Gec103 - Week2 - Origins and History of Globalization

WEEK 2

Origins and History

of Globalization
Where did it start?
Hardwired
Nayan Chanda (2007), globalization start because of our basic human need to
make our lives better that made globalization possible. Therefore, one can
trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestor in Africa who walked
out from the said continent in the late Ice Age. This long journey finally led
them go all known , continents today roughly after 50,000 years. He also
mentioned that commerce, religion politics and warfare are the “urges” of
people toward a better life. These are respectively connected to four aspects of
globalization and they can be traced all throughout history, trade, missionary
work, adventures and conquest.
Cycles
Globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a
daunting task. Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other
global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of
globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
Epoch
Ritzer cited Therborns six great epoch of globalization. These are also called “waves”
and each has its own origin.
1. Globalization of Religion
2. European Colonial Conquest
3. Intra-European Wars
4. Heyday of European Imperialism
5. Post-World War II period
6. Post-Cold War Period
Events
Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth
view in explaining the origin of globalization. If this
case, then several points can be treated as the start of
globalization. The recent years could also be regarded
as the beginnings of globalization with reference to
specific technological advances in transportation and
communication.
WORLD WAR II
WHY ARE WE GOING TO SPEND TIME STUDYING THIS
CONCEPT? HOW CAN THESE HELP US UNDERSTAND
GLOBALIZATION?
 FIRST, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes
its definition, the overview of definition implies that globalization is
many things to many different people.
 SECOND, to paraphrase the sociologist Cesare Poppi, Globalization is
the debate and the debate is a globalization .
 THIRD, globalization is a reality, it is changing as human society
develops, it has happened before and is still happening today. We
should expect it to continue to happen in the future. The future of
globalization is more difficult to predict. It is fluidity and complexity
of globalization as a concept which made more debates, discussion and
definitions than agreements on it.
Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to
define because in reality, globalization has a shifting
nature, it is complex, multifaceted and can be
influenced by the people who define it. Moreover, the
issues and concerns involving globalization have
wide range, from the individual to society, from small
communities to nations and state and from the
benefits we can gain from it to the costs it could carry.
METAPHOR OF GLOBALIZATION

Metaphors make use of one term

to help us better understand
another term. In our case, the
states of matter----solid and liquid
will be used.
METAPHOR OF GLOBALIZATION
SOLID AND LIQUID

Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the
movement of things, further more solids can either be natural or
manmade.
Liquidity, as a state of matter takes the shapes of its container,
moreover, liquids are not fixed, therefore its refers to the increasing
ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world.
Liquid phenomena change quickly an their
aspects spatial and temporal are in continuous
fluctuation. This means that space and time
are crucial element of globalization.
Liquid phenomena is that their movement is
difficult to stop. (EX)
Liquid is tend to MELT whatever stands in its
path especially solid.
Liquidity and solidity are in constant
interaction, however liquidity is the one
increasing and proliferating today.
Therefore, the metaphor that could best
describe globalization is liquidity, or
Liquids do flow and this idea of flow will
be the focus of the next discussion.
GLOBALIZATION
THEORIES
DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE
Homogeneity Theories on Globalization, refers to the increasing
sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create common
practices, same economies and similar forms of government.
Homogeneity in culture is often linked to cultural imperialism.
This means a given culture influences other cultures.
Global Economic crises are also products of homogeneity in
economic globalization.
In the end, rich countries become advantageous in the world
economy at the expense of poor countries, which leads to
increased inequality among nations.
 Media Imperialism, often characterized as t.v, music,
books, and movies there are perceived as imposed on
developing countries.
 Media Imperialism, undermines the existence of
alternative global media originating from developing
countries.
 The internet can be seen as the arena, for alternative
media.
 Ritzer (2008) claimed that, in general the
contemporary world is undergoing the process
of McDONALIZATION.
 McDonalization involves the global spread of
rational system, such as efficiency, calculability,
predictability and control.
 Ritzer pointed that this process is extended to
other business, sectors, and geographic area.
 Heterogeneity Theories on Globalization, pertains to the
creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of elements from
different societies in the world.
 Heterogeneity refers to the differences because of their
lasting differences or of the hybrid combinations of culture
that can be produced through the different transplanatery
process.
 Contrary to cultural imperialism, heterogeneity in culture is
associated with the cultural hybridization.
DYNAMICS of LOCAL
and GLOBAL CULTURE
Global flows of culture tend to move more easily around the
globe that even before, especially through non-material digital
forms. These are the three perspective on global cultural flows.
These are differentialism, hybridization and convergence.
Cultural differentialism, emphasizes the fact that cultures are
essentially different and are only superficially affected by
global flows. The interaction of cultures is deemed to contain
potential for “catastrophic collision”.
Cultural hybridization, approach emphasizes the integration of
local and global culture.
Cultural convergence, approach stresses
homogeneity introduced by
globalization. Cultures are deemed to be
radically altered by strong flows, and
tends to destroy at least parts of another
culture.

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What are the different views on the origins of globalization?

What are the different epochs/waves of globalization according to Ritzer?

WEEK 2

Origins and History

Metaphors make use of one term

SOLID AND LIQUID

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