READING MODELS
LADY LOU C. PIDO, MALT
READING MODELS
is a graphic attempt
“to depict how an individual
perceives a word, processes a
clause, and comprehends a
text.” (Singer and Ruddell,
1985)
KINDS OF READING MODELS
1. Top-Down Model
2. Bottom-Up Model
3. Interactive Model
4. Immerging Models
Top-Down Model
• Emphasizes what the reader brings to the
text, such as prior knowledge and
experiences
• Says comprehension begins in the mind of
the reader, who already has some ideas
about the meaning of the text
Top-Down Model
• It is a model in which TOP is the
higher order mental and BOTTOM
as the physical text on the page.
• It is where meaning takes
precedence over structure.
Top-Down Model
• Cognitive based= Meaning-driven
• Top Researcher= K. Goodman
• Key Features:
• 1. Meaning does not require 100% word
identification
• 2. Read, write, speak, listen
• 3. Meaning is important
Top-Down Model
• Materials/ Methods:
– Predictable books, songs, rhymes,
language experience
• Assessment: Knowledge constructed
through meaning
• Problems: Lack of experience with words,
text or activities
Bottom-Up Model
• It is a reading model that emphasizes the
written or printed text.
• It emphasizes the ability to decode or put
into sound what is seen in the text.
• Readers derive meaning in a linear
manner.
Bottom-Up Model
• Says comprehension begins by processing
the smallest linguistic unit (phoneme:
/s/ /i/ /t/
• and working toward larger units (
syllables, words, phrases, sentences)
• Proceeds from part to whole
Bottom-Up Model
• Behaviorist based= Skills-driven
• Top Researcher Today= [Link]
• Key features:
• 1. Letter name
• 2. Letter relationships
• 3. Words meaning
Bottom-Up Model
• Materials/methods:
-Drills, skills practice in isolation Reader learns
to decode then can attend to meaning each word
must be recognized for meaning
• Assessment:
• Accuracy in skills, word identification problems,
Inability to decode
Interactive Model
• Recognizes the interaction of
bottom-up and top-down
processes simultaneously
throughout the reading process.
Interactive Model
• Good readers are both good
decoders and good interpreters of
the text.
Interactive Model
Constructivist based= use of cueing
systems
• Researcher=Tierney
• Key Features:
1. Develop skills & strategies in
meaningful context
2. Word identification contributes to
meaning
IMMERGING READING
MODELS
RUMELHART MODEL (1977)
• States that successful reading is
both a PERCEPTUAL and a
COGNITIVE process.
• Orthographic knowledge
• Lexical, Syntactic and Semantic
knowledge
STANOVICH MODEL (1980)
Interactive-compensatory reading model.
• Readers who rely on both Bottom-Up and
Top-down processes are depending on:
-reading purpose
-motivation
-schema
-knowledge of the subject
ANDERSON and PEARSON
SCHEMA-THEORETIC VIEW
It focuses on the role of schemata (knowledge
stored in memory) in text comprehension.
• SCHEMA THEORY
a. relationships among components
b. role of inference
c. reliance on knowledge of the content
PEARSON and TIERNEY
R/W MODEL
-considers PRAGMATIC THEORIES which state
that: “Utterance is an action”.
• CONTEXT is important.
• INTERACTIVE ROLES:
• Planner, composer, editor, monitor
MATHEWSON’s MODEL
OF ATTITUDE INFLUENCE
• attitude toward reading may be modified by a
change in reader’s goal
• attitude has tri-componential construct:
cognitive component
affective component
conative/behavioral component
MATHEWSON’s MODEL
OF ATTITUDE INFLUENCE
• Maintains that feedback may affect attitude
and motivation during the reading process.
1. Satisfaction with affect developed through
reading;
2. Satisfaction with ideas developed through
reading.
MATHEWSON’s MODEL
OF ATTITUDE INFLUENCE
3. Feeling generated during the
reading process;
4. Ideas constructed from the
information read; and
5. How the reading affects the values,
goals, and self-concepts.
SUMMARY
Reading Model Key Terms
Top-Bottom Meaning-driven
Bottom-Up Skills-Driven
Interactive Combination of Top-Bottom & Bottom-Top
Rumelhart Perceptual and Cognitive Process
Stanovich Purpose, motivation, schema knowledge
Anderson & Context is important
Pearson
Mathewson’s Change in reader’s goal may influence reading
Model of Attitude attitude
Influence
