 Safety is a state or fact of being safe .

Safety can be defined as freedom from

conditions that cause injury or death to
person and damage or lost property.
 Injury can be defined as a harmful
condition sustained by the body as the
reminder of an accident; in the form of
an abrasion , a bruise , a laceration, a
fracture, a foreign objects in body, a
puncture wound ,a burn or an electrical
shock.
 It is an occurrence which has the
potential to cause property loss ,
damage or injury to, person.
 It is the probability realisation of the
potential for loss, damage or injury.
a. Operating without authority.
 b. Operating or working at unsafe
speed.
 c. Making safety devices in -operative.
 d. Using unsafe equipment.
 e. Unsafe loading , placing, mixing etc.
 f. Taking unsafe position or posture .
 g. Distracting, teasing , abusing ,
startling etc.
 h. Failure to use personal protective
devices.
 a. Inadequately guarded or unguarded .
 b. Defective condition like rough, sharp
, slipping, decayed etc.
 c. Unsafe design or construction .
 d. Hazardous arrangements, process
etc.
 e. Unsafe illumination and ventilation.
 f. Unsafe dress or apparel
 g. Unsafe processes , methods,
planning etc.
 Job safety analysis is to be completed
before the beginning of any job.
 It defines the specific job equipment to
be used, hazards and its preventive
measures to be taken..
 It is to be filled by the supervisory and
H.S.E department.
 It is to be signed by all concerned, to
confirm that every one knows about the
job and how to do it in a safe way.
 a. Lack of knowledge.
 b. Physical or mental defect.
 c. Improper attitude.
 d. Unsafe conditions.
 e. Inadequate work standards.


 It is the straight forward observation on

activities or equipment to identify
hazards.
 While learning we use;
 Sight -80% , Hearing-14%, feel-2%,
taste-2%,smell-2%
 Safety management is an approach, aiming
to remove or minimize the forces which
cause losses by injuring the workers or by
damaging equipment and materials.
 There are two models which study the
causation of accidents . These are the
behavioral and the situational models.
 The behavioral models consider humans as
the major factor responsible for accidents .
 Situational models consider the
interactions between humans ,
environment , and the situation for
studying the accident process.
 Red – Fire prevention.
 Orange – points of machinery, which
could cause injury.
 Yellow – general caution against falling
etc.
 Blue – warning against starting an
equipment under repair.
 Purple – Radiations hazards.
 Black & White – House keeping & traffic
location.


 Work permit is a written agreement,

given by the proponent to the
contractor to do a specific work. It
includes details, location and period of
the work.
 THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF WORK PERMITS;
 Release of hazardous liquids or gas
Permit (yellow).
 Hot work permit to use spark producing
equipment and for vehicle entry into
restricted areas (Red)
 Cold work permit for work that will not
produce spark (Blue)
(contd….)
(contd….)

 Confined space entry permit to work in

confined space like tanks, sewers,
excavations of 4 and more feet deep.
 (In some countries 2 additional permits
are also there. One is for radiography
and the other one for electrical works).
 Lock out and tag out is a process to
block flow of energy from its source
and it shall be locked with a lock
system or pad lock to not restore the
energy.
 There should be a tag on it, the tag will
be as warning; do not operate.
 The lock key should be with permit
issuer.
 Before lock out and tag out, make sure
that a valid isolation permit is obtained.
 Before any hot work begin, the permit
issuer must ensure that the equipment
is free of gas or liquid by
depressurizing, draining, venting,
purging & flushing or any combination
of the above.
 During hydrocarbon venting to
atmosphere, any hot work permit must
be suspended. (contd….)
 The hot work site must be free of
hydrocarbons & combustible
materials.(E.g. Sludge, scale, deposits,
etc.)
 The work site shall be gas tested and
certified as gas free by an authorized
gas tester , maximum allowable level
for hot work is 0% level.
 If the work generates spark, make the
area wet with water.
 Risk assessment ios a systematic study
of risk associated with a job or job
place.
 Cranes, heavy equipment, spreader
bars, manbaskets , slings and breathing
air equipment require certification.
 Take necessary safety instructions
from supervisor before starting work.
 See that the crane cannot move within
a distance of at least 20 feet from the
place of your work when you want to
work on or near the crane rails.
 Use safety belt and anchor it properly
before starting work. (contd…)
 Keep tools at proper height , so that
they will not fall down and cause injury
to any one.
 Do not throw any tools or materials
from a height. Lower them with a rope
in a proper and safe manner.
 After finishing work, see that no tool or
material is left at height , before leaving
the work place.
There are 3 types of scaffolds;
[Link]-coupler.
[Link] scaffoldings.
[Link] scaffolds.
[Link] clear varnish to protect a ladder; paints
may cover a defect.
[Link] use an unsound ladder.
[Link] sure that ladder is set on a firm level
base.
[Link] a man at the foot or lash the top.
[Link] sure the ladder reaches at least 3 ft 6”
above landing platform.
[Link] correct pitch is 1foot out at the base for
every 4 feet vertical.
[Link] the right length ladder for the job.
[Link] not lean sideways from a ladder-it’s safer
to move the ladder. (contd….)
[Link] the ladder when climbing or
descending.
[Link] of wet , greasy or icy rungs.
[Link] use, inspect whether the
ladder is safe to use or not.
12. Do not over reach.
[Link] minor jobs should be undertaken
from a ladder.
[Link] use both hands while
climbing.
[Link] short ladders shall not be used to
reach the desired height.
 Standard materials should be used.
 It shall erect only by an experienced
person under the direction of a
competent officer.
 Main post shall be in level position.
 Periodic inspections are to be made.
 Broken ,bent , rusted scaffolds should
not be used.
 Erect to support four times of the
intended weight.
 Scaffold legs shall be pitched on steel
bare platform.
 Provide guardrails 1.5m high,
consisting of top rail mid rail; for
platforms higher than 2m and above.
 Provide toe guards at the platform
edges to eliminate hazard of tools or
other objects falling from the
platform.
 Inspect the scaffold regularly .
 Keep the platforms free from any
unnecessary materials .(contd….)
 Use safety belt properly anchored
while working on a platform higher
than 2m from floor level.
 Do not work on a scaffold during
storm or high winds.
 Do not use braces for climbing up or
down a structure.
 A safe means of access should be
provided to all platform levels.
 Do not over load scaffoldings.
 Don’t climb on scaffold if it is more
than 2m high-. Use a ladder.
 Check the ladder whether it is
inspected or not.
 Ladder with missing rungs and treads,
damaged, loose, greasy, muddy,
warped, sagged or disturbed ladders
should not be used.
 Before climbing , check for its stability .
 Always maintain 3-point contacts with
ladder.
 When ladder is found defective , provide
tag . Don’t use - Dangerous’ (contd….)
 If a ladder is damaged, remove it from the
site immediately.
 Do not stand higher than the fourth rung
from the top to work.
 Ensure that the ladders are safely footed
and tied at the top. Ladder must be set at
an angle of 75 degree horizontal.
 Ladder shall be extended at least 3 to 6
inches above its restive place.
 Do not climb up and down while carrying
anything in hand.
 Do not drop the ladder, but it should be
carried by two persons.
Should be no longer than 20 feet.
Ladders come in three grades:
1.(industrial), 3 to 29 feet long, for heavy
duty work.
2.(commercial), 3 to 12 feet, for medium
duty.
3.(household), 3 to 6 feet, for light duty
work. (contd….)
 Must have a spreader or locking device
to hold the front and back sections in
the open position. Before use, see that
stepladders are open all the way and
locked into safe position.
 Must have insulated, non – slip material
on the bottom of the rails.
 Must not be used with planks on top.
 Only trained employees shall operate aerial
lifts (boom platforms).
 Test lift controls on boom trucks, each day,
prior to use.
 When working from an aerial lift, a harness
must be worn and a lanyard attached to the
boom or basket.
 Belting off to an adjacent structure or
equipment is not permitted.
 (contd…)
 Do not sit or climb on the edge of the
aerial lift basket.
 Set brakes on boom trucks.
 Don’t move an occupied aerial lift
truck with the boom unless the
equipment is specifically designed
for such work.
 Any aerial lift vehicles exposed to
traffic will have clearly visible
flashing warning lights.
 Do not operate aerial lift devices less
than -10 feet from live overhead
electric power lines.
•Dust masks, fume masks,
breathing apparatus. Carister
masks are the common
respiratory protection
equipment.
Natural , mechanical , local and
exhaust ventilation.
 Safety spectacles, gogles, welding
shield lacer safety gogles and face
shields are the common types of
eye and face protective
equipment.
• Class A: Hard hats – provide impact
resistance along with limited voltage
protection (up to 2200 volts).
• Class B: Hard hats – provide the highest
level of protection against electrical
hazards with high voltage shock and
burn protections (up to 20000 volts).
• Class C: Hard hats – provide light
weight comforts and impact protection
but offer no protection from electrical
hazard.
• Gloves made of leather, canvas or metal
for protection against cuts, burns and
heat.
• Aluminized gloves – for protection
against heat.
• Armed fiber gloves – for protection
against heat and cold and are cut &
abrasive resistance. (contd….)
• Synthetic gloves – for protection
against heat and cold.
• Fabrics gloves – are made of cotton,
protects against dirt, slivers, chafing
and abrasions.
• Chemical resistant gloves – for the
protection of chemicals and liquids.
• Butyl gloves , Natural rubber gloves,
Neoprene gloves, Nitrile gloves are the
other types of gloves.
• Atmospheric types which either act
filtering air or air being supplied to the
wearer by his own or other person’s
effort e.g., Respirator or air Filter type
masks, equaliser tube apparatus,
bellows type smoke helmets etc. these
are not extensively used in the fire
services today due to various
limitations. (contd….)
• Self contained type: Here the
oxygen or air is kept in
compressed form in cylinder and
the wearer is independent of the
atmosphere he is working in and
also not depending on any second
person for help.
• Inhaled air by volume percentage;
• Nitrogen - 79.04
• Oxygen - 20.93
• Carbon dioxide- 0.03
• ( contd….)
 Exhaled air by volume
percentage;
• Nitrogen - 79.04
• Oxygen - 16.96
• Carbon dioxide - 4.00
 That is to say about 4 percent of
oxygen is absorbed and an equal
amount of Co2 given off.
• When heavy object , such as barrels
might roll on to or fall on the
employee’s feet.
• Working with sharp objects such as
nails that could pierce soles.
(contd….)
• Exposure to molten metal that
might splash on feet or legs.
• Working on or around hot wet or
slippery surfaces.
• Working when electrical hazards
are present .Any of the above
conditions persist, an employee
should wear foot and leg
protection.
• Safety shoes have impact-resistant
toes and heat resistant soles that
protect the feet against hot work
surfaces common in roofing paving
and hot metal industries.
• The metal in soles of some shoes
protect against puncture wounds.
• Body protective clothing comes in
a variety of material each
effective against particular
hazards such as; paper like fiber
suits ; provide protection against
dust and splashes. (contd….)
• Treated wools and cotton ; is
comfortable and fire resistant and
protect against dust abrasion and
rough surfaces.
• Duck; protects against cuts and
bruises
• Leather; is often used to protect
against heat and flames.
• Rubber, neoprene and plastics;
protect against chemical and
physical hazards
• Single use ear plugs ; are made of
waxed cotton, silicone and rubber
they are self-forming when properly
inserted.
• Pre- formed or molded ear plugs;
must be individually filled by a
professional and can be reusable.
• Ear muffs; offer a perfect seal around
the ear.
• Air purifying respirator (A.P.R) to
remove particulars and gases from
inhaling air.
• Supplied air respirator (SAR)- To
provide breathable air from other
sources through a supply line.
• Self contained breathing apparatus
(S.C.B.A); To supply breathable air
through self contained source.
 Select appropriate fall protection
systems.
• Use proper construction and
installation of safety systems.
• Supervise employees properly.
• Use safe work procedures.
• Train workers in the proper
selection, use, and maintenance of
fall protection systems.
•Ergonomics is the scientific study of
the relationship between man and
his working environment . It takes
into consideration not only the
physical environment in which a
man works but also his tools ,
materials and the method and
organization for his work.
 Before issuing confined space entry permit,
check the oxygen level. Proper ventilation
shall be installed when personnel working
inside the confined space.
 Headaches , dizziness ,weakness , mood
changes such as irritability, confusion, or the
inability to think straight, upset stomach,
vomiting, decreased or dark colored urine,
fainting and pale, skin are the symptoms of
heat exhaustion.
•Act immediately. If not treated, heat
exhaustion may advance to heat stroke or
death.
•Move the victim to a cool, shaded area. Don’t
leave the person alone. If symptoms include
dizziness or light headedness, lay the victim
on his back and raise the legs 6 to 8 inches.
•Loosen and remove any heavy clothing.
•Have the person drink cool water.
•Cool the person’s body by fanning and
spraying with a cool mist of water or applying
a wet cloth to the person’s skin.
•Call for emergency help, if the person does
not feel better.
Wear ear protectors at all times if exposed to a noise
hazard.
Do not use cotton wool for ear protection.
Make sure that ear plugs are good fit to each ear.
Regularly clean reusable ear plugs as per the
manufacturer’s instructions.
Use disposable ear plugs once only.
Hands should be clean when handling all types of ear plugs.
Ear muffs should be fit.
Ensure that ear muffs are worn the correct way.
See that muff seals are always in a serviceable condition.
Do not alter the pressure of ear muffs by bending the head
band.
If you have difficulty in wearing any type of hearing
protector provided, report it.
There is no satisfactory treatment for noise induced hearing
loss.
 Excavation is man made cavity or depression
in the earth’s surface. Formed by earth
removal.
 It is a restricted area with restricted accesses
and not intended for continuous work for a
long time and it has the potential to cause
many hazards.
 Work permit must be taken (Hot or Cold)
 Provide isolation by blinding or other means.
Isolate any power driven equipment.
 Maintain adequate ventilation.
 Provide adequate lighting using 24 volt lamp.
 Provide easy exit and entry.
 Gas testing is a must at every renewal.
 A trained attendant shall be stationed at the
entrance to record the activities of the
personnel.
 The work site shall be gas tested and certified as
gas free by an authorized gas tester.
 There should be warning signs to prevent
unauthorized entry to the confined space.
 Any one working in a confined space must be
constantly alert for any changing conditions
within the confined space.
 In the event of an alarm from monitoring
equipment or any other indication of danger,
workers should immediately leave the confined
space.
 Another worker, the safety watch or standby, is
posted out side the confined space should
continuously monitor the workers inside the
confined space
 If a worker does not leave or it is unable to leave
the confined space , rescue procedures should
be begun immediately.
 The safety watch should be qualified in confined
spaces rescue procedures and shall be available
immediately out side , if needed.
 The safety watch should be familiar with the
structural design of the confined space.
 The safety watch is in constant communication
with the worker.
 Must have an alarm to call for help.
 Must have all required rescue equipment ( for
example ,safety harnesses, lifting equipment , a
lifeline ) (contd…….)
•The first aid.
•Should be able to do cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR).
•The detailed plan for emergency within the
confined space should be described in the
Hazard Assessment.
•Rescue the victims from the confined space , if
possible. No other worker should enter a
confined space to attempt a rescue unless that
worker is fully trained in the procedures and is
wearing the appropriate personal protective
equipment.
•More than 60% of deaths in confined spaces are
would –be rescuers, who are not fully trained
and adequately equipped.
(contd….)
 Another worker qualified in rescue
procedures must be present outside the
confined space before the first rescuer
enters the confined space.
 Do not use the same air as the confined
space workers you are rescuing .Wear
SCBA(self contained breathing apparatus) or
supplied air respirator with an escape bottle.
 Defensive driving is a driving to prevent
accident , in spite of incorrect actions of
others or adverse weather conditions
.Anticipate the driving hazards and know
how to be safe from them. Be alert while
driving by keeping your mind free of
distractions and attention should be focused
on driving. Being a defensive driver, it is
every ones primary responsibility to obey the
traffic rules.
•Only authorized personnel having a valid
driving license are permitted to operate motor
vehicles.
•Passenger must never board or leave vehicles
that are in motion.
•Speed limit must be obeyed (15 km per hour in
company premises)
•Motor vehicles must be parked only in
designated parking areas.
•Motor vehicles must not be driven in the battery
limit area without authorization from security
department.
 Before connecting loading arm, ensure that;
 Valves and fittings on tankers are in good condition.
 Wheel chokes are kept in position.
 There is no leakage from tanker.
 There is nobody in close proximity of tanker.
 Proper earthing is made to the tanker for ammonia and
methanol.
 Wear proper hand gloves, face shield for protection against
accidental release of chemicals.
 Ensure that gas mask is in operable condition and handy
for use when need arises.
 Everybody working in loading area should be aware of wind
direction.
 While connecting and disconnecting loading arm , see that
nobody is downward wind side nearby.
 Keep water hoses ready.
 While operating valve on loading arm, keep face away from
the valve.
 Park the vehicle at safe side, stop the engine,
and leave the key inignition switch.
 Quickly proceed to the nearest assembly
point.
 If your vehicle engine stopped suddenly, do
not start it again stop until everything is
made clear.
 The driver must possess required driving license and
identity card. Vehicle must have valid maintenance
and entry sticker, warning triangle, first aid kit, fire
extinguisher, spare wheel, wheel spanner and jack.
 The vehicle number, company name, current
inspection sticker and license plate must be in place.
 It is the entire duty of a driver to maintain the
vehicle. Before each day begin, he must check all oil
level, coolant, lights, indicators, wipers, wipers
water, tire pressure, major assemblies of heavy
vehicles, safety belts and hazard lights. Look and
hear for unnecessary noises.
 Must not exceed the permitted speed limit. Reduce
speed at night, during fog, rain or sandstorm.
 Driver shall not transport unauthorized persons in
company vehicle. (contd……..)
 Passenger will be carried only in the
passenger compartments.
 Driver should not transport more than the
number of seats provided in the vehicle.
 Park vehicles only in the designated parking
area.
 The driver and passengers shall wear seat
belts.
 Loads extending beyond the front or rear
shall be marked with a red flag.
 In case of accidents, call emergency, give
your name, badge, location, description of
accident in disturb the scene until the
investigation is completed.
 Check; broken or cracked casings, exposed
conductors or damaged wiring, proper
earthling, proper PPE, usage of correct rating
fuses.
 Static electricity is produced by friction or
contact and separation of unlike substances.
 Be sure that cords do not come with sharp
objects.
 The cords should not be allowed to kink, nor
they be allowed to come in contact with oil,
grease, hot surface or chemical.
 Never use extension cords for load, greater
than their rated capacity.
 Be sure to use a ground plug and conductor
cords to minimize the possibility of electrical
shock.
 Improper use of equipment may result in injury
or property damage.
 Use of electrical equipment and installations
shall conform to good safety practice as per
laws and regulations.
 Never run extension cords under doors, through
windows or holes in walls.
 Never attach cords to walls or ceilings. Every
device must be plugged directly into a holder.
 Worn or damaged electrical cords, plugs
switches, receptacles, or cracked plastic casings
shall not be used.
 Electrical cords must be free of cracks, splices,
loose connections, or other damage.
 Never assume the electricity is off. Before servicing an
electrical device, disconnect it from its electrical source
either by unplugging the appliance or turning off the
power at the breaker or fuse box. Mark the service panel
with a note so that no one will restore power while you
are working.
 After turning off the power to the circuit, test the circuit
to be certain that there is no power. Some devices can
store a hazardous electrical charge even when
disconnected from an electrical source, always discharge
these devices before attempting service.
 If you are unfamiliar with a device or its components
consult with a professional before attempting service.
 When working with electrical equipment, wear rubber-
soled shoes, avoid damp locations and hold all tools by
their insulated handles. (contd……..)
 Never touch conductive surfaces such as
pipes or metal bracing. Use a non -
conductive fiberglass ladder when working
with electricity.
 Avoid shorting electrical circuits.
 Serious injury can result from sharp edges.
When reaching into a service area, cabinet or
housing, there may be sharp edges.
 Always practice proper and reasonable
safeguards as well as those suggested by the
manufacturer.
 a) Rough terrain crane.
 b) Crawler lattice boom crane.
 c) Mobile crane.
 d) Gantry crane.
 e) Tower crane.
 f) Overhead crane.
 Load chart is a load table calculated diagram
indicating the crane boom, radius angle,
length and the specific weight of the object
to be lifted.
 Fall from height, slip, trip, fall, caught in
between, struk by ( flying, moving, sliding
objects), contact with hot surface, poisoning.
 Never ride on materials hoist.
 Never exceed the safe working load (SWL) of
hoists.
 Landing place gates must be kept clear
always and close after use.
1. Landing places and hoist platforms should
be clear of materials.
2. Do not operate- a hoist unless you have
been trained.
3. Never place loose materials on a platform.
4. When signaling, make your signals be
easily seen or heard.
Find out the weight to be lifted .
 Check the safe working load marked on the
sling .
 Do not use fiber or wire ropes for hot loads
and welding.
 Examine all slings; reject defective .
 Slings should be protected by suitable
packing from sharp edges.
 Rope slings should not be dragged along
the floor.
 Take hands away before the crane takes
the load.
(contd….)
 Ensure the load is free before lifting.
 Use only recognized signals to the
crane driver.
 Lower loads on to adequate battens
to prevent sling damage.
 Return slings to store after the job is
completed.
 Proper PPE like gloves, shoes etc.
shall be used.
 Always make a trial lift of a few
inches.
 Do not attempt to lift alone a heavy
load .
 Bent the knees – not back bone.
(Contd…)
 Get a secure grip .
 Do not carry a load which obscures
vision .
 When lifting to a height from floor ,
do
it in two stages .
 House keeping is an orderly
arrangement of tools, equipment and
all other materials . A good house
keeping is a place for every thing and
every thing in its place.
 House keeping cuts down the time
spend looking for goods, articles and
tools.
 Space can be saved when every thing
is stacked tidily.
 Injuries can be avoided
 Fire hazards can be reduced, if
combustible materials are kept in
proper places.
 People might slip on greasy , wet or
dirty floor. Parts of the body can be
cut on projecting nail’s etc. are
caused by poor house keeping.
 Class 1. Hazardous Waste- Wastes
which constitute a high degree of
hazard to the public health and the
environment.
These included materials which are
flammable, corrosive, reactive toxic,
radioactive, infectious carcinogenic ,
mutagenic or teratogenic .(contd….)
 Class 2. Biodegradable or Chemically
decomposable waste ; Non-
hazardous solid wastes and sludge
which are biologically or chemically
decomposable in the natural
environment. Examples include ;
paper , digested sewage , animal
wastes, garbage and other
putrescible wastes and wood.
(contd….)
Class 3. Inert wastes ; wastes which
are not biologically or chemically
active in the natural environment.
Examples include; glass, most
plastics ,rubber products, and
construction debris.
[Link] housekeeping is the first rule
of accident prevention and should be
the concern of every one.
[Link] trash in proper containers.
[Link] materials , and equipment in a
neat and orderly fashion. Place
heavier items at lower levels and
lighter items above. Do not overstock
shelves (contd..)
[Link] all areas of egress are free of
obstructions and tripping hazards.
[Link] all spills when they occur.
Clean slippery greasy and oily spills
with a good detergent , remove any
residues.
[Link] performing tasks,
maintenance,
Experiments, and other projects, the
job site should always be cleaned up
as soon as possible. (contd….)
 All old, outdated, equipment no longer in
use should be disposed off appropriately and
in a timely manner.
 All surfaces should be kept clean and in a
sanitary condition to preclude possible pest
infestations, biological hazards, and
unsightly nuisances.
 During the day, all the work areas and
walkways should be kept tidy.
 Do not leave any items, where people could
trip over into them.
 Keep isles and gangways clear and never trail
cables across.
 All drawers and cupboards should be closed
after use.
 Eating of meals should not be carried out at
workstations but in designated areas such as
rest areas and restaurant facilities.
 Building or equipment defects should be
reported immediately. (contd…..)
 All files, personal belongings, etc should be
locked away in place.
 Materials, under no circumstances should be
stored under desks or on top of tall
cupboard especially above head height.
 Running, playing games and practical jokes
are not appropriate in the workplaces.
Serious injuries could result from such
conduct.
 Waste should be disposed of in the
appropriate receptacles and extra care
should be taken when disposing of
important information.
 Flying particles and dust-wear PPE.
 Electrical tools shall be grounded properly.
 Use machines only in recommended speed.
 Ensure that the work is within the control of
permit system.
 Make sure that the proper PPE are used.
 Use screens to protect neighboring workers
and passers-by.
 Ensure that cables and connections are in
good condition and the machine is properly
grounded.
 Arrange good ventilation in the area.
 Avoid welding near flammable materials.
 Never weld enclosed vessels, or tanks which
contain flammables.
 Adequate permit should be taken.
 Oil or grease must not contact oxygen
fittings.
 Use googles, face shield or helmet with dark
lenses.
 Open cylinder valves slowly, close valves
when not in use.
 Do not use gas cylinders as work support.
 Do not leave torch in closed vessels.
 Do not allow any sources of heat to reach
cylinders. (Contd……)
 Do not allow any sources of heat to reach
cylinders.
 Do not weld coated metals without taking
proper precautions against fumes.
 Use screen to protect other personnel.
 Keep hose line clear of traffic lines.
 Look for the next date of test, marked on a
metal ring inserted between the valve and
the neck of the cylinder and if the date is
over, do not accept the cylinder.
 Keep empty cylinders segregated from the
filled.
 Do not use cylinders as rollers.
 Lift cylinders by handles never by valves.
 Keep all cylinders always from naked flame.
 Return cylinders to baskets when not in use.
 (Contd…..)
 Report any leakage and remove it from
working areas.
 In event of fire, extinguish it with Dry
powder extinguisher, turn off valve and cool
cylinder with water.
 Treat every cylinder as full and handle
carefully.
 Always place cylinders in up right position.
 Open cylinder valves slowly, and close well to
shut off gas.
(Contd…..)
 Always lift cylinders from trucks, do not
drop.
 Keep hose lines clear off traffic lanes.
 Valve protection cap should be in place when
moving a cylinder.
 Unless cylinders are secured on a special
truck, regulators must be removed.
 Do not slid, drag, or bang cylinders against
one another.
 Do not use cylinders as rollers or supports
for other objects.
 Use a suitable hand truck or dolly for
transporting cylinders.
 Use life platforms to move cylinders from
one level to another.
 Cylinders should be operated and handled
only by the trained personnel. Read the
Material Safety Data Sheet.
 Never strike an arc against a cylinder.
 Cylinder valves should be kept closed except
when in use.
 Do not intermix regulators or attempt any
repairs. Return damaged equipment to the
manufacturer.
 Do not tamper with any safety devices.
(Contd……..)
 Do not use compressed gases to dust off
clothing.
 Pressure regulating devices must be in place.
 Oil, grease or other combustible material
should never be used to lubricate, or clean
valves, regulators, or fittings on cylinders,
holding oxygen or other oxidizers.
 Never use copper fittings with acetylene
cylinders.
 Before removing a regulator, close the valve
and release the gas from the regulator.
 Cylinders of toxic, flammable, or reactive
gases should be used in fume hoods only.
(Contd……..)
 Do not expose cylinders to temperature
above 130 F. flames should never touch the
container.
 Never use a cylinder if its contents cannot be
identified.
 All cylinder connections should be tight and
hoses should be inspected before use.
 If a fuel gas cylinder begins to leak,
extinguish all ignition sources, leave the area
and call emergency.
 Accidents can occur when equipment is used
improperly. Most safe practices are based on
experience and common sense.
 A short list of important procedures;
 Before attaching the regulator to the cylinder
valve, turn the valve away from you and
crack the valve to blow out any foreign
material.
 Be sure to check oxygen valves for grease or
oil. Oxygen is flammable or even explosive
in the presence of grease or oil.
(Contd…….)
 The cracking of cylinder valves for fuel gases is
not recommended, as it releases flammable gas
to the area.
 Check for leaks with a compatible leak detection
solution after attaching the regulator, hose, and
torch. Don’t use leaking equipment.
 Purge lines before lighting the torch. Open each
valve in turn long enough for the pure gas to
purge out any gas mixtures. Shut one valve
before opening the next. Don’t purge in a
confined space, in the presence of a flame or
other source of ignition, or toward people.
(Contd………)
 Check valves to prevent the reverse flow of
gases into the hose, but aren’t a substitute for
purging the lines. Test check valves regularly to
make sure they function reliably.
 For maximum safety, use flashback arresters.
 Never operate oxyfuel equipment in a confined
space. Be sure the work area has adequate
ventilation. Do not use oxygen to ventilate.
 Wear protective clothing, gauntlet gloves, a hat,
and safety-toed shoes. Keep your shirt collar
and pocket flaps buttoned, and wear cuffless
trousers to prevent sparks and slags from
getting trapped in them.
(Contd………)
 Don’t work in an oxygen enriched area (more
than 23 percent) or in oxygen depleted (less
than 19 percent) atmospheres.
 Its dangerous to clean clothing with an
oxygen stream or hang clothing on oxygen
cylinders.
 Gloves and rags contaminated with grease,
oil, and oil bearing materials can ignite in
the presence of oxygen.
 Stand behind the oxygen cylinder, and be
sure the regulator- adjusting screw, or T
handle, is turned out. Open the oxygen
cylinder valve slowly and open it all the way.

(Contd…….)
 The Oxygen cylinder valve is
designed to be leak free. If you open
the oxygen valve too quickly , it can
cause an oxygen regulator fire.
Recompression heat can be so hot
that the body of the regulator can
become the fuel for the fire. For this
reason , use of aluminium oxygen
regulators is discouraged.
(Contd…….)
 Be sure to use correct tip for the job
intended , and set the tip to the
specifications provided by the
manufacturer . Use the proper tip for
the fuel gas being employed.
 Treat all unknown chemicals us toxic.
 Avoid contact with chemicals.
 Before any job involving chemicals ;
Read instruction on the container’s
label, know precautions.
 Ask to the superiors, if don’t know.
 Ensure that all fumes, gases are isolated.
 The confined space shall be made safe
by depressurization , venting , draining
steaming washing and ventilation.
 Gas test of the space shall be carried
out.
 Work has to be carried out only with
confined space entry permit.
 LPG May leak as a gas or a liquid. If
the liquid leaks it will quickly
evaporate and form a relatively large
cloud of gas which will drop to the
ground , as it is heavier than air.
 LPG vapours can run for long
distances along the ground and can
collect in drains or basements.
(Contd…….)
 When the gas meets a source of
ignition it can burn or explode.
 Cylinders can explode if involved in a
fire.
 LPG can cause cold burns to the skin
and it can act as an asphyxiate at
high concentrations.
 Select the least hazardous gases that
will work.
 Purchase only the necessary
quantities.
 Select gases with returnable
containers. (Contd….)
 If a cylinder is damaged , in poor
condition , leaking , or the contents
are unknown , contact your cylinder
vendor.
 Wear appropriate Sturdy, Steel – toed
shoes.
 Proper personal protective clothing
and equipment shall be worn.
 Always keep Material Safety Data
Sheet available and be familiar with
the health , and reactivity hazards for
the particular gas.
 Arsine(AsH3)
 Ethylene oxide (EtO)
 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
 Nitric Oxide (NO)
 Phosphine (PH3)
 Emergency procedures should be made
clear to all involved , including personnel
from adjacent labs and building
managers.
 Poison gas use after normal working
hours requires the approval of the
Chemical Hygiene Officer.
 Fume hoods and other ventilation need
to be tested before use and checked
frequently during the project involving
poison gas. (Contd…….)
 As with all chemicals , obtain and
review the Material Safety Data Sheet
for the poison gas.
 Disposal of poison gas cylinders can
often cause problems. Even cylinders
that can be returned must be shipped
on a vehicle which cannot
simultaneously carry any other
hazardous materials or food stuffs.
 Paints shall be mixed in a well
ventilated area.
 Adequate washing facilities would be
available .
 Electrical mixer must be grounded.
 Do not wash hands in cleaning
solvents . Absorption of these liquids
through the skin can cause serious
illness.
 Do not handle chemicals of any type
unless you are aware of the potential
skin and inhalation hazards.(Contd…….)
 Wear appropriate skin , face , eye , and
hand protection when moving or
handling bulk chemicals .3
 Always wear chemical resistant gloves ,
aprons , and complete eye protection
when handling corrosive chemicals . If
chemicals contact skin , wash with large
amounts of water immediately.
 Do not open chemical containers which
have been stored in the sun unless
proper care is taken. Many chemicals will
build up pressure in the container when
exposed to heat. (Contd…….)
 Clean up small chemical spills
immediately if you can do it safely ;
otherwise , notify supervisor.
 Wear appropriate personal protective
equipment when exposed to
chemicals which are toxic, corrosive ,
or irritating.
 Use approved ladders , platforms,
and lifting devices to reach elevated
storage areas , and don’t climb on
racks. (Contd…….)
 Keep areas clear in front of fire fighting
equipment , alarm boxes , electrical
control panels, exits , and main aisles.
 Inspect chemical drums at least monthly
– more frequently during hot weather ,
provide venting , cooling , or covering as
necessary.
 Store gas cylinders in an upright
position, secured to prevent them from
falling and capped when stored, moved,
or shipped.
 Store flammable gas bottles away from
oxygen cylinders.
As per the hazardous point of view
gases are divided as under;
I. Gases , which support combustion;
Eg . Acetylene , coal gas, hydrogen
sulphide ,methane, hydrogen ,
propane etc and inflammable and
gases like carbon monoxide.
II. Gases , which support combustion;
Eg. Oxygen ,nitrous oxide etc.
(Contd…….)
[Link] , which are inert; Eg.
Nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide.
IV. Gases which are toxic and very,
making fire fighting very difficult.
Eg. Chlorine , ammonia hydrochloric
acid gas, sulphur dioxide etc A safer
me.
 Pipelines, excavations ,
wells, confined spaces are
some of the sources of H2S.
 H2S causes irritation in eyes ,
throat . It creates dizziness ,
head ache, and drowsiness,
which impair the sense of smell.
 It makes a person unconscious
and breathing would be ceased.
 H2S also leads to pulmonary
edema and brain damage.
 Death is certain, if not rescued
promptly.
 Evaculate to a safe area through
crosswind direction.
 Activate the alarm and inform
emergency control room.
(contd..)
 Don’t panic , and run, walk
towards the assembly point.
 Count personnel and consider
other hazards .
 Put on breathing apparatus
before attempting rescue.
 Remove victim to a safe area.
 NDT is the non destructive test .
Ultrasonic is the sound waves
having frequencies higher than
those which human ear can hear.
 The hearing range of an adult is
16000 to 20000 cycles per
second. (contd..)
 An ultra sonic test may be used
to measure the thickness of a
material or to examine the
internal structure of a material
for possible discontinuities such
as voids or cracks .
 Testing frequencies commonly
range from 100000 cycles per
second to 2500000 cycles per
second.
 The effects of radiation in
human body are divided into two
classes.
 Somatic effects; Arise from
damage to cells particular and
affect only the irradiated person.
(contd..)
 Hereditaryeffects; Are use to
damage to germ cells which
may be passed on to the
progeny of the irradiated
person.
 The reproductive organs in male
& female are testis & ovaries
respectively.
 Due to the death of reproductive
cells (sperms ) in male ,
temporary sterility may occur at
doses as low as 0.15 Gy. (contd..)
 Permanent sterility occurs at
much higher doses (3.5-6 Gy) .In
females, the corresponding dose
levels are 1.5 Gy and 2.5-6 Gy
respectively .
 Very young and very oil persons
are more sensitive than healthy
young adults.
 Erythema , i.e. change in skin
colour or pigmentation .
 White blisters and wounds may
result after 10 Gy .
 Temporary and permanent
epilation ( falling of hair ) may
occur at 3 Gy and 5Gy
respectively.
 Radiation sickness such as
nausea, vomiting , depression in
blood counts ,etc., arising from
exposure levels lower than the
threshold for death are transient
in nature and disappear after a
few days. Hence the treatment
required is only symptomatic.
(contd..)
 At a very high dose (>10 Gy)
where death is certain.
 Radiation may cause cataract
and even cancer.
 The exposure received by an individual
working in an area , where there exists
particular radiation intensity is directly
proportional to the amount of time that
the individual spends in the area.
 The individual’s exposure will be equal
to the product of the radiation intensity.
 This can be mathematically expressed
as; Exposure = intensity x time or Exp =
Ixt
 Plant wide alarm;
Eg. Ambulance alarms (a falling and rising)
Duration is 2 minutes.
 Stop work alarm; Continuous sound like
lorry horn for 1 minute (Gai - tronics
system ; Speakers for announcement)
 H2S Alarm ; Yelping sound like police
alarm with a blue light (H2S is generated
from organic compound, crude oil sour,
very toxic, no colour, smells like rotten egg
concentrated in low level, it is 10 ppm.
Heavier than air. (Contd………)
 Combustible gas alarm; red light
 All clear signal ; A steady tone for 15
seconds.
 Working spaces, round machines must be
unobstructed, floor kept clean and not
slippery.
 A machine must not worked until properly
trained in its use.
 Concentrate on the work being done;
carelessness may cause injury.
 The teeth of saws must be kept sharp; dull
saws are dangerous.
 All guards and riving knives on circular saw
(Contd……)
 Must be adjusted.
 Use a push stick or block when feeding
woodworking machinery.
 A machine must not be left running
unattended.
 A saw must be stopped before removing
resin or sawdust.
 Check that the guards of planning machines
are properly adjusted.
 Use the correct type of guards for the work
being done on a spindle molders.
 Set screws or nuts must be tightened before
a machine is used, and checked occasionally.
 Woodworking machines must only be used
for their designed purpose.
 Injury must be reported to the proponent.
 Provide 1st aid, and bring the injured to
clinic.
 The supervisor should accompany the
person.
 The physician shall fill up personal accident
notifications.
 HAZAN – Hazardous Analysis.
 QRA – Quantified Risk Analysis.
 HAZOP – Hazardous Operation.
 Accident is an unexpected, unplanned and
unwanted occurance which is occurred by
unsafe condition or unsafe act or
combination of both, which can be resulted
in injury to person and damages to property
or environmental pollution.
 The term ‘accident’ means an unintended
occurrence arising out of and in the course
of employment of a person resulting in
injury. The total paid by employees state
insurance scheme alone would be several
crores.
 Incident is almost similar to accident but
only thing is there will not be any injury to
person or damage to property.
 Working without safety precaution or the act
which can be created accidents is called
unsafe act.
 The place, where hazard is hiding is called
unsafe condition.
 An occurrence, that under slightly different
circumstances could have resulted in an
accident but if there is no injury or damages
is called near miss.
 Most serious form of emergency, where the
personnel, equipment and materials are
sufficient to bring the situations under
control.
 The causes of accidents are divided into tow
categories, immediate causes and contributing
causes.
 The contributing causes of accidents include the
physical condition of the workers and the
management policies.
 The immediate causes of accidents include
unsafe acts and unsafe conditions.
 Unsafe conditions are physical conditions, which
if left uncorrected, are likely to cause an
accident.
 Therefore, to improve safety on the work site,
such conditions must be detected before an
accident occurs.
 All paints and thinners must be kept in a safe
location out of sun light.
 All personnel using paints and thinners, must
have the proper PPE.
 Never leave paints on un-even surfaces.
 Use only well ventilated area.
 Do not work with paints and thinners near hot
work jobs.
 Return all paints and thinner to safe storage
area.
 A valid work permit is required.
 Workers in adjacent areas may affect your work.
The end