hardened with fire
• “Battle of Mactan”
happened
“Organisado ang paglusob ng mga tiga-Mactan habang
nagsisigawan. Isang grupo kada tagiliran ng mga Espanyol at
isa sa harap na tila tatsulok. Nang magpaputok ng mga kanyon
at riple ang mga Espanyol, nakahanda na ang mga kalasag ng
mga ito. Gayundin, kanya-kanyang tago ang mga mandirigma
upang makaiwas, malinaw na malinaw na sila’y handa sa
atake. Hindi nakayanan ng mga Europeo ang mga pana, sibat,
putik at bato na dumapo sa kanila.
At matapos nito’y iniutos ni Magellan na magsunog ng mga
bahay ng mga taga-Mactan na siyang lalong ikinagalit ng mga
ito. At natutunan ng mga mandirigmang taga-Mactan na
puntiryahin sa paa ang mga kalabang nakabaluti.
Tinamaan si Magellan ng panang may lason sa kanang binti,
pero sinabi nitong bumalik na sa mga barko. Sa katapusan ng
laban si Magellan ay tinamaan ng sibat sa mukha ngunit
nakalaban pa, nasugatan pa braso at nakampilan pa sa
kaliwang binti. Sa kanyang pagbagsak, pinagtulungan na siya
ng mga tiga-Mactan. At nang makita ng mga kasama na patay
na si Magellan, sila’y nagsiatrasan, dala-dala ang iba pang mga
sugatan.”
Other contents of Pigafetta’s manuscript:
• Lifestyle of early Filipinos in Visayas
• First vocabulary of Visayan words ever
penned by a European
• Description of early Visayan music
• Evidence that the world is round
• Re-discovery of Pacific Ocean
“Redencion presupone
virtud, virtud sacrificio,
sacrificio amor!”
(Redemption presupposes virtue; virtue sacrifice,
sacrifice, love!)

-Padre Florentino (El Filibusterismo, 1891)

Thank you!
“Customs of the
Tagalogs”
(Relacion de las
Costumbres de Los
Tagalos)
Historical background
• Written by Fray Juan de Plasencia in 1589
• Currently kept in Archivo General de Indias
in Seville, Spain.
• Its English version appeared on Volume VII
of Blair and Robertson’s collection of
Spanish documents
• Contains extensive information about
political and socio-cultural history of
Tagalog region
• It discusses the early Tagalog:
1. Social Classes
Datu, Maharlika, Timawa, Alipin
(Namamahay and Saguiguilir)
2. Houses
made of bamboo, wood and
nipa palm
3. Ornaments
adds distinction to a person
(Kalumbiga and Agimat)
4. Dressing
Male: Putong, Kangan,Bahag
Female: Baro, Saya
5. Government
Barangay system
(30-100
families)
6. Marriage
Paninilbihan, Bigay-kaya,
Panghihimuyat, Bigay-suso
7. Religious beliefs (Paganism/Animism)
Badhala (Supreme being), Idayanale
(agriculture), Sidapa (death), Agni (fire),
Balangaw (raibow), Mandarangan
(war),
Lalahon (harvest), Siginaguran (hell)
8. Economic life
agriculture, fishing, hunting,
shipbuilding, foreign trades
9. Language
Baybayin
10. Burials
Normal people buried beside their
house, Datu buried under a porch after
a four-day mourning
Mourning was accompanied by
drinking
11. Witchcraft
Mancocolam, Hocloban, Manggagauay,
Tigbalang, Patianac
How Intramuros/Fort Santiago was made?
Fort Santiago was a fortress built in the late 1500s by the Spanish
government during the colonization of Manila, as part of Intramuros.
It served as a storage for ammunition, and converted into a prison cell
for activists and the political resistance. One of the most famous
names imprisoned here was Philippines’ National Hero Dr. Jose Rizal
before his public execution. Fort Santiago Intramuros was also used
during the World War II for formidable purposes—the Japanese kept
soldiers and political prisoners in the dungeons to torture and execute.

That’s why this place remains one of the most notable and important
historical sites in the Philippines.
“Hindi natin mamahalin ang bansang
hindi natin kilala;
Mahirap paglingkuran ang bansang hindi
natin mahal;
Bago natin mahalin at paglingkuran ang
ating bayan, siguraduhin muna nating
kilala natin ito.”
Thank you!
( KKK)
The most important organization formed in the
Philippine history.
 KATIPUNAN DOCUMENTS
Kartilya ng Katipunan
 KATIPUNAN’S CODE OF CONDUCT
KARTILYA
“Kartilya ng Katipunan”
Manga Aral Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B
DIEGO SILANG
An Ilokano who
took up his arms and
led one of the longest
running revolts in
Philippine
Historical background
• Written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896
• Codified document listing the
duties and responsibilities of
every Katipunan member
• Chose by Bonifacio instead
of his “Katungkulang Gagawin
ng mga Z. Ll. B.” (Dekalogo)
•It was influenced by:
Age of Enlightenment
French Revolution
Masonry
Propaganda Movement
La Liga Filipina
Below is the translated version of the rules in the kartila
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na
kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong
makamandag.

2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili,

at hindi sa talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.

3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa

kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t
pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.

4.Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y

magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa
yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri
sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na
kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.

6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.

7.Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang

yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang
magdadaan.

8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang

umaapi.
9.Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat
sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.

10.Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang

patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo
sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din.

11.Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na

libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga
kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong
pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang
inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.

12.Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid,

ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13.Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa
tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing
kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng
lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat
at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may
magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at
puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong
magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.

14.Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na

sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa
kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis
niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t
magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga
ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis
nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng
nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga
tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod
nito.
“Ang kasaysayan ay hindi basta-basta
kuwento, mayroon itong metodo.
Magtanong…
Mag-imbestiga…
Magkumpara…”

-Prof. Xiao Chua

Thank you!
“Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan”
Historical background
• Written by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
• The first volume of this memoirs
was produced between 1928 and
1946
• It includes the accounts from his birth and
early years until the signing of the Biak-na-
Bato Treaty in 1897.
• This was based on Aguinaldo’s diary,
documents from himself and his relatives.
• End of 1963, decided to publish this
memoirs and translated in Tagalog by Dr.
Luz C. Bucu of University of the East in
1967.
• Ambeth Ocampo pressumed that the second
volume of this memoirs (2nd phase of
Philippine Revolution against Spain until
Philippine-American War).
The following contents of “Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan” were from the sixth chapter of
Nick Joquin’s “A Question of Heroes.”
• Aguinaldo had a rich family (Carlos
Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy)
• Aguinaldo studied at Colegio de San Juan de
Letran but stopped because of father’s death
• Aguinaldo became Cabeza de Barangay of
Binakayan (1895) because of Maura Law
• Aguinaldo became the
first Capitan Municipal
of Cavite Viejo (Kawit)
• Participated in Masonry with the name “Colon” and in
Katipunan with the name “Magdalo”
• Santiago Alvarez (from Noveleta) urged him to join
Katipunan in Manila (1895)
• Aguinaldo led the Magdalo faction in Cavite
• Married Hilaria del Rosario of Imus in 1896
• “Capitan Municipal sa araw, Katipunan sa gabi”
• Did not attend the August 24 Balintawak meeting of
Katipunan, instead he was represented by his brother
Crispulo (in this meeting Bonifacio announced that the
revolution will be started on August 29)
• The August 29 plot did not happen because Bonifacio in
Manila was attacked by Spaniards from Caloocan
• Aguinaldo started the revolt in Cavite on August 31
(together with Bacoor, Imus, and other Cavite Capitan
Municipals)
• Aguinaldo became successful in different
battles in Cavite that caused some issues
in Katipunan
• The Katipunan in Cavite split into
two: “Magdalo” (Pro-Aguinaldo) and
“Magdiwang” (Pro-Bonifacio)
• Bonifacio wanted to solve the rivalry in a
December 1896 meeting in Imus
(resulted into a decision to dissolve the
Katipunan and to have a formal election
for the new revolutionary government)
• Aguinaldo became the president of
Philippine Revolutionary Government in
March 22, 1897 through Tejeros
Convention
• Bonifacio did not accept the results of the
election, then, he wrote the “Acta de Tejeros”
(March 23, 1897) and held the “Naic
Military Agreement” (April 19, 1897)
• Aguinaldo ordered the arrest and trial of
Bonifacio (and his brother Procopio)
• Further, Aguinaldo decided to sentence the
brothers into death penalty on May 10,
1897
• Aguinaldo agreed to be in a peace pact in
Biak-Na-Bato, San Miguel, Bulacan with the
Spaniards that led his exile to Hong Kong in
1897
ACTIVIT1
FIRST MODULES.
Give concise explanation/ discussion of the following items. Write your
answer on a clean sheet of yellow paper. Avoid Erasure,
1. What are the question and issues in history? Explain each.
2. What are the importance of verbal history?
3. How important historical writings to a person group/ race and
country? Explain each.
4. How do you give meaning to a so called “history”? Explain.
ACTIVIT 2
Second Modules

CRITICAL ESSAY: Identify a primary source in Philippine history from the examples
provided in this chapter. Write an essay discussing;
1. The importance of the text
2. The background of the text’s author
3. The context of the document, and
4. The text’s contribution to understanding Philippine history.
Thank you!