Heat and Work

UNIT 4

MODULE 3:
HEAT,
WORK AND
ENERGY

1
HEAT (Q)
HEAT is the energy transferred from
one object to another due to their
temperature difference.
Q = mc ∆T
Where:
Q = Heat energy transferred (Joule, Calorie)
m = mass (grams)
c = specific heat capacity
(J/g - ⁰C)
5

∆T change
= in Temperature
1 cal = 4.184 Joule
WORK (W)
WORK-The energy transferred when an

object is moved against force.
W=Fxd
Where:
W = work (in Joule)
F = Force (in Newton)
d = Distance (in Meter)
3
LEARNING COMPETENCIES/
OBJECTIVES
1. demonstrate that heat can be turned

to work;
2. infer that doing work can release
heat;
3. explain how heat transfer energy
4
THERMODYNAMICS
A branch of physics t h a t
deals with the physical laws
t h a t relate
heat and mechanical work.
5
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
 HEAT AND WORK
 SYSTEM-SURROUNDINGS
 INTERNAL ENERGY
6
Conservation of Energy
• states that the total energy of an isolated
system is constant; energy can be
transformed from one form to another, but
cannot be created or destroyed.
•The 1 st law of Thermodynamics provides a
generalization of this Law Of Conservation Of
Energy in terms of the relationship among the
heat transferred to a system.
7
- It states that:
- The change in internal energy of a
system equals the difference between
the heat taken in by the system and
the work done by the system.
The law is expressed as:

ΔU = Q - W 8
where:
• Q = the amount of heat flowing into a
system during a given process
• W = the net work done by the system
• ΔU = the change in the system’s
internal energy
INTERNAL ENERGY (U)
 It refers to energy contained
within the system.
 The internal energy of a system
can be changed by:

 (1) heating the system, or
 (2) by doing work on it, or
 (3) by adding or taking away

10
matter.
INTERNAL ENERGY
16
ENERGY TRANSFER
(HEAT & WORK)
• Open system –allows matter and energy
to enter or/and leave the system
• Closed system–is a system wherein in no
matter enters or leaves the system. It only
interacts with its surroundings in terms of
energy transfers.
• Isolated system – is a system where
neither matter nor energy enters or leaves
the system.
12
REMEMBER 
  !!!
• Q > 0 (+) heat transfer to the
system
• Q < 0 (-) heat transfer from the
system
• W < 0 (-) is work done on the
system
• W > 0 (+) is work done by the
system
17
(∆U)
• The change in the internal energy

of a closed system is equal to
the
amount ofheat applied to the
(Q), minus the amount
system
of work (W) done by the system
on its surroundings.
18
∆U = Q - W
UNITS OF HEAT & WORK
• Joule or KiloJoule
• Calorie or Kilocalorie
• BTU
15
Sample problem:
• If 150J of energy is added to a system

when no external work was done, by how
much will the thermal energy of the
system raised?
• A 120J of energy is added to a system

that does 40J of external work, by how
much thermal energy of the system is
raised?
HEAT FLOWS
1. SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
- Heat flows normally from higher temperature
to lower temperature.
- It does not require any external energy to
occur.
2. NON-SPONTANEOUS PROCESS
- happens when heat flows from lower
temperature to higher temperature.
- It needs mechanical energy to occur.
HEAT FLOWS
Second Law of Thermodynamics
“Heat can spontaneously flow from a higher-
temperature region to a lower-temperature
region, but not the other way around."

HEAT PUMPS
A heat pump is a device that reverses
the direction of the heat flow: from a
cold reservoir to a warmer one.
Examples are :
Refrigerator and air conditioning unit.
Refrigeration cooling system
Refrigeration cycle
Air conditioning cooling cycle
HEAT ENGINES
Heat engine is a device that

changes thermal energy into
mechanical work.
HEAT ENGINES
TYPES OF HEAT ENGINES
1.Internal combustion engines - are engines that
combustion takes place inside the engine chamber.
Examples are gasoline, diesel engine and our
human body. (burns fuels inside the engine)
2. External combustion engines - are engines where
the fuel combustion takes place outside the engine.
Examples are Steam, piston engine and the
atmosphere (burns the fuels outside the engine)
THE FOUR CYCLE-STROKE
OF GASOLINE ENGINE
The gasoline engine and diesel engine are internal

combustion engines. These engines operate on four
different stokes: intake, compression, power and
exhaust.
 In the intake stroke, the inlet valve opens, the piston moves
down as the fuel-air mixture fills in the cylinder.
 In compression stroke, the piston moves up and compresses the
mixture---adiabatically, since no heat transfer happens.
 The spark plug ignites the mixture making its temperature high.
Adiabatic process tends to push the piston down, thus it is called
power stroke.
 In exhaust stroke, the burned gases are pushed out of the
exhaust valve. The intake valve once again opens and the cycle
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
- It was thought before the full understanding of
the second law of thermodynamics that at very
low friction heat engine could convert nearly all
the input energy into useful work.
- It was then that Sadi Carnot carefully studied
the compression and expansion cycles.
- How well a machine operates is the ratio of the
useful work done to the heat provided is the
thermal efficiency.
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Applying Conservation of Energy,
QH = W + QC
An important measure of a heat engine is its
efficiency: how much of the input energy ends up
doing useful work?
The efficiency is calculated as a fraction (although
it is stated as a percentage).
Efficiency = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑄H
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
- Work is just the input heat minus the exhaust heat,
so
Efficiency = Q𝐻−Q𝐶 = 1 − 𝑄𝐶 X 100
Q𝐻 𝑄𝐻
where:
QC = energy removed by heat/energy in cold reservoir
QH = energy added by heat/energy in hot reservoir
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
- Work is just the input heat minus the exhaust heat,
so
Efficiency = T𝐻−T𝐶 = 1 − T𝐶 X 100
T𝐻 T𝐻
where:
TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir

TH = absolute temperature in hot reservoir
Sample Problem 1
What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that

receives 192.75J of energy from combustion and
lose 125.25 J by heat to exhaust during one
cycle?
Sample Problem 2
Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K.

The engine uses part of this thermal energy for
work. It exhausts the rest to a condenser at a
temperature of 350K. What is the maximum
efficiency of this steam engine?
SUMMARIZE
IT...!!!
• What is Heat, Work and Thermodynamics?
• What is the 1 s t Law of Thermodynamics?
Explain it.
• How can you determine the sign of heat and
work if they are done by or on the system?
• How to compute for the Internal Energy of a
system?
33
EVALUATION
B. Problem Solving
• A system releases 125 k J of heat while 104 k J of
work is done on the system. Calculate the change in
internal energy (in kJ). (2pts)
• Calculate w for a system t h a t absorbs 260 k J of
heat and for which ∆U= 157 kJ. Is the work done on
or by the system? Does the system expand or
contract? (4pts)
34
ANSWE
R
1. ∆U = -21kJ
2. W = 103 kJ,
work done on
the system
35
WORDS TO LIVE BY….
Being busy does not always mean real work.

The object of all work is production or
accomplishment and to either of these ends
there must be forethought, system, planning,
intelligence, and honest purpose, as well as
perspiration. Seeming to do is not doing…
36

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UNIT 4

WORK-The energy transferred when an

1. demonstrate that heat can be turned

The law is expressed as:

can be changed by:

 (2) by doing work on it, or

 (3) by adding or taking away

• The change in the internal energy

• If 150J of energy is added to a system

• A 120J of energy is added to a system

Heat engine is a device that

The gasoline engine and diesel engine are internal

TC = absolute temperature in cold reservoir

What is the efficiency of a gasoline engines that

Suppose a steam engine receives steam at 600K.

Being busy does not always mean real work.

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