FORENSIC

PHOTOGRAPHY
PRESENTED BY:
CRMGST. MARVIN P. MITCHELL
Instructor
Ifugao State University
Nayon, Lamut, Ifugao
USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY IN CRIME
INVESTIGATION

1. For identification
2. Preservation of evidence in court
3. Illustration of point of evidence which cannot be seen
by the naked eye
4. Recording illegal activities for evidence
a. Describes better than in words in many
instances
b. Prove statements
c. Record things you fail to notice
d. Helps to remember things you see.
GUIDELINES IN TAKING PHOTOGRAPH ON CRIME SCENE
(Indoor)

1st Shot – It is the general view by photographing the area, to show if

the scene of the crime is a residence, company or in the mountain.

2nd Shot – the exact building where the crime is being committed and it
must be shown on the photograph if it is a private or residential.

3rd Shot – the main entrance, the possible entrance and exit of the
perpetrator.

4th Shot – before proceeding to the main scene of the crime, hallways
and other adjacent rooms must be photographed.

5th Shot – this is the exact crime scene, it may be a room, it is advisable
to use the wide angle lens in a limited place to show all the angles.

6th Shot – close-up is applicable to the object attacked to show the

extent of damage by the perpetrator and pieces of evidence at the
crime scene that would help for the identification of the perpetrator.
(Outdoor)

1. Geographical condition of the area around the crime

scene. It must show if the crime scene is residential,
busy street, etc.

2. Other related houses, passages in the vicinity.

3. Pieces of evidence left behind on the crime scene and

other scattered evidence on the nearby vicinity.

4. Condition of the victim.

PROCEDURE OF TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS AT THE
CRIME SCENE

1. General View – overall view of the crime scene

2. Medium view – to show the 4 angles of the crime scene
3. Close-up shot – identity of the subject (victim, suspect,
evidence)
4. Extreme Close-up shot – to show the extent of the
damage caused by the suspect or the harm inflicted to
the victim.

FIVE (5) ELEMENTS OF PHOTOGRAPHY

1. Light
2. Camera
3. Object
4. Sensitized Materials
5. Chemicals or Development
LIGHT – most important element of photography
radiant energy which emanates from heat
travels 186,000 miles per second
travels in a straight line in the form of vibration
can be reflected, refracted and absorbed according to its
wavelength.

can be classified PRISM – a transparent three sided solid figure that

breaks up light into spectrum.

SPECTRUM – the series of colored bands produced when a beam of

white light is diffracted, as it pass through a prism so that the
distribution of the bands is arranged according to wavelength.

COLOR OF THE SPECTRUM – violet, blue, green, yellow, orange and

red.

WAVELENGTH – distance between corresponding portions of two

successive waves usually measures from crest to crest.
LIGHT
PRISM
Electromagnetic Spectrum
TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS:

1. X-rays= are electromagnetic radiation having a

wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons.

2. Ultra-violet rays= are electromagnetic radiation having a

wavelength between 31 to 400 millimicrons.

3. Visible light rays= are electromagnetic radiation having a

wavelength from 401 to 700 millimicons.

4. Infra red rays = are electromagnetic radiation having a

wavelength greater than 700 to 860 millimicrons.
FOUR (4) CLASSES OF DAYLIGHT ILLUMINATION

1. Bright Sun
a. Strong shadow
b. Sky is clear, bright and presence of large clouds on atmosphere
c. Shadow casts are sharply defined
d. Normally, this type of daylight illumination provides ideal
photographic conditions

2. Hazy Sun
a. Soft shadow
b. Partially obscured by a thin haze
c. Light intensity is about ½ the light intensity of bright sun
d. Edges of shadows are slightly diffused or soft and are less
clearly defined than those in bright sun
e. Preferred when the photographic mission requires slightly
diffused light
3. Cloudy Bright
a. The sun is evident, but the shadow areas are not apparent
b. The sun is largely obscured by cloud and haze
c. There is even glaring of light and it seems that there
are shadows, but there are few.

4. Cloudy Dull or Open Shade

a. No shadow
b. Sun completely obscured by heavy layers of clouds or dens
haze
c. Light is extensively diffused and it is difficult to determine
the exact location of the sun
d. Since there are no shadows, there is no contrast and
subject appear flat.
CAMERA – a light-tight box with a means of forming an image, with a
means of holding the sensitized material and with a means of
regulating the amount of light that enters the camera for a given
time.
a light-tight box with a pin hole or a lens . shutter at one end and a
holder of sensitized material at the other.

Essential parts of a camera:

1. Body or light-tight box – suggests an enclosure devoid of light
-regardless of shape and size, the camera body must keep out all
light except coming through the lens when the shutter is open.
-A light box with an opening to allow a controlled amount of light to
enter and strike the film.

2. Lens – varies in size, shape and construction, but all have one
function – to bend light so it will form a sharp image on the film
when the shutter is open.
3. Film advancer – a mechanism for advancing the film. It is
connected to a device which keeps the film flat and in position for
light images to hit it properly.

4. Diaphragm – is like the iris of the eye and serves the same
function – to admit an exact amount of light each moment the
shutter is open regulates the varying amount of light admitted
when the shutter is open.

5. Shutter – like a window or door which opens momentarily to admit

light, all are designed to open and close in a precise amount of
time.

6. Viewer or view finder – some are made of ground glass, some

are simple windows, some have their own lenses, but all are
designed to help you see what pictures you will get.
- it is a means of determining the field of view of the camera or
the extent of the coverage of the lens.
FOCAL LENGTH
- is the distance measured from the optical center of
the lens to the film when the lens is set at focused at
infinity position.

Classification of lens according to focal length:

1. Wide angle lens – a lens with a focal length of less
than the diagonal of its negative material.

2. Normal lens – a lens with a focal length of

approximately equal or more but not more than twice
the diagonal of its negative material.

3. Long or Telephoto lens – a lens with a focal length of

more than twice the diagonal of its negative material
DEPTH OF FIELD
– is the distance measured from the nearest to the
farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is
set or focused at a particular distance.

HYPERFOCAL DISTANCE
– is the nearest distance at which a lens is focus with a
given particular diaphragm opening which will give the
maximum depth of field.

FOCUSING
– is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a
sharp image using the lens of a camera except those
fixed focus requires focusing
INHERENT DEFECTS OF LENSES: (Aberration)

1. Spherical Aberration – Photographic rays passing through the

edges of a lens are bent or refracted more sharply than those
passing through the central part of the lens, thus they come to a
focus nearer the lens than those of the central rays.
2. Coma – sometimes known as lateral spherical aberration.
It concerns with rays entering lens obliquely.
3. Curvature of field – when the image formed by a lens comes top a
sharper focus on curved surface than on a flat surface.
4. Distortion – outer parts of the image produced by the lens will be
magnified either less or more than the center image.
a. Barrel distortion – diaphragm is placed in front of the lens.
b. Pincushion distortion – diaphragm is placed behind the lens.
6. Chromatic aberration – inability of the lens to focus all the colors
in the same place.
7. Astigmatism – inability of the lens to focus lines running in
different direction like for example a cross.
8. Chromatic Difference of Magnification – inability of the lens to
produce image sizes of objects with different colors.
SHUTTER
- contraption or device used to block the path of light
passing through the lens and exposing the sensitized
material.

Types:
1. Central shutter – one that is located near the lens. It is
made of metal leaves and its action starts from the
center toward the side, then closes back to the center.

2. Focal plane shutter – is located near the focal plane or

sensitized material. It is usually made of cloth curtain.
Its action starts on one side and closes on the opposite
sides.
CHEMICAL PROCESSING

1. Development – is the process of reduction. Exposed silver

halides are reduced into metallic silver. There is a separate
developer for film (D-76) and another for paper (Dektol). The
factors that affects developing time are: agitation, temperature,
concentration of chemicals and exposure.

2. Stop-Bath – an intermediate bath between the developer and

the fixer. It is usually a combination of water plus acetic acid or just
plain water. Primarily, its function is to prevent the contamination of
the two chemical solution.

3. Fixation – The process of removing unexposed silver halide

remaining in the emulsion after the first stage of development of
the latent image. The usual composition of an acid fixing solution
are solvent silver halide known as hypo. An anti-staining agent like
acetic acid, a preservative like sodium sulphite and a hardening
agent like potassium alum.
Developing the Film
Printing the Photos
Chemical composition of a developer:
1. reducers or developing agents – Elon, Hydroquinone
2. preservative – sodium sulphite
3. accelerator – sodium carbonate
4. restrainer or fog preventer – potassium bromide

Chemical composition of a fixer:

1. dissolving agent – Hypo or Sodium thiosulphate
2. preservative – sodium sulphate
3. neutralizer – boric acid, acetic acid
4. hardener- potassium allum

Factors that affect developing time:

1. characteristics of negative material
2. strength and composition of the developer
3. temperature of the developing solution
4. agitation or stirring during development
ENLARGING TECHNIQUE:
After processing an exposed film into a negative, the
next step would be to turn the negative into a positive
print or copy. This could be done by either contact
printing or projection printing. For contact printing a
contact printer is used while in projection printing an
enlarger is needed. There are four (4) essential parts of
an enlarger: a base and stand, a lamp house, a
condenser or diffuser and a lens. Accessories of the
enlarger are: a negative holder; and easel (paper
holder).
The following are the steps in enlarging:
1. Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals and
the enlarger.
2. Put off white light, switch on red light.
3. Place the negative in the negative holder with the
dull side of the negative facing down
4. Insert the negative holder into the enlarger.
5. Switch on the enlarger’s light.
6. Adjust the easel to the desired size of the photograph.
7. Focus the lens of the enlarger. Focusing is done
by first opening the lens diaphragm fully. If after
the image has been focused, and the density of
the negative permits, the lens of the enlarger must
be stopped down a little bit.
8. Switch off the light of the enlarger.
9. Insert the photographic paper in the easel with
the shinny side facing up.
10. Make the exposure.
11. Immerse the exposed photographic paper in
the developer. The usual developing time for
a normally exposed paper is about 1 to 1 ½
minutes.
12. Transfer the developed print in the stop bath
for about 30 seconds.
13. Place the prints in the acid fixer. The fixing time is about 10
to 30 minutes
14. Wash the print in running water for about 20 to 30 minutes.
15. Drying
Remedying chemical defects in negatives:
1. Underdevelopment – intensifier
2. Overdevelopment – reducer
3. Stains – stain remover
PHOTOGRAPHY
QUESTIONNAIRE
1. A light condition in sunlight wherein objects in open
space cast deep and uniform or distinct shadows?

a. bright sunlight c. dull sunlight

b. hazy sunlight d. cloudy dull sunlight

2. The first step undertaken in the chemical processing

of an exposed sensitized material is?

a. development c. stabilization
b. stop bath d. fixation
3. Photomicrography is the process of taking photograph
trough?

a. microscope c. filter
b. close-up lens d. microfilm

4. ASA rating is indicative of?

a. emulsion speed c. shutter speed

b. color sensitiveness d. speed light
5. Mechanical and chemical result of photography is?

a. photograph c. film
b. print d. filter

6. It is an art or science which deals with reproduction

of images through the action of light is?

a. photography c. printed copy

b. evidence d. micro film
7. What type of lens has a center that is thicker than the
sides?

a. concave c. diverging
b. micro d. positive

8. There are two types of color films the negative and the
reversal type. Which suffix will indicate the negative
type?

a. “ortho” c. “color’
b. “pan” d. “normal”
9. Photographing of object directly enlarges the negative
and magnified is?

a. photomicrograhy c. ultraviolet photography

b. photomacrography d. commercial photography

10. The art or process of photographing minute objects

when magnified by means of a microscope and enlarged
from 10x up is?

a. photomicrography c. photomacrography
b. ultraviolet photography d. commercial photography
11. The art or process of photographing or recording
unseen objects by means of infrared film and lights.

a. infrared photography c. ultraviolet photography

b. commercial photography d. outdoor photography

12. The art or process of photographing unseen objects by the

use of ultraviolet light and filters.

a. infrared photography c. gamma ray photography

b. ultraviolet photography d. none of the above
13. Converging lenses are the following except?

a. double convex c. plain convex

b. concave convex d. double concave

14. Radiation having a wave length of 700 to 1000 milli

microns. It is used in taking photograph of obliterated
writings, burn or dirty documents.

a. infrared c. ultraviolet
b. wave length d. ultrasonic light
15. Object in open space that cast transparent shadow in
taking photograph is under what light condition?

a. hazy c. bright
b. dark d. dull

16. Object in open space that cast no shadow in taking

photograph is under what light condition?

a. bright c. hazy
b. dark d. dull
17. Object in open space that cast no shadow in taking
photograph is under what light condition?

a. dull c. bright
b. dark d. hazy

18. Sheet of celluloid or glass coated with an emulsion of

silver halide suspended in gelatine which retains an
invisible image when exposed to light.

a. film c. filter
b. ground glass d. none of the above
19. The study of the principles of photography, its
application to police work and the preparation of
photographic evidence for court presentation.

a. forensic photography c. aerial photography

b. commercial photography d. all of them.

20. Source of light which is utilized in outdoor

photography.

a. natural light c. artificial light

b. reflected light d. all of them
21. Source of light in taking photograph during night time.

a. artificial light c. sunlight

b. natural light d. moon and stars

22. The most essential use of photography in police work?

a. record c. identification
b. preservation d. information
23. Transformation of the exposed silver halides into black
metallic silver and fixed the image in place to produce
negative.

a. fixing c. stop bath

b. agitation d. development
24. Elements of photography-

a. all of the following d. chemical process

b. sensitized material e. camera
c. light
25. The nearest and farthest distance apparently in sharp
focus on a given object being photographed.

a. focal point c. depth of field

b. focal plane d. focusing hole

26. The procedure of giving additional exposure to

selected areas of a print after the basic exposure has
been made in order to darken them.

a. burning in c. overdevelopment
b. underexposure d. underdevelopment
27. Part of camera which is responsible for the image
formation on the focal plane-

a. lens c. film holder

b. shutter d. film

28. Light travels in a straight line in the form of-

a. radiant wave c. energy

b. clouds d. volts
29. Distinctiveness or sharpness of details in photographs-

a. focus c. contrast
b. tone d. hue

30. A type of lens that converges the direction of light-

a. plain convex c. plain concave

b. double convex d. concave convex
31. Sensitized material refer-

a. film c. negative
b. photo paper d. picture

32. Device is used in measuring the intensity of light as a

basis for the correct setting for the allowance of
photographic ray to strike the film.

a. exposure meter c. synchronizer

b. range finder d. rapid rectilinear
33. Bouncing of light when it reaches the object is called?

a. reflection c. defraction
b. refraction d. all of them

34. In forensic photography, all perishable articles or objects

that can be used as evidence can be-

a. preserved c. identified
b. substituted d. stored
35. To determine the actual size of an object or articles
photographed in the crime scene. The investigator
should-

a. use marker/scale before photographing

b. sketch the position and size
c. used the type measure
d. use meter stick
36. The recommended size of a photographic evidence is-

a. 5x7 inches c. 2x2 square meter

b. 4x8 inches d. passport size

37. In photography, it is use in making the object small-

a. micro photography c. macro photography

b. infrared photography d. none of the above
38. Blackout photography is called-

a. infrared photography c. macro photography

b. micro photography d. none of the above

39. The product of illumination and time-

a. exposure c. development
b. underdevelopment d. none of them
40. Contraption or device use to block the path of light
passing trough the lens and exposing the sensitized
material-

a. shutter c. film
b. camera d. none of them

41. Types of lenses in which two color are brought to the

same focus.

a. achromatic c. Coma
b. Broken d. Distortion
42. A lens aberration in which the magnification of the
image is less at the margin of the field than at the
center.

a. Achromatic distance c. Pincushion distance

b. barrel distance d. oblique distance

43. The procedure of giving additional exposure to selected

areas of a print after the basic exposure has been made
in order to dark them.

a. over exposure c. under exposure

b. over development d. under development
44. In photography, contrast means…

a. subject difference c. tonal difference

b. camera difference d. total difference

45. Camera essential which is responsible for the image

formation on the focal plane.

a. light tight box c. film holder

b. shutter d. lens
46. Sensitivity of the film in recording light is determined
by….

a. its trademark c. its ASA nucleus

b. its chemical composition d. its t-nucleus

47. The process of making photograph of minute objects

with the use of a camera attached to a microscope is….

a. macro photography c. photomicrography

b. micro photography d. chromatography
48. Normal or comma developing time for a normally
expose paper is about?

a. 3 minutes c. 1 minute
b. 2 minutes d. ½ minute

49. Light travels in a straight line in the form of…

a. clouds c. wave
b. wind d. energy
50. Light gathering power of the lens.

a. range film c. focal plane

b. depth of field d. aperture

51. Distribution or sharpness of details in a photograph.

a. contrast c. tone
b. composition d. density
52. Device used in measuring the intensity of light as basic
for the covert setting for the allowance of photographic
rays to strike the film.

a. range finder c. exposure meter

b. synchronized d. rapid rectilinear

53. Mechanical result of photography.

a. picture c. photograph
b. portraits d. none of the above
54. Most important element of photography.

a. sensitized material c. chemical process

b. camera d. light

55. The outmost use of photography in police work is for…

a. identification c. recovered
b. prosecution d. information
56. Main source of light which is utilized for outdoor
photography.

a. reflect light c. natural light

b. artificial light d. all of the above

57. The study of the fundamentals of photography, its

application to Police work and the preparation of
photographic evidence for court presentation.

a. Industrial photography c. Color photography

b. Commercial photography d. Forensic photography
58. Through photography, all perishable evidence can be…

a. identified c. preserved
b. substitute d. communicated

59. Objects in open space cast strong shadow which are

deep and uniform shade.

a. dull sunlight c. bright sunlight

b. hazy sunlight d. all of the above
60. Bouncing of light when it reached the object or
subjects.

a. refraction c. diffraction
b. reflection d. absorbed

61. The object or objects in open space and cast no

shadows.

a. bright sunlight c. dull sunlight

b. hazy sunlight d. all of the above
62. The first step undertaken in the chemical processing of
an expanded sensitized material is….

a. stop bath c. development

b. fixation d. stabilizing

63. ASA rating is indicator for:

a. color sensitive c. shutter speed

b. emulsion speed d. speed light
64. Cyan color is…

a. blue and green c. red and blue

b. green and red d. blue, green and red

65. F number is referred to as:

a. shutter speed
b. scale number
c. diaphragm opening
d. speed of light
66. Anastigmat lens is a lens…

a. Corrected for spherical aberration

b. Corrected for astigmatism
c. Corrected chromatic aberration
d. Corrected for distortion
67. The chemical processing step wherein the latent image
recorded on the paper of film becomes visible.

a. fixer c. stop-bath
b. bleacher d. developer

68. The wavelength of electromagnetic energy in reference

to visible light is..

a. 11 to 100 c. 400 to 700

b. 300 to 400 d. 700 to 1000
69. In police photography, to obtain a general view of the
scene, we use camera at what particular level.

a. elevated c. bird’s eye view

b. eye level d. worm’s eye view

70. A homogenous mixture, which absorbs and transmit

differentially light rays passing through at…

a. stop-bath c. filter
b. fixer d. dektol
71. The emulsion speed rating of film expressed in
logarithmic value refers to:

a. ISO rating c. DIN rating

b. ASA rating d. BSI rating

72. Which among the following is not a primary color?

a. red c. yellow
b. blue d. green
73. Literally, photography is defined as drawing with what
particular element?

a. light c. film
b. camera d. developer

74. It refers to a lens that is characterized by the thicker

sides.

a. positive lens c. concave lens

b. negative lens d. convex lens
75. It refers to the nearest distance at which a lens is
focused with a given particular diaphragm opening.

a. depth of field c. focal distance

b. hyper-focal distance d. scale bed

76. Refers to the most difficult lens defect.

a. astigmatism c. distortion
b. camera d. chronic aberration
77. Which among the following comprises the essential parts
of a camera?

a. Body, lens, shutter, holder of sensitized material, view

finder
b. light tight bulb, shutter, holder of sensitized material,
view finder, lens aperture.
c. Body, lens range finder, holder of sensitized material,
shutter.
d. light tight box, shutter, range finder, lens, holder of
sensitized material.
78.His is a problem usually encountered by a photographer
when he uses a flash unit.

a. double image c. keystoning effect

b. parallax d. synchronization

79. A lightning condition under sunlight wherein subject in

open space casts a transparent scale.

a. hazy c. cloudy bright

b. cloudy dull d. bright
80. Its primary function is to prevent the continuation of
two chemical solution in chemical processing in
photography.

a. development c. fixation
b. stop-bath d. bleaching

81. A cellular tape or plastic wherein silver salts are

suspended capable of recording images.

a. printing paper c. film

b. filter d. gelatin
82. It refers to the length of time the light will reach and
affect the film inside the camera.

a. shutter speed c. ASA

b. aperture d. exposure meter

83. What lens has a focal length equal to measure between

the corner to the center image area?

a. telephoto c. wide angle

b. zoom d. normal
84. The difference between what the camera lens projects
on the film and what the photograph sees through the
main film.

a. length of field c. power of lens

b. formal length d. parallax

85. The distance between the nearest and the farther

objects which are satisfactorily sharp in the finish print.

a. depth of field c. focal length

b. hyper focal distance d. parallax
86. It refers to the physical size/ diameter of the lens
opening.

a. ASA c. shutter speed

b. split type d. chemical process

87. This is express in arithmetic value system wherein the

speeds in number are directly proportional to the
sensitivity of the material.

a. DIN rating c. ISO rating

b. ASA rating d. rating
88. Film sensitive to ultra violet rays, to blue and
green color and not sensitive to red color.

a. blue sensitive c. panchromatic

b. orthochromatic d. infrared

89. A type of lens converted for distortion.

a. achromatic lens c. rapid rectilinear

b. anastigmatism d. apochromat
lens
90. A type of filter used to change the response of the film
so that all color are recorded at approximately the
relative brightness values seen by the eye.

a. central filter c. neutral chemistry

b. correction filter d. polarizing filter
91. Ultra-violet photography has many uses in the
investigation of a crime. What type of film can be used
for this?

a. orthochromatic film c. panchromatic film

b. infrared film d. all of the above

92. A camera lens that is capable of taking photographs for

extreme close-up without the used of close up
attachment is called?

a. zoom lens c. wide angle lens

b. telephoto lens d. macro lens
93. A finger print impression made by stamp pad ink while
very clear to the core is a problem when photographed
with an ordinary film because it lacks contrast. To
improve this contrast, the used of this filter will be of
great help.

a. ultra violet filter c. polarizing filter

b. magenta filter d. yellow filter

94. In photographing questioned signatures or developed

latent prints, a film with a very fine grain should be
considered so it could be enlarged to maximum size w/o
considerable loss in detail. Which of the following has
the finest grains?

a. ASA 400 c. ASA 100

b. ASA 1600 d. ASA 12
95. For a film with an ASA rating of 200, the exposure
setting at bright sunlight of a normal subject is?

a. 1/250 c. 1/60 f8
b. 1/30 f/5.6 d. 1/125 f16

96. The lens opening also known as the lens aperture is

the indicator for light transmitting capability of the lens.
Which lens opening will admit more light to pass trough
its medium?

a. f 5.6 b. f 4 c. f 16 d. f 2.8
97. Which of the following photograph rays will correspond
to the wavelength of 400-700 nanometer?

a. infrared rays c. x-rays

b. ultra-violet rays d. visible

98. The negative has two sides ---one is shiny and the
other is dull. The dull side is called?

a. base c. anti-halation backing

b. gelatin d. emulsion
99. There are two types of color films, the negative and the
reversal type. Which suffix will indicate the reversal
type?

a. “ortho” c. “color”
b. “pan” d. “chrome”

100. The device used in film developing wherein the film is

winded along its spiral groove so that no surface of the
film will touch each other thus assuring even
development, is called?

a. film reloader c. film developer

b. film cartridge d. developing reel
101. The main reason for long and complete washing of
processed film photographic paper running water is to
remove the presence of?

a. acid c. nitrate
b. alum d. hypo

102. The one who coined the term “photography” is?

a. William Fox Gorchel c. Joseph Nicephere

b. Louis Mandre Daguerre d. John F. Nerchel
103. The determining factor of how large the arc of
coverage of a lens as well as the size of the image that it
will image that it will produce is?

a. lens opening c. focal length

b. depth of field d. hyper focal distance

104. An ordinary black and white film has three distinctive

layers. Comparatively, a color film has how many layers?

a. 4 c. 6
b. 5 d. 7
105.His is a problem usually encountered by a
photographer when he uses a flash unit.

a. double image c. keystoning effect

b. parallax d. synchronization

106. It is the process of reduction, as exposed silver

halides is reduced into metallic silver.

a. fixation c. toning
b. stabilization d. development
107. Generally, a lens has one focal length. There is
however, a lens with variable focal length and it is
known as?

a. normal lens c. telephoto lens

b. wide angle angles d. zoom lens

108. The focusing method where the distance from the

lens of the camera to the subject is measured, estimated
or calculated, then the said distance is set on the lens
mount, is called?

a. go-incident image c. scale bed

b. ground glass d. spilt image
109. It is a filter used in photographing latent fingerprints
on a shinny of highly polished surface to reduce glare or
reflection.

a. contrast filter c. neutral density

b. correction filter d. polarizing filter

110. A lighter condition in sunlight wherein objects in open

space cast a relatively transparent shadow is called?

a. bright sunlight c. cloudy bright sunlight

b. cloudy dull sunlight d. hazy sunlight
111. It is a distance at which a lens of a camera is focused
with a given particular diaphragm opening which will
give a maximum depth of field.

a. focal length c. focal distance

b. subject distance d. hyper focal distance

112. In the examination of fibers, hairs, or sometimes

bullets or shells, there is a need to use a microscope.
The process of taking pictures trough the microscope is
known as?

a. thermography c. micrography
d. photomicrography d. photomacrography
113. It is one of the secondary colors light.

a. blue c. green
b. red d. yellow

114. The emulsion speed rating of a film that is both

expressed in arithmetical and logarithmic value is?

a. ASA rating c. BSI rating

b. DIN rating d. ISO rating
115. Distinctiveness or sharpness of detail in a photograph
is called?

a. contrast c. composition
b. definition d. tone

116. Partition with a fixed or variable-size circular opening

used to control the aperture of the lens is called?

a. diaphragm c. focal plane

b. ground glass d. range finder
117. In photographing a crime scene with a very narrow,
the lens that should be used is?

a. normal lens c. telephoto lens

b. wide angle lens d. any of the above

118. The instrument for measuring the intensity of light as

a basis for calculating the correct setting for the
allowance of photographic rays to strike the film is
called?

a. range finder c. synchronizer

b. exposure meter d. rapid rectilinear
119. A curtain with slots of various widths located
immediately in front of the film, in which the movement
of any of the slots across the film provides the exposure
when the release button of shutter is pressed, is called?

a. depth of focus c. between the lens shutter

focal plane shutter d. aperture

120. Who introduced hydroquinone as a developing agent

and invented the copper bromide-silver nitrate method
of negative intensification?

a. Abney c. Conrady
b. Bertillion d. Eastman
121. Inherent characteristics of lenses, usually relatively
severe in simple lenses.

a. aberration c. chromatic
b. bloated d. erosive

122. The type of lenses s in which two colors are brought

to the same focus is?

a. achromatic c. distortion
b. broken d. effective
124. The distance measured along the lens axis from the
center of the rear lens surface to the focal plans or file
plans is called?

a. axis c. central plans

b. back focus d. diagonal

125. He is the inventor of the Leice Camera.

a. AABE c. Conrady
b. Barnack d. Doughlas e. Eastman
126. A lens aberration in which the magnification of the
image is less at the margins of the field than at the
center.

a. achromatic distortion c. pincushion distortion

b. barrel distortion d. oblique distortion
e. optical distortion

127. This is the term coined for the first negative process
in photography patented in 1841 by Talbot.

a. reserved process c. callotype

b. negative process d. collotype e. kallitype
128. The procedure of giving additional exposure to
selected areas of a print after the basic exposure has
been made in order to darken them is called?

a. over exposure c. burning on

b. over development d. under development
e. under exposure

129. This caused by light that passes all the way through
and is reflected from the back surface of the film base.
Because the light hits the back at an angle, it is reflected
outwards, forming a halo around a bright spot image.

a. gradiation c. halation
b. oxidation d. reduction
e. production
130. In photography, contrast means?

a. subject difference c. tonal difference

b. camera difference d. film difference
e. total difference

131. Essential camera part which is responsible for the

image formation on the focal plane.

a. light tight box c. film holder

b. shutter d. film holder
e. film
131. Sensitivity of the film in recording light is indicated
by?

a. its trademark c. its chemical composition

b. its T number d. its ASA number
e. its X number

132. The process of making photographs of minute objects

with the use of the camera called to a microscope is
called?

a. macro photography c. chromatography

b. microphotography d. photomicrography
133. The normal or common developing time for a normally
exposed paper is around?

a. 3 minutes c. 1 minute
b. 2 minutes d. ½ minute
e. ¼ minute

134. Light travels in a straight line in the form of?

a. clouds c. rain
b. wind d. wave
e. energy
135. In photographing a crime scene with a very narrow
space, the lens that should be used is a?

a. magnifying lens c. normal lens

b. microscopic lens d. telephoto lens
e. wide angles

136.The term for the light gathering power of the lens is?

a. range finder c. focal length

b. depth of field d. focal plane
e. aperture
137. The term used for the distinctiveness or h=sharpness
of detail in a photograph is?

a. contrast c. tone
b. composition d. density
e. defamation

138.The mechanical result of photography is a?

a. picture c. photograph
b. portrait d. none of the above
e. all of the above
139. Main source of light which is utilized for outdoor
photography:

a. reflected c. natural light

b. artificial light d. all of the above
e. none of the above

140. Through photography, all perishable evidence can be:

a. identified c. preserved
b. substituted d. communicated
e. informed
141. An example of natural light:

a. fire cracker c. glowing firefly

b. burning fire wood d. all of the above
e. none of the above.

142. Which of the following filters is considered best in

taking photographs of a car collision where the cars
involved are newly painted?

a. yellow c. red
b. green d. ultraviolet
143. What is the procedure of shadowing a portion of an
image to hold back light during part of the printing
procedure?

a. burning-in c. dodging
b. cropping d. vignetting

144. The normal developing time of a normally exposed

photographic paper in Dektol Developer with ordinary
room temperature is?

a. 20-30 minutes c. 6-7 minutes

b. 1 ½ minutes d. 10-15 minutes
145. Normally, what would be the DIN rating of a film with
finer grain?

a. 33 c. 24
b. 27 d. 21

146. How would a photographer adjust or set the shutter

speed of his camera if his objective is to freeze the
action of moving objects?

a. medium c. slow
b. fast d. none of the above
147. In Police photography, ideally how many photographs
of each item per evidence should be taken?

a. 5 c. 4
b. 3 d. 2

148. The lens opening also known as the relative aperture

is the indicator for light transmitting capability of the
lens. Which lens opening will admit more light to pass
trough its medium?

a. f 16 c. f 4
b. f 5.6 d. f 2.8
149. What type of lens has a center that is thicker than the
sides?

a. concave c. diverging
b. micro d. positive

150. There are two types of color films the negative and
the reversal type. Which suffix will indicate the negative
type?

a. “ortho” c. “color’
b. “pan” d. “normal”