Project

PROJECT

SUBTITLE
CONTENTS
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Study Area & Sampling Stations
 Route map of sampling stations
 Methodology
 Tests for the selected parameters
 Results and Discussions
ABSTRACT
 An attempt has been made in the present work to study the seasonal variations of water quality of river
Godavari and its canals supplying water to the Godavari districts. For this study, water samples were
collected from the source at Dawaleswaram and given sampling points of Venkayya Vayyeru canal. The
sampling is done by grab sampling. The analysis was done based upon physio-chemical characteristics of
water. Water quality index is one of the method to check the levels of water pollution for drinking purpose
which is feasible and economical.
INTRODUCTION

 Irrigation in west Godavari district is carried through six manmade canals say venkayya veyyeru canal,
Narsapur canal, Eluru canal, Attili canal, Gostani canal and kakaraparru canal. Water quality in these
canals are deteoriated due to several anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, industrialization and
agricultural practices etc..

 Hence it is access the water quality before consumption, In this study, the water at the source and
consumer points from twenty five sampling points is to be collected and analyzed as per standard methods.
Further index assessment done to simplify the physicochemical data of water chemistry.
 Water Quality Assessment:
• Water is aptly called the “ELIXIR OF LIFE” as it is the starting point of evolution of life on the earth.
• Quality of a water body is an important governing factor its use as a source of water supply for domestic, agricultural,
industrial and other miscellaneous purposes.
• Water quality is determined by “Water Quality Index”.
 Water Quality Index(WQI):

• WQI is a technique of rating that provides the composite influence of individual parameters on the overall quality of water.
WQI is a well-known method as well as one of the most effective tools to express water quality.
• Quantity rating or sub index was calculated using the following expression
Qn=100 (Vn-Vio) / (Sn-Vio)
• Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely proportional to the recommended standard value Sn of the corresponding
parameter:
Wn = K/ Sn
• The overall water quality index was calculated by:
WQI = ∑Qn Wn / ∑Wn
 Permissible limits for drinking water as per Indian standards specifications IS:10500
s.no Water quality Water quality

index level status
1 0 - 25 excellent
2 26 - 50 good
3 51 - 75 poor
4 76 - 100 very poor
5 100 > unsuitable
STUDY AREA & SAMPLING STATIONS
 West Godavari is one of the 13 districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. West Godavari district occupies an area
approximately 7700 km2, it has 46 mandals. We have collected 25 samples from 25 sample stations from
Venkayya Vayyeru canal. There are as follows:
S1-Muddapuram S7- Ganapavaram S13- Akivedu S19- Juvvalapalem
S2-Ravipadu S8- Bavayyapalem S14- Kalisipudi S20- Kalla
S3-Chintapalli S9- Peddakapavaram S15- Cherukuwada S21- Elurupadu
S4-Jallikomma S10- Chinnakapavaram S16- Ajjamuru S22- Pathellameraka
S5-Parimella S11- Gummuluru S17- Ayi-Bhimavaram S23- Kalavapudi
S6- Bhuvanapalli S12- Undi S18-Cherukumilli S24-Modi
S25-Pippara
ROUTE MAP OF SAMPLING STATIONS
METHODOLOGY
Water quality analysis methodology includes:
 General requirements
 Types of analysis
 Flow chart procedure for water quality analysis
 Selection of parameters to be tested
General requirements:
1. Obtain a sample that meets the requirements of the sampling program and handle it so that it does not deteriorate or become
contaminated before it is analyzed.
2. Ensure that all sampling equipment is clean and quality assured before use. Use sample containers that are clean and free of
contaminants
3. Fill sample containers without pre rinsing with sample; pre rinsing results in loss of any pre- added preservative and sometimes can
bias results high when certain components adhere to the sides of the container. Depending on determinations to be performed, fill the
container full (most organic compound determinations) or leave space for aeration, mixing, etc. (microbiological and inorganic
analysis). If the bottle already contains preservative, take care not to overfill the bottle, as preservative may be lost or diluted.
Types of analysis: As we all know, water has many uses, such as for recreation, drinking. Fisheries, agriculture
and industry. Each of these designated uses has different defined chemical, physical and biological standards
necessary to support that use. Water quality standards are put in place to ensure the efficient use of water for a
designated purpose. Water quality analysis is to measure the required parameters of water, following standard
methods, to check whether they are in accordance with the standard.
 In general water quality analysis is categorized three heads namely:
1. Physical Analysis
2. Chemical Analysis
3. Bacteriological Analysis
 Flow chart procedure for water quality analysis:
Selection of parameters to be tested: Parameters of water quality are selected entirely according to the need for a specific use of
that water. Some examples are
 In the present project, following parameters are analyzed:
1. pH - pH meter
2. Total dissolved solids - TDS meter
3. Electrical Conductivity - EC meter
4. Dissolved Solids - Winkler’s method
5. Alkalinity - Titration with acid
6. Total Hardness - Titration with EDTA
7. Calcium Hardness - Titration with EDTA
8. Magnesium Hardness - (Total hardness-Magnesium hardness)
9. Nitrates - Spectrophotometer
10. Chlorides - Titration with silver nitrate

 Experimental determination of selected parameters:
1. Experimental determination pH:
• Pen type of pH meter
• The values of pH 0 to a little less than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH little above 7 to 14 are
termed as basic.
2. Experimental Determination of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS meter):
• Pen Type TDS Meter
• Total dissolved solids (TDS) are defined as all inorganic and organic substances contained in water that can
pass through a 2 micron filter.
3. Experimental Determination of Electrical conductivity(EC):
• Pen Type EC Meter
• Salts or other chemicals that dissolve in water can break down into positively and negatively charged ions.
These free ions in the water conduct electricity, so the water electrical conductivity depends on the
concentration of the ions.
• The purer the water the lower the conductivity .
4. Experimental Determination of Total Alkalinity(TA):
• Technique : Titration with acid
• Reagents Required: 1. Phenolphthalein indicator
2. Methyl orange indicator
3. Standard H2SO4 solution with 0.02N.
5. Experimental Determination of Total Hardness(TH):
• Technique : Total Hardness - Titration with EDTA

• Calcium Hardness - Titration with EDTA
• Magnesium hardness – (Total Hardness-Calcium Hardness)
• Reagents Required: 1. Buffer Solution
2. Erichrome Black T indicator
3. Standard Ethylene Diamine Tetracid with 0.02N
4. Standard Calcium Solution
• Calcium Hardness is to be calculated. Magnesium hardness can be calculated with the help of Total hardness and
Calcium hardness.
6. Experimental Determination of Chlorides(Cl):
• Technique : Titration with silver nitrate
• Chemical Required : 1. Silver nitrate
2. Phenolphthalein indicator
3. Sodium chloride
4. Potassium chromate
7. Experimental Determination of Dissolved Oxygen(DO):
• Technique : Winkler’s method
• Reagents Required : 1. Manganese Sulphate (Mnso4)
2. Alkali Iodide Azide Solution
3. Starch indicator
4.Concentrated H2SO4,
5.Sodium thin Sulphate (Na2S2O3)
8. Experimental Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD):
• Technique : By incubation method
• Reagents Required 1. Manganese Sulphate (Mnso4)
2. Alkali Iodide Azide Solution
3. Starch indicator
4. Concentrated H2SO4
5. Sodium thin Sulphate (Na2S2O3)
9. Experimental Determination of Nitrates:
• Technique : Spectrophotometer
• Reagents Required: 1. Stock nitrate solution
2. Standard nitrate solution
3. Hydrochloric acid solution
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
Based on the results in comparison with standards of water quality for drinking and irrigation, the quality
of water resources in the villages along Venkayya Veyyeru canal are summarized as follows:
 Winter Season:
• All the values of total hardness, calcium, TDS, chlorides, EC, pH, DOD with in the permissible in all the
stations except 3 stations.
• All the values of alkalinity, nitrates, DO are exceed the permissible values in all stations.
• The water quality index values vary in the in range of poor to hand suitable quality. Further protective
measurements must be taken in order to achieve healthy water environment.
• This water quality clearly shows that un suitability of water for drinking purpose unless it is properly treated, it
cause dangerous diseases to both aquatic and human beings.
 Summer season:
• All the values of total hardness chlorides, DOD, nitrates, pH are within the permissible limits in all the
stations.
• Alkalinity DO, magnesium are exceeds the permissible limits in all stations.
• The water quality index value are in the range of unsuitable quality. This water is unsuitable for drinking
purpose.
Y OU
AN K
T H

Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROJECT

 Water Quality Index(WQI):

s.no Water quality Water quality

 In general water quality analysis is categorized three heads namely:

 In the present project, following parameters are analyzed:

2. Total dissolved solids - TDS meter

3. Electrical Conductivity - EC meter

4. Dissolved Solids - Winkler’s method

5. Alkalinity - Titration with acid

6. Total Hardness - Titration with EDTA

7. Calcium Hardness - Titration with EDTA

8. Magnesium Hardness - (Total hardness-Magnesium hardness)

10. Chlorides - Titration with silver nitrate

• Reagents Required: 1. Phenolphthalein indicator

2. Methyl orange indicator

3. Standard H2SO4 solution with 0.02N.

5. Experimental Determination of Total Hardness(TH):

• Technique : Total Hardness - Titration with EDTA

You might also like