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Chemotherapy

This document discusses antibiotics and chemotherapy. It describes antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or destroy other organisms, and chemotherapeutic agents as synthetic chemicals that do the same. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Reasons for chemotherapy failure include incorrect diagnosis, drug choice, dosage, development of resistance, or multiple infecting organisms. Host factors like age, pregnancy, or concurrent medications must be considered in antibiotic selection. Antibiotic combinations can broaden coverage, reduce dosage/side effects, and delay resistance. Drug interactions can increase or decrease antibiotic effects and toxicities.

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Jennifer Dixon
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2K views11 pages

Chemotherapy

This document discusses antibiotics and chemotherapy. It describes antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or destroy other organisms, and chemotherapeutic agents as synthetic chemicals that do the same. Antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Reasons for chemotherapy failure include incorrect diagnosis, drug choice, dosage, development of resistance, or multiple infecting organisms. Host factors like age, pregnancy, or concurrent medications must be considered in antibiotic selection. Antibiotic combinations can broaden coverage, reduce dosage/side effects, and delay resistance. Drug interactions can increase or decrease antibiotic effects and toxicities.

Uploaded by

Jennifer Dixon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

CHEMOTHERAPY

ANTIBIOTICS
Chemical substances produced by
microorganisms and have the capacity to
inhibit or destroy other organisms .
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT
Synthetic chemical substances used to
inhibit or destroy microorganisms.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIBIOTICS
ACCORDING TO MECHANISM OF ACTION

!INHIBITION OF CELL WALL
SYNTHESIS.
INHIBITION OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS .
INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID
SYNTHESIS .
INHIBITION OF CELL MEMBRANE
FUNCTIONS .
According to spectrum
1- Narrow spectrum as penicillins
,aminoglycosides
2- Broad spectrum as tetracyclines ,
chloramphenicol
REASONS FOR FAILURE OF
CHEMOTHERAPY .
1-WRONG DIAGNOSIS
2-WRONG CHOICE Of DRUG
3-WRONG DOSE
4-DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE
5-INFECTIONS WITH MORE THAN
ONE ORGANISM
6-PRESENCE OF PUS ,BLOOD
,NECROTIC TISSUES .
Host factors in selection of
antimicrobial therapy
1-Allergy or history of adverse reactions.
2-Age of patient
3-Pregnancy
4-Genetic or metabolic abnormalities
5-Renal & hepatic functions
6-Site of infections
7-Concomitant drug therapy
8-Underlying disease state(s)
Failure of Antimicrobial
therapy

1-Failure caused by drug selection:
Inappropriate drug selection or dosage or route of administration .
For example:
Selection of a bacteriostatic drug for endocarditis.
administration of a drug by I.M. to a patient with a weak
peripheral circulation
( shock). May result inadequate therapy.
Malabsorption of a drug product because of GIT disease or a drug
interaction ( combination of tetracyclines with milk products ).
Accelerated drug elimination as in patient with cystic fibrosis or
during pregnancy may result in rapid clearance or large volume
of distribution resulting in low serum concentrations as with
aminoglycosides.
Inactivation of antimicrobial agents by another drug.
Poor penetration into the site of infection ( c.n.s., eye, prostate).
Failure caused by
microorganisms(BACTERIAL
RESISTANCE )
1-Inactivation of antibiotics by enzymes.
2- Modification of target by mutation.
3-Impaired penetration of drug to target
,occurs only in gram-negative species.
4-The presence of an efflux pump produced by
gram-negative organisms which consists of
cytoplasmic and periplasmic protein
components that transport antibiotics from the
periplasm back across the outer membrane.
ANTIMICROBIAL
COMBINATION
SYNERGISM
!-SEQUENTIAL SYNERGISM
2-INHIBITION OF ENZYMATIC
ACTIVITY
3-ENHANCEMENT OF
ANTIMICROBIAL UP TAKE
ANTAGONISM
Aim of chemotherapeutic
combination
1-Broaden the spectrum of antibacterial activity e.g:
clindamycin+ gentamycin
2- Reduce the doses
3- Reduce the side effects
4- Overcome drug resistance(delay the rate of drug
resistance) as in treatment of TB or pseudomonal
infections.
5- Produce a more potent compound
(produce a synergistic effect) as in co-trimoxazole
combination or as in penicillin with gentamycin in
treatment of bacterial endocarditis.
6-Treatment of severe infections of unknownetiology as in
septicaemia.
Drug interactions with antibiotics
1- Aminoglycosides
A- Increase the effects of curare
B- Increase the nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity of
loop diuretics
2- Enzyme inhibitors as chloramphenicol &
erythromycin increase the action & toxicity of
other drugs as digitalis
3- Enzyme inducers as rifampicin decrease the
action of other drugs as oral anticoagulants or oral
contraceptives.
Drug interactions
4- Sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim result
in bactericidal effect.
Sulphonamides displace oral hypoglycemic
from their plasma protein binding causing
hypoglycemia

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