INTEGUMENTARY SKIN,HAIR,NAILS,GLANDS

•skin covers an area

of about 2 square
meters (22 square
feet)
•weighs 4.5–5 kg
(10–11 lb), about
16% of total body
weight.
• It ranges in thickness
from 0.5 mm (0.02
in.) on the eyelids to
4.0 mm (0.16 in.) on
THE SKIN the heels.
THE SKIN
The skin is composed of three layers of tissue:
•the outer epidermis (made of stratified squamous
epithelium),
•the middle dermis (made of fibrous connective tissue)
•and the inner subcutaneous (subQ) layer or
hypodermis (made of adipose tissue and loose
connective tissue).
FUNCTIONS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Regulation of body temperature
Protection
Sensation
Excretion
Immunity
Blood reservoir
Synthesis of vitamin D
EPIDERMIS
• composed of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
•contains four principal types of cells:
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells,
and Merkel cells
•there is no blood vessels to supply nutrients to its
cells
Keratinocytes
deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
About 90% of epidermal cells
are arranged in four or five layers and produce the
protein keratin
also produce lamellar granules, which release a
water-repellent sealant that decreases water entry
and loss and inhibits the entry of foreign materials.
Melanocytes
•About 8% of the epidermal cells
•which develop from the ectoderm of a
developing embryo
•produce the pigment melanin
•Their long, slender projections extend between
the keratinocytes and transfer melanin granules
to them.
Langerhans
•arise from red bone marrow and migrate to the
epidermis, where they constitute a small fraction of the
epidermal cells.
•They participate in immune responses mounted against
microbes that invade the skin, and are easily damaged by
UV light.
•Their role in the immune response is to help other cells of
the immune system recognize an invading microbe and
destroy it.
Merkel
•are the least numerous of the epidermal cells
•They are located in the deepest layer of the
epidermis, where they contact the flattened
process of a sensory neuron (nerve cell), a
structure called a Merkel (tactile)
•Merkel cells and their associated Merkel discs
detect touch sensations.
EPIDERMAL STRATA/LAYERS
Stratum basale or germinativum – single row of cells attached to
dermis; youngest cells
Stratum spinosum – spinyness is artifactual; tonofilaments
(bundles of protein) resist tension
Stratum granulosum – layers of flattened keratinocytes producing
keratin (hair and nails made of it also)
Stratum lucidum (only on palms and soles)
Stratum corneum – horny layer (cells dead, many layers thick)
STRATUM BASALE
•composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar
keratinocytes
• Some cells in this layer are stem cells that undergo
cell division to continually produce new keratinocytes
STRATUM SPINOSUM
• arranged in 8 to 10 layers of many-sided
keratinocytes fitting closely together
•Cells here appear to be covered with prickly spines
because they shrink apart when the tissue is
prepared for microscopic examination
•This arrangement provides both strength and
flexibility to the skin. Langerhans cells and projections
of melanocytes are also present in this layer.
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
• consists of three to five layers of flattened
keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis
•The nuclei and other organelles of these cells begin
to degenerate, and tonofilaments become more
apparent.
•A distinctive feature of cells in this layer is the
presence of darkly staining granules of a protein
called which converts the tonofilaments into keratin.
STRATUM GRANULOSUM
•Also present in the keratinocytes are membrane
enclosed lamellar granules, which release a lipid-rich
secretion.
•The lipid rich secretion acts as a water-repellent
sealant, retarding loss and entry of water and entry
of foreign materials.
•marks the transition between the deeper,
metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the
more superficial strata.
STRATUM LUCIDUM
• is present only in the thick skin of areas such as
the fingertips, palms, and soles.
•It consists of three to five layers of flattened
clear, dead keratinocytes that contain large
amounts of keratin and thickened plasma
membranes.
STRATUM CORNEUM
•consists on average of 25 to 30 layers of flattened
dead keratinocytes completely filled with keratin
• These cells are continuously shed and replaced by
cells from the deeper strata
• Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates the
formation of a callus, an abnormal thickening of the
stratum corneum.
KERATINIZATION
•As the cells move from one epidermal layer to the next, they
accumulate more and more keratin
•Then they undergo apoptosis.
•Eventually the keratinized cells slough off and are replaced by
underlying cells that in turn become keratinized
•The whole process by which cells form in the stratum basale, rise to
the surface, become keratinized, and slough off takes about four
weeks in an average epidermis of 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) thickness.
KERATINIZATION
•The mechanisms that regulate this remarkable growth are
not well understood, but hormone-like proteins such as
epidermal growth factor (EGF) play a role. It stimulates
growth of epithelial and epidermal cells during tissue
development,repair and renewal.
• An excessive amount of keratinized cells shed from the skin
of the scalp is called dandruff.
KERATINIZATION
•An excessive amount of
keratinized cells shed from
the skin of the scalp is called
dandruff.
DERMIS
Strong, flexible connective tissue
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells,
adipocytes,WBCs
Fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular
Rich supply of nerves and vessels
Critical role in temperature regulation (the vessels)
DERMIS
Blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles (epithelial
invaginations of the epidermis) are embedded in the dermal
layer
Two layers
Papillary – areolar connective tissue; includes dermal papillae
Reticular – “reticulum” (network) of collagen and reticular fibers
PAPILLARY
•makes up about one-fifth of the thickness of the
total layer
•consists of areolar connective tissue containing
collagen and fine elastic fiber
•Its surface area is greatly increased by dermal
papillae
DERMAL PAPILLAE
•small, fingerlike structures that project into the
undersurface of the epidermis.
•Some of these nipple-shaped structures contain capillary
loops (blood vessels).
•Some dermal papillae also contain tactile receptors called
Meissner corpuscles or corpuscles of touch, nerve
endings that are sensitive to touch, and free nerve
endings, dendrites that lack any apparent structural
specialization.
RETICULAR
•which is attached to the subcutaneous layer, consists of
dense irregular connective tissue containing fibroblasts,
bundles of collagen, and some coarse elastic fibers
•The collagen fibers in the reticular region interlace in a
netlike manner.
•A few adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil)
glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands occupy the spaces
between fibers.
RETICULAR
•The combination of collagen and elastic fibers in the
reticular region provides the skin with strength,
extensibility (ability to stretch), and elasticity
(ability to return to original shape after stretching).
HYPODERMIS
•Also called superficial fascia
•Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin
(areolar tissue and adipose cells)
•Also contain nerve endings called
lamellated or Pacinian corpuscles- sensitive
to pressure and vibration
SKIN COLOR
Three skin pigments
Melanin: the most important
Carotene: from carrots and yellow vegies
Hemoglobin: the pink of light skin
SKIN COLOR
amount of melanin causes the skin’s color to vary
from pale yellow to reddish brown to black
The difference between the two forms of
melanin, pheomelanin (yellow to red) and
eumelanin (brown to black), is most apparent in
the hair
Melanocytes, the
melanin producing cells,
are most plentiful in the
epidermis of the penis,
nipples of the breasts,
area just around the
nipples (areolae), face,
and limbs. They are also
present in mucous
membranes.
SKIN COLOR
SKIN COLOR
The number of melanocytes is about the
same in all people, differences in skin color
are due mainly to the amount of pigment the
melanocytes produce and transfer to
keratinocytes.
FRECKLES AND AGE SPOTS
NEVUS & MOLES
A round, flat, or raised
area that represents a
benign localized
overgrowth of
melanocytes and usually
develops in childhood or
adolescence is called a
nevus or a mole.
Melanocytes
synthesize melanin
from the amino acid
tyrosine in the
presence of an
enzyme called
tyrosinase.
Synthesis occurs in an
SKIN AND UV organelle called a
melanosome.
RAYS
•Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light increases
the enzymatic activity within melanosomes
and thus increases melanin production.

SKIN •Both the amount and darkness of melanin

increase upon UV exposure, which gives
the skin a tanned appearance and helps
AND UV protect the body against further UV
radiation.
RAYS •Melanin absorbs UV radiation, prevents
damage to DNA in epidermal cells, and
neutralizes free radicals that form in the
skin following damage by UV radiation.
ALBINISM
is the inherited inability of
an individual to produce
melanin
melanocytes that are
unable to synthesize
tyrosinase.
Melanin is missing from
their hair, eyes, and skin.
VITILIGO
the partial or complete loss
of melanocytes from patches
of skin produces irregular
white spots.
The loss of melanocytes may
be related to an immune
system malfunction in which
antibodies attack the
melanocytes.
EPIDERMAL RIDGES
surfaces of the palms, fingers, soles,
and toes have a series of ridges and
grooves
They appear either as straight lines
or as a pattern of loops and whorls,
as on the tips of the digits
produced during the third month of
fetal development as downward
projections of the epidermis into the
dermis between the dermal papillae
of the papillary region
ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES
OF THE SKIN
•Hair
•Nails
•glands
HAIR
•Hair on the head protects scalp from injury and
sunlight
•Eyelashes and eyebrows protect eyes
•Nostril and ear hairs protect from foreign
particles
•Help in sensing light touch due to the touch
receptors associated with the hair root plexuses.
ANATOMY OF THE HAIR
Shaft is the superficial portion of the hair, which
projects above the surface of the skin
The root is the portion of the hair deep to the
shaft that penetrates into the dermis, and
sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.
The shaft and root of the hair both consist of
three concentric layers of cells: medulla, cortex,
and cuticle of the hair
HAIR
HAIR CUTICLE
ANATOMY OF THE HAIR
Surrounding the root of the hair is the hair
follicle, which is made up of an external root
sheath and an internal root sheath,
together referred to as an epithelial root
sheath
ANATOMY OF THE HAIR
Bulb-base of each hair follicle and its
surrounding dermal root sheath is an onion-
shaped structure
This structure houses a nipple-shaped indentation,
the papilla of the hair, which contains areolar
connective tissue and many blood vessels that
nourish the growing hair follicle
HAIR GROWTH
Scalp hair is in the growth stage for 2 to 6
years, the regression stage for 2 to 3
weeks, and the resting stage for about 3
months.
At any time, about 85% of scalp hairs are in
the growth stage.
HAIR GROWTH CYCLE
NAILS
a scalelike modification of the epidermis that
corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals
plates of tightly packed, hard, dead, keratinized
epidermal cells that form a clear, solid covering
over the dorsal surfaces of the distal portions of
the digit
ANATOMY OF
NAILS
• The nail body (plate) is
the visible portion
•The free edge is the part
of the nail body that may
extend past the distal end
ANATOMY OF
NAILS
• Nail root is the portion of the nail
that is buried in a fold of skin.
•The whitish, crescent-shaped area of
the proximal end of the nail body is
called the lunula.
•Beneath the free edge is a thickened
region of stratum corneum called the
hyponychium (or nail bed, which
secures the nail to the fingertip.
ANATOMY OF
NAILS
•The eponychium or cuticle is
a narrow band of epidermis
that extends from and
adheres to the margin (lateral
border) of the nail wall. It
occupies the proximal border
of the nail and consists of
stratum corneum.
ANATOMY OF
NAILS
•Proximal portion of the
epithelium deep to the nail
root is the nail matrix,
where cells divide by
mitosis to produce growth
SKIN GLANDS
Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands that
release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts.
They fall into: sebaceous glands, sweat glands,
ceruminous glands.
As these glands are formed by the cells of the
stratum basale, they push into the deeper skin
regions and ultimately reside almost entirely in the
dermis.
SEBACEOUS GLAND
•Oil glands, are found all over the
skin, except on the palms of the
hands and the soles of the feet
• simple, branched acinar glands
•secrete an oily substance called
sebum, a mixture of triglycerides,
cholesterol, proteins, and
inorganic salts
SUDORIFEROUS GLANDS

•two types of sweat glands,

eccrine and apocrine, based on
their structure, location, and
type of secretion
• three to four million sweat
glands
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
•also known as merocrine sweat
glands, are simple, coiled tubular
glands that are much more
common than apocrine sweat
glands
•The sweat produced by eccrine
sweat glands (about 600 mL per
day) consists of water, ions, urea,
uric acid, ammonia, amino acids,
glucose, and lactic acid.
APOCRINE SWEAT GLANDS
•found mainly in the skin of the
axilla (armpit), groin, areolae
(pigmented areas around the
nipples) of the breasts, and
bearded regions of the face in
adult males
•usually larger than eccrine
glands, and their ducts empty
into hair follicles
CERUMINOUS GLANDS
•Modified sweat glands in the external ear, produce a
waxy lubricating secretion.
•Their excretory ducts open either directly onto the surface
of the external auditory canal (ear canal) or into ducts of
sebaceous glands.
•The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous
glands is a yellowish material called cerumen, or
earwax.