Chemistry Featuring:

Cosmetics
Presented by:
Group 4
C O S M E T I C S
What is cosmetics?
• Cosmetics are care substances used
to enhance the appearance or odor
of the human body. They are
generally mixtures of chemical
compounds, some being derived from
natural sources and many being
synthetics.
C O S M E T I C S
What is cosmetics?
• Cosmetics are intended to be
applied to the human body for
cleansing, beautifying, promoting
attractiveness, or altering the
appearance without affecting the
body's structure or functions.
C O S M E T I C S
What is cosmetics?
• Cosmetics include skin-care creams,
lotions, powder, perfume, lipsticks,
fingernail and toe nail polish, eye and
facial makeup, permanent waves, colored
contact lens ,hair colors, hair
sprays and gels, hand sanitizer, baby
products, bath oils and many other
types of products. A subset of
cosmetics is called "make-up," which
refers primarily to coloring products
intended to alter the user’s
appearance.
 SHAMPOO
• a liquid preparation containing
detergent or soap for washing the
hair.
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
 Water
• Water- makes up to 70%-80% of the
formula
• Deionized water- removes various
particles and ions
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Detergent
• Surfactants(extracted from coconut
oil, palm kernel oil, and soy bean
oil).
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Detergent
Detergents:
• ammonium lauryl sulfate (C12H29NO4S)

• sodium lauryl sulfate

(CH3(CH2)10CH2(OCH2CH2)nOSO3Na)

• sodium lauryl ether sulfate

( C18H37NaO7S)
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Foam boosters
• Alkanolamides
Typical materials include
• lauramide DEA (C16H33NO3 )

• cocamide DEA
[CH3(CH2)nC(=O)N(CH2CH2OH)2 ]
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
 Thickeners
• Alkanolamides -make shampoos foam
also make the formulations
thicker.

For example:
• Methylcellulose
(C6H7O2(OH)x(OCH3)y), Sodium
chloride(NaCl)
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Conditioning agents
• Added to shampoos to offset
the sometimes harsh effect of
surfactants on hair.
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Conditioning agents
• Typical conditioning agents
include polymers, silicones,
and quaternary agents. Each
of these compounds deposit on
the surface of the hair and
improve its feel, softness,
and ability to comb, while
reducing static charge.
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
 Conditioning agents
Examples of conditioning agents
include:
• guar hydroxypropyltrimonium
chloride
(C6H16NO2.xCl.xUnspecified)
(polymer)
• dimethicone (C2H6OSi)n (silicone)
• quatemium 80 (quaternary
agent)
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Preservatives
• Prevents bacterial growth and
other microbes.

• Two of the most common

preservatives used in shampoos
are DMDM hydantoin (C7H12N2O4)
and methylparaben (C8H8O3).
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Modifiers
• Are added to shampoo formulas to
modify specific characteristics.

• Opacifiers
• Sequestering agents
• Acids or bases - citric acid
(C6H8O7) or sodium hydroxide
(NaOH)
SHAMPOO INGREDIENTS
Special Additives
• fragrance oils and
governmentally approved and
certified FD&C dyes.

• botanical extracts, natural

oils, proteins, and vitamins

• zinc pyrithione (C10H8N2O2S2Zn)

 BLUSH MAKEUP
History
• Ancient Greek and Roman women
were known to apply naturally
occurring red pigments such as:
 BLUSH MAKEUP
History
 BLUSH MAKEUP
History
• Early European women used
Brazilian redwood directly after
access was gained to Western
hemisphere resources, and red
lead was also used until the
early 1920s.
 BLUSH MAKEUP
History
• Currently, the pressed powder is
the blusher marketing style
choice because of its desirable
matte finish after application
and long-lasting wear potential.
 BLUSH MAKEUP
 Major components of the pressed powder blusher
• include the powder phase and binder
(or oil) phase.
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
•mineral powder fillers such as
talc (a magnesium silicate)
•mica (a magnesium aluminum
silicate)
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
•sericite (a form of hydrated
mica)
•kaolin (known as China clay).
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
• Talc

• Mica
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
• Modern non-oil control formulations
rarely contain kaolin, as it tends
to exhibit course texture, an
extremely matte appearance, and
excessive oil-absorption
capabilities.
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
• Dry binders include zinc stearate
(C36H70O4Zn) and magnesium stearate
Mg(C18H35O2)2 and polymeric
materials such as polyethylene
(C2H4)n .
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase
• Colorants including carmine,
titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) , iron
oxides (Fe2O3), chromium oxide
greens [Cr2O3], ultramarines,
manganese violet, and yellow and
red lake colors.
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Powder Phase

•Silica [SiO2], nylon,

and polymethyl
methacrylate (C5O2H8)n .
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Binder Phase

• Binders consists typically of oils

(e.g., sunflower oil,coconut oil,
castor oil, mineral oil)
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Binder Phase

• esters (e.g, sorbitan ester)

• and/or waxes that provide a creamy
texture (e.g, beeswax, candelilla
wax, lanolin, carnauba wax)
 BLUSH MAKEUP
Components of the Binder Phase

• Vitamins tocopherol [vitamin E}, retinyl palmitate

( C36H60O2)

• Herbal extracts (e.g. comfrey root, rosemary, Aloe

barbadensis)

• Preservatives (e.g, methylparaben, (C8H8O3)

Propylparaben (C10H12O3) , butylparaben (C11H14O3) ,
imidazolidinyl urea ( C11H16N8O8 )
S oap
• A surfactant cleaning compound used
for personal or other cleaning.
• A cleansing and emulsifying agent
made usually by action of alkali on
fat or fatty acids and consisting
essentially of sodium or potassium
salts of such acids
S oap
 Types of soaps
• Glycerin soap
• Transparent soap
• Liquid soap
 By usage:
• Kitchen soap
• Laundry soap
• Novelty soap
• Guest soap
• Medicated soap
• Beauty soap
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Base Oils
• Animal Fats- Lard and tallow
• Vegetable Oils- coconut oil or palm
kernel, olive, soy or palm oils
• Nut and Seed Oils- almond, jojoba,
hemp
• Fruit Oils and Butter- castor,
apricot, avocado, cocoa, mango or
shea butter.
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Lye
• A necessary ingredient for soap
making. If there isn't any lye,
there isn't any soap
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Lye
• Saponification- It is the reaction
between the lye and the oils that
produces soap. Once that reaction
is complete, all of the lye is
converted into soap; there is no
lye remaining in the finished soap
bar.
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Lye
• sodium hydroxide- is used to make
solid soap.

• potassium hydroxide- is used to

make liquid soaps.

• A combination of the two is used

to make cream soaps.
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Water
• Allows the lye and oil molecules to
get together to form soap.

• Evaporates as soap cures and ages.

SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Fragrance Oils
• PLANT-BASED FRAGANCE OILS- FLORAL SCENTS
• SYNTHETIC FRAGRANCE OILS- FRUIT AND OTHER FOOD
SCENTS.
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Colors
Synthetic Dyes
• Must be FDA approved.
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Colors
Natural Dyes
• Paprika- Red
• Cinnamon- Brown
• French Green clay- Green
SOAP INGRDIENTS
 Preservatives

• Phenonip
 LIPSTICK
• Lipstick is formulated to provide both
protection for the delicate tissues of
the lips and color for appearance.
 LIPSTICK

Ideal Characteristics
 LIPSTICK
 LIP TREATMENTS
• Formulated to moisturize and protect
tips exposed to potential drying and
chapping from environmental factors
such as solar UV radiation, wind,
and cold temperatures.
 LIPSTICK
 Bases
• Waxes- castor, vegetable, mineral,
beeswax.
• The combination of these provide
high shine, rigidity, hardness,
enhanced wear, pleasant application
feel, and moisturizing effects.
 LIPSTICK
OTHER COMPONENTS
• fatty acid esters (e.g, isopropyl
myristate, palmitate).

• hard butters- shea butter, cocoa

butter.

• magnesium ascorbyl phosphate

[vitamin C],tocopheryl
acetate[vitamin E].
 LIPSTICK
OTHER COMPONENTS
• panthenol [provitamin B5]
• retinyl palmitate [vitamin A]
• tocopherol [vitamin EJ)
• herbal extracts(e.g, Aloe vera)
• emulsifiers (e.g, petroleum,
squalane, allantoin, cetyl alcohol)
• skin-soothing organic compounds
(e.g., menthol, phenol, camphor)
 DEODORANT and
ANTIPRESPIRANTS
• A substance which removes or
conceals unpleasant smells,
especially bodily odors.
• a substance that is applied to the
skin, especially under the arms, to
prevent or reduce perspiration.
 DEODORANT
• The dissolved substance forms a
gel, which creates a small
temporary ‘plug’ near the top of
the sweat gland, significantly
reducing the amount of sweat that
is secreted to the skin.
What ingredients are in antiperspirants and
deodorant?
 Alcohol
• Alcohol is an ingredient present in
some roll-ons, aerosols and gels.
• The active ingredients of
antiperspirants and deodorants are
often dissolved in alcohol because
it dries quickly once applied to the
skin and gives an immediate sense of
coolness.
 Aluminum salts [ KAl(SO4) ]
• Aluminium salts are the active ingredient in
antiperspirants. They work to reduce the flow
of sweat from the sweat gland to the skin
surface.
• Aluminium chloride is a strong aluminium salt
used to treat people with mild to moderate
hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating.

• Alum- KAl(SO4)or Tawas

 Antimicrobials
• Aluminium salts
as triclosan or
polyhexamethyiene biguanide
• Alcohol
 Fragrance and skin conditions
• Glycerin
• Oils ( Sunflower oil).
• Silica
 Carrier substances

• Water is used in a range of

antiperspirants as a carrier for
other ingredients as it adds
fluidity to roll-ons and creams and
helps the product spread onto the
skin
DANGERS OF


COSMETICS
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Aluminum
Has been linked to:

• Breast Cancer
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Prostate Cancer
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Parabens
Has been linked to:

• Disruption of hormonal balance

• Early puberty in children
• Hormonal Cancers
• Birth defects
• Organ Toxicity
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Propylene Glycol
Has been linked to:

• Brain Damage
• Liver and Heart damage
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Phthalates
Has been linked to:

• Birth Defects
• Cell mutation
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Triclosan
Has been linked to:

• A possible carcinogen
DANGERS OF COSMETICS
 Sodium Laureth Sulfate
Has been linked to:

• Skin and eye irritation

PRECAUTIONS FOR BUYING
AND USING COSMETICS
•MUST BE APPROVED
BY THE FDA.