CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

5 JUNE 1992

Preamble

The Contracting Parties,

Conscious of the intrinsic value of biological diversity and of

the ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational,
cultural, recreational and aesthetic values of biological diversity and
its components,

Conscious also of the importance of biological diversity for

evolution and for maintaining life sustaining systems of the biosphere,

Affirming that the conservation of biological diversity is a

common concern of humankind,

Reaffirming that States have sovereign rights over their own

biological resources,

Reaffirming also that States are responsible for conserving their

biological diversity and for using their biological resources in a
sustainable manner,

Concerned that biological diversity is being significantly

reduced by certain human activities,

Aware of the general lack of information and knowledge regarding

biological diversity and of the urgent need to develop scientific,
technical and institutional capacities to provide the basic
understanding upon which to plan and implement appropriate measures,

Noting that it is vital to anticipate, prevent and attack the

causes of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity at
source,

Noting also that where there is a threat of significant reduction

or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty
should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or
minimize such a threat,

Noting further that the fundamental requirement for the

conservation of biological diversity is the in-situ conservation of
ecosystems and natural habitats and the maintenance and recovery of
viable populations of species in their natural surroundings,

Noting further that ex-situ measures, preferably in the country

of origin, also have an important role to play,

Recognizing the close and traditional dependence of many

indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles on
biological resources, and the desirability of sharing equitably
benefits arising from the use of traditional knowledge, innovations and
practices relevant to the conservation of biological diversity and the
sustainable use of its components,
Recognizing also the vital role that women play in the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and affirming
the need for the full participation of women at all levels of policy-
making and implementation for biological diversity conservation,

Stressing the importance of, and the need to promote,

international, regional and global cooperation among States and
intergovernmental organizations and the non-governmental sector for the
conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its
components,

Acknowledging that the provision of new and additional financial

resources and appropriate access to relevant technologies can be
expected to make a substantial difference in the world's ability to
address the loss of biological diversity,

Acknowledging further that special provision is required to meet

the needs of developing countries, including the provision of new and
additional financial resources and appropriate access to relevant
technologies,

Noting in this regard the special conditions of the least

developed countries and small island States,

Acknowledging that substantial investments are required to

conserve biological diversity and that there is the expectation of a
broad range of environmental, economic and social benefits from those
investments,

Recognizing that economic and social development and poverty

eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing
countries,

Aware that conservation and sustainable use of biological

diversity is of critical importance for meeting the food, health and
other needs of the growing world population, for which purpose access
to and sharing of both genetic resources and technologies are
essential,

Noting that, ultimately, the conservation and sustainable use of

biological diversity will strengthen friendly relations among States
and contribute to peace for humankind,

Desiring to enhance and complement existing international

arrangements for the conservation of biological diversity and
sustainable use of its components, and

Determined to conserve and sustainably use biological diversity

for the benefit of present and future generations,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1. Objectives

The objectives of this Convention, to be pursued in accordance

with its relevant provisions, are the conservation of biological
diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and
equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of
genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources
and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into
account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by
appropriate funding.

Article 2. Use of Terms

For the purposes of this Convention:

"Biological diversity" means the variability among living organisms

from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;
this includes diversity within species, between species and of
ecosystems.

"Biological resources" includes genetic resources, organisms or parts

thereof, populations, or any other biotic component of ecosystems with
actual or potential use or value for humanity.

"Biotechnology" means any technological application that uses

biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make
or modify products or processes for specific use.

"Country of origin of genetic resources" means the country which

possesses those genetic resources in in-situ conditions.

"Country providing genetic resources" means the country supplying

genetic resources collected from in-situ sources, including populations
of both wild and domesticated species, or taken from ex-situ sources,
which may or may not have originated in that country.

"Domesticated or cultivated species" means species in which the

evolutionary process has been influenced by humans to meet their needs.

"Ecosystem" means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism

communities and their non-living environment interacting as a
functional unit.

"Ex-situ conservation" means the conservation of components of

biological diversity outside their natural habitats.

"Genetic material" means any material of plant, animal, microbial or

other origin containing functional units of heredity.

"Genetic resources" means genetic material of actual or potential

value.

"Habitat" means the place or type of site where an organism or

population naturally occurs.

"In-situ conditions" means conditions where genetic resources exist

within ecosystems and natural habitats, and, in the case of
domesticated or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have
developed their distinctive properties.
"In-situ conservation" means the conservation of ecosystems and natural
habitats and the maintenance and recovery of viable populations of
species in their natural surroundings and, in the case of domesticated
or cultivated species, in the surroundings where they have developed
their distinctive properties.

"Protected area" means a geographically defined area which is

designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation
objectives.

"Regional economic integration organization" means an organization

constituted by sovereign States of a given region, to which its member
States have transferred competence in respect of matters governed by
this Convention and which has been duly authorized, in accordance with
its internal procedures, to sign, ratify, accept, approve or accede to
it.

"Sustainable use" means the use of components of biological diversity

in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of
biological diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the
needs and aspirations of present and future generations.

"Technology" includes biotechnology.

Article 3. Principle

States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations

and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit
their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and
the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction
or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of
areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

Article 4. Jurisdictional Scope

Subject to the rights of other States, and except as otherwise

expressly provided in this Convention, the provisions of this
Convention apply, in relation to each Contracting Party:

(a) In the case of components of biological diversity, in areas

within the limits of its national jurisdiction; and

(b) In the case of processes and activities, regardless of

where their effects occur, carried out under its jurisdiction or
control, within the area of its national jurisdiction or beyond the
limits of national jurisdiction.

Article 5. Cooperation

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate, cooperate with other Contracting Parties, directly or,
where appropriate, through competent international organizations, in
respect of areas beyond national jurisdiction and on other matters of
mutual interest, for the conservation and sustainable use of biological
diversity.

Article 6. General Measures for Conservation and Sustainable Use

Each Contracting Party shall, in accordance with its particular
conditions and capabilities:

(a) Develop national strategies, plans or programmes for the

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or adapt for
this purpose existing strategies, plans or programmes which shall
reflect, inter alia, the measures set out in this Convention relevant
to the Contracting Party concerned; and

(b) Integrate, as far as possible and as appropriate, the

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity into relevant
sectoral or cross-sectoral plans, programmes and policies.

Article 7. Identification and Monitoring

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate, in particular for the purposes of Articles 8 to 10:

(a) Identify components of biological diversity important for

its conservation and sustainable use having regard to the indicative
list of categories set down in Annex I;

(b) Monitor, through sampling and other techniques, the

components of biological diversity identified pursuant to subparagraph
(a) above, paying particular attention to those requiring urgent
conservation measures and those which offer the greatest potential for
sustainable use;

(c) Identify processes and categories of activities which have

or are likely to have significant adverse impacts on the conservation
and sustainable use of biological diversity, and monitor their effects
through sampling and other techniques; and

(d) Maintain and organize, by any mechanism data, derived from

identification and monitoring activities pursuant to subparagraphs (a),
(b) and (c) above.

Article 8. In-situ Conservation

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate:

(a) Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special

measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity;

(b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for the selection,

establishment and management of protected areas or areas where special
measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity;

(c) Regulate or manage biological resources important for the

conservation of biological diversity whether within or outside
protected areas, with a view to ensuring their conservation and
sustainable use;
(d) Promote the protection of ecosystems, natural habitats and
the maintenance of viable populations of species in natural
surroundings;

(e) Promote environmentally sound and sustainable development

in areas adjacent to protected areas with a view to furthering
protection of these areas;

(f) Rehabilitate and restore degraded ecosystems and promote

the recovery of threatened species, inter alia, through the development
and implementation of plans or other management strategies;

(g) Establish or maintain means to regulate, manage or control

the risks associated with the use and release of living modified
organisms resulting from biotechnology which are likely to have adverse
environmental impacts that could affect the conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account the
risks to human health;

(h) Prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those

alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species;

(i) Endeavour to provide the conditions needed for

compatibility between present uses and the conservation of biological
diversity and the sustainable use of its components;

(j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and

maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local
communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote
their wider application with the approval and involvement of the
holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the
equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such
knowledge, innovations and practices;

(k) Develop or maintain necessary legislation and/or other

regulatory provisions for the protection of threatened species and
populations;

(l) Where a significant adverse effect on biological diversity

has been determined pursuant to Article 7, regulate or manage the
relevant processes and categories of activities; and

(m) Cooperate in providing financial and other support for in-

situ conservation outlined in subparagraphs (a) to (l) above,
particularly to developing countries.

Article 9. Ex-situ Conservation

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate, and predominantly for the purpose of complementing in-situ
measures:

(a) Adopt measures for the ex-situ conservation of components

of biological diversity, preferably in the country of origin of such
components;
(b) Establish and maintain facilities for ex-situ conservation
of and research on plants, animals and micro-organisms, preferably in
the country of origin of genetic resources;

(c) Adopt measures for the recovery and rehabilitation of

threatened species and for their reintroduction into their natural
habitats under appropriate conditions;

(d) Regulate and manage collection of biological resources from

natural habitats for ex-situ conservation purposes so as not to
threaten ecosystems and in-situ populations of species, except where
special temporary ex-situ measures are required under subparagraph (c)
above; and

(e) Cooperate in providing financial and other support for ex-

situ conservation outlined in subparagraphs (a) to (d) above and in the
establishment and maintenance of ex-situ conservation facilities in
developing countries.

Article 10. Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate:

(a) Integrate consideration of the conservation and sustainable

use of biological resources into national decision-making;

(b) Adopt measures relating to the use of biological resources

to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on biological diversity;

(c) Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources

in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible
with conservation or sustainable use requirements;

(d) Support local populations to develop and implement remedial

action in degraded areas where biological diversity has been reduced;
and

(e) Encourage cooperation between its governmental authorities

and its private sector in developing methods for sustainable use of
biological resources.

Article 11. Incentive Measures

Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as

appropriate, adopt economically and socially sound measures that act as
incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of components of
biological diversity.

Article 12. Research and Training

The Contracting Parties, taking into account the special needs of

developing countries, shall:

(a) Establish and maintain programmes for scientific and

technical education and training in measures for the identification,
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and its
components and provide support for such education and training for the
specific needs of developing countries;

(b) Promote and encourage research which contributes to the

conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, particularly
in developing countries, inter alia, in accordance with decisions of
the Conference of the Parties taken in consequence of recommendations
of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological
Advice; and

(c) In keeping with the provisions of Articles 16, 18 and 20,

promote and cooperate in the use of scientific advances in biological
diversity research in developing methods for conservation and
sustainable use of biological resources.

Article 13. Public Education and Awareness

The Contracting Parties shall:

(a) Promote and encourage understanding of the importance of,

and the measures required for, the conservation of biological
diversity, as well as its propagation through media, and the inclusion
of these topics in educational programmes; and

(b) Cooperate, as appropriate, with other States and

international organizations in developing educational and public
awareness programmes, with respect to conservation and sustainable use
of biological diversity.

Article 14. Impact Assessment and Minimizing Adverse Impacts

1. Each Contracting Party, as far as possible and as appropriate,

shall:

(a) Introduce appropriate procedures requiring environmental

impact assessment of its proposed projects that are likely to have
significant adverse effects on biological diversity with a view to
avoiding or minimizing such effects and, where appropriate, allow for
public participation in such procedures;

(b) Introduce appropriate arrangements to ensure that the

environmental consequences of its programmes and policies that are
likely to have significant adverse impacts on biological diversity are
duly taken into account;

(c) Promote, on the basis of reciprocity, notification, exchange

of information and consultation on activities under their jurisdiction
or control which are likely to significantly affect adversely the
biological diversity of other States or areas beyond the limits of
national jurisdiction, by encouraging the conclusion of bilateral,
regional or multilateral arrangements, as appropriate;

(d) In the case of imminent or grave danger or damage,

originating under its jurisdiction or control, to biological diversity
within the area under jurisdiction of other States or in areas beyond
the limits of national jurisdiction, notify immediately the potentially
affected States of such danger or damage, as well as initiate action to
prevent or minimize such danger or damage; and
(e) Promote national arrangements for emergency responses to
activities or events, whether caused naturally or otherwise, which
present a grave and imminent danger to biological diversity and
encourage international cooperation to supplement such national efforts
and, where appropriate and agreed by the States or regional economic
integration organizations concerned, to establish joint contingency
plans.

2. The Conference of the Parties shall examine, on the basis of

studies to be carried out, the issue of liability and redress,
including restoration and compensation, for damage to biological
diversity, except where such liability is a purely internal matter.

Article 15. Access to Genetic Resources

1. Recognizing the sovereign rights of States over their natural

resources, the authority to determine access to genetic resources rests
with the national governments and is subject to national legislation.

2. Each Contracting Party shall endeavour to create conditions to

facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses
by other Contracting Parties and not to impose restrictions that run
counter to the objectives of this Convention.

3. For the purpose of this Convention, the genetic resources being

provided by a Contracting Party, as referred to in this Article and
Articles 16 and 19, are only those that are provided by Contracting
Parties that are countries of origin of such resources or by the
Parties that have acquired the genetic resources in accordance with
this Convention.

4. Access, where granted, shall be on mutually agreed terms and

subject to the provisions of this Article.

5. Access to genetic resources shall be subject to prior informed

consent of the Contracting Party providing such resources, unless
otherwise determined by that Party.

6. Each Contracting Party shall endeavour to develop and carry out

scientific research based on genetic resources provided by other
Contracting Parties with the full participation of, and where possible
in, such Contracting Parties.

7. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or

policy measures, as appropriate, and in accordance with Articles 16 and
19 and, where necessary, through the financial mechanism established by
Articles 20 and 21 with the aim of sharing in a fair and equitable way
the results of research and development and the benefits arising from
the commercial and other utilization of genetic resources with the
Contracting Party providing such resources. Such sharing shall be upon
mutually agreed terms.

Article 16. Access to and Transfer of Technology

1. Each Contracting Party, recognizing that technology includes

biotechnology, and that both access to and transfer of technology among
Contracting Parties are essential elements for the attainment of the
objectives of this Convention, undertakes subject to the provisions of
this Article to provide and/or facilitate access for and transfer to
other Contracting Parties of technologies that are relevant to the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity or make use of
genetic resources and do not cause significant damage to the
environment.

2. Access to and transfer of technology referred to in paragraph 1

above to developing countries shall be provided and/or facilitated
under fair and most favourable terms, including on concessional and
preferential terms where mutually agreed, and, where necessary, in
accordance with the financial mechanism established by Articles 20 and
21. In the case of technology subject to patents and other intellectual
property rights, such access and transfer shall be provided on terms
which recognize and are consistent with the adequate and effective
protection of intellectual property rights. The application of this
paragraph shall be consistent with paragraphs 3, 4 and 5 below.

3. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or

policy measures, as appropriate, with the aim that Contracting Parties,
in particular those that are developing countries, which provide
genetic resources are provided access to and transfer of technology
which makes use of those resources, on mutually agreed terms, including
technology protected by patents and other intellectual property rights,
where necessary, through the provisions of Articles 20 and 21 and in
accordance with international law and consistent with paragraphs 4 and
5 below.

4. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or

policy measures, as appropriate, with the aim that the private sector
facilitates access to, joint development and transfer of technology
referred to in paragraph 1 above for the benefit of both governmental
institutions and the private sector of developing countries and in this
regard shall abide by the obligations included in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3
above.

5. The Contracting Parties, recognizing that patents and other

intellectual property rights may have an influence on the
implementation of this Convention, shall cooperate in this regard
subject to national legislation and international law in order to
ensure that such rights are supportive of and do not run counter to its
objectives.

Article 17. Exchange of Information

1. The Contracting Parties shall facilitate the exchange of

information, from all publicly available sources, relevant to the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking into
account the special needs of developing countries.

2. Such exchange of information shall include exchange of results of

technical, scientific and socio-economic research, as well as
information on training and surveying programmes, specialized
knowledge, indigenous and traditional knowledge as such and in
combination with the technologies referred to in Article 16, paragraph
1. It shall also, where feasible, include repatriation of information.

Article 18. Technical and Scientific Cooperation

1. The Contracting Parties shall promote international technical and

scientific cooperation in the field of conservation and sustainable use
of biological diversity, where necessary, through the appropriate
international and national institutions.

2. Each Contracting Party shall promote technical and scientific

cooperation with other Contracting Parties, in particular developing
countries, in implementing this Convention, inter alia, through the
development and implementation of national policies. In promoting such
cooperation, special attention should be given to the development and
strengthening of national capabilities, by means of human resources
development and institution building.

3. The Conference of the Parties, at its first meeting, shall

determine how to establish a clearing-house mechanism to promote and
facilitate technical and scientific cooperation.

4. The Contracting Parties shall, in accordance with national

legislation and policies, encourage and develop methods of cooperation
for the development and use of technologies, including indigenous and
traditional technologies, in pursuance of the objectives of this
Convention. For this purpose, the Contracting Parties shall also
promote cooperation in the training of personnel and exchange of
experts.

5. The Contracting Parties shall, subject to mutual agreement,

promote the establishment of joint research programmes and joint
ventures for the development of technologies relevant to the objectives
of this Convention.

Article 19. Handling of Biotechnology and Distribution of its

Benefits

1. Each Contracting Party shall take legislative, administrative or

policy measures, as appropriate, to provide for the effective
participation in biotechnological research activities by those
Contracting Parties, especially developing countries, which provide the
genetic resources for such research, and where feasible in such
Contracting Parties.

2. Each Contracting Party shall take all practicable measures to

promote and advance priority access on a fair and equitable basis by
Contracting Parties, especially developing countries, to the results
and benefits arising from biotechnologies based upon genetic resources
provided by those Contracting Parties. Such access shall be on mutually
agreed terms.

3. The Parties shall consider the need for and modalities of a

protocol setting out appropriate procedures, including, in particular,
advance informed agreement, in the field of the safe transfer, handling
and use of any living modified organism resulting from biotechnology
that may have adverse effect on the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity.

4. Each Contracting Party shall, directly or by requiring any

natural or legal person under its jurisdiction providing the organisms
referred to in paragraph 3 above, provide any available information
about the use and safety regulations required by that Contracting Party
in handling such organisms, as well as any available information on the
potential adverse impact of the specific organisms concerned to the
Contracting Party into which those organisms are to be introduced.
Article 20. Financial Resources

1. Each Contracting Party undertakes to provide, in accordance with

its capabilities, financial support and incentives in respect of those
national activities which are intended to achieve the objectives of
this Convention, in accordance with its national plans, priorities and
programmes.

2. The developed country Parties shall provide new and additional

financial resources to enable developing country Parties to meet the
agreed full incremental costs to them of implementing measures which
fulfil the obligations of this Convention and to benefit from its
provisions and which costs are agreed between a developing country
Party and the institutional structure referred to in Article 21, in
accordance with policy, strategy, programme priorities and eligibility
criteria and an indicative list of incremental costs established by the
Conference of the Parties. Other Parties, including countries
undergoing the process of transition to a market economy, may
voluntarily assume the obligations of the developed country Parties.
For the purpose of this Article, the Conference of the Parties, shall
at its first meeting establish a list of developed country Parties and
other Parties which voluntarily assume the obligations of the developed
country Parties. The Conference of the Parties shall periodically
review and if necessary amend the list. Contributions from other
countries and sources on a voluntary basis would also be encouraged.
The implementation of these commitments shall take into account the
need for adequacy, predictability and timely flow of funds and the
importance of burden-sharing among the contributing Parties included in
the list.

3. The developed country Parties may also provide, and developing

country Parties avail themselves of, financial resources related to the
implementation of this Convention through bilateral, regional and other
multilateral channels.

4. The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively

implement their commitments under this Convention will depend on the
effective implementation by developed country Parties of their
commitments under this Convention related to financial resources and
transfer of technology and will take fully into account the fact that
economic and social development and eradication of poverty are the
first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.

5. The Parties shall take full account of the specific needs and
special situation of least developed countries in their actions with
regard to funding and transfer of technology.

6. The Contracting Parties shall also take into consideration the

special conditions resulting from the dependence on, distribution and
location of, biological diversity within developing country Parties, in
particular small island States.

7. Consideration shall also be given to the special situation of

developing countries, including those that are most environmentally
vulnerable, such as those with arid and semi-arid zones, coastal and
mountainous areas.

Article 21. Financial Mechanism

1. There shall be a mechanism for the provision of financial

resources to developing country Parties for purposes of this Convention
on a grant or concessional basis the essential elements of which are
described in this Article. The mechanism shall function under the
authority and guidance of, and be accountable to, the Conference of the
Parties for purposes of this Convention. The operations of the
mechanism shall be carried out by such institutional structure as may
be decided upon by the Conference of the Parties at its first meeting.
For purposes of this Convention, the Conference of the Parties shall
determine the policy, strategy, programme priorities and eligibility
criteria relating to the access to and utilization of such resources.
The contributions shall be such as to take into account the need for
predictability, adequacy and timely flow of funds referred to in
Article 20 in accordance with the amount of resources needed to be
decided periodically by the Conference of the Parties and the
importance of burden-sharing among the contributing Parties included in
the list referred to in Article 20, paragraph 2. Voluntary
contributions may also be made by the developed country Parties and by
other countries and sources. The mechanism shall operate within a
democratic and transparent system of governance.

2. Pursuant to the objectives of this Convention, the Conference of

the Parties shall at its first meeting determine the policy, strategy
and programme priorities, as well as detailed criteria and guidelines
for eligibility for access to and utilization of the financial
resources including monitoring and evaluation on a regular basis of
such utilization. The Conference of the Parties shall decide on the
arrangements to give effect to paragraph 1 above after consultation
with the institutional structure entrusted with the operation of the
financial mechanism.

3. The Conference of the Parties shall review the effectiveness of

the mechanism established under this Article, including the criteria
and guidelines referred to in paragraph 2 above, not less than two
years after the entry into force of this Convention and thereafter on a
regular basis. Based on such review, it shall take appropriate action
to improve the effectiveness of the mechanism if necessary.

4. The Contracting Parties shall consider strengthening existing

financial institutions to provide financial resources for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.

Article 22. Relationship with Other International Conventions

1. The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the rights and
obligations of any Contracting Party deriving from any existing
international agreement, except where the exercise of those rights and
obligations would cause a serious damage or threat to biological
diversity.

2. Contracting Parties shall implement this Convention with respect

to the marine environment consistently with the rights and obligations
of States under the law of the sea.

Article 23. Conference of the Parties

1. A Conference of the Parties is hereby established. The first

meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by the
Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme not
later than one year after the entry into force of this Convention.
Thereafter, ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties shall be
held at regular intervals to be determined by the Conference at its
first meeting.
2. Extraordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties shall be
held at such other times as may be deemed necessary by the Conference,
or at the written request of any Party, provided that, within six
months of the request being communicated to them by the Secretariat, it
is supported by at least one third of the Parties.

3. The Conference of the Parties shall by consensus agree upon and

adopt rules of procedure for itself and for any subsidiary body it may
establish, as well as financial rules governing the funding of the
Secretariat. At each ordinary meeting, it shall adopt a budget for the
financial period until the next ordinary meeting.

4. The Conference of the Parties shall keep under review the

implementation of this Convention, and, for this purpose, shall:

(a) Establish the form and the intervals for transmitting the
information to be submitted in accordance with Article 26 and consider
such information as well as reports submitted by any subsidiary body;

(b) Review scientific, technical and technological advice on

biological diversity provided in accordance with Article 25;

(c) Consider and adopt, as required, protocols in accordance

with Article 28;

(d) Consider and adopt, as required, in accordance with

Articles 29 and 30, amendments to this Convention and its annexes;

(e) Consider amendments to any protocol, as well as to any

annexes thereto, and, if so decided, recommend their adoption to the
parties to the protocol concerned;

(f) Consider and adopt, as required, in accordance with Article

30, additional annexes to this Convention;

(g) Establish such subsidiary bodies, particularly to provide

scientific and technical advice, as are deemed necessary for the
implementation of this Convention;

(h) Contact, through the Secretariat, the executive bodies of

conventions dealing with matters covered by this Convention with a view
to establishing appropriate forms of cooperation with them; and

(i) Consider and undertake any additional action that may be

required for the achievement of the purposes of this Convention in the
light of experience gained in its operation.

5. The United Nations, its specialized agencies and the

International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State not Party to
this Convention, may be represented as observers at meetings of the
Conference of the Parties. Any other body or agency, whether
governmental or non-governmental, qualified in fields relating to
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, which has
informed the Secretariat of its wish to be represented as an observer
at a meeting of the Conference of the Parties, may be admitted unless
at least one third of the Parties present object. The admission and
participation of observers shall be subject to the rules of procedure
adopted by the Conference of the Parties.
Article 24. Secretariat

1. A secretariat is hereby established. Its functions shall be:

(a) To arrange for and service meetings of the Conference of the

Parties provided for in Article 23;

(b) To perform the functions assigned to it by any protocol;

(c) To prepare reports on the execution of its functions under

this Convention and present them to the Conference of the Parties;

(d) To coordinate with other relevant international bodies and,

in particular to enter into such administrative and contractual
arrangements as may be required for the effective discharge of its
functions; and

(e) To perform such other functions as may be determined by the

Conference of the Parties.

2. At its first ordinary meeting, the Conference of the Parties

shall designate the secretariat from amongst those existing competent
international organizations which have signified their willingness to
carry out the secretariat functions under this Convention.

Article 25. Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical

and Technological Advice

1. A subsidiary body for the provision of scientific, technical and

technological advice is hereby established to provide the Conference of
the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with
timely advice relating to the implementation of this Convention. This
body shall be open to participation by all Parties and shall be
multidisciplinary. It shall comprise government representatives
competent in the relevant field of expertise. It shall report regularly
to the Conference of the Parties on all aspects of its work.

2. Under the authority of and in accordance with guidelines laid

down by the Conference of the Parties, and upon its request, this body
shall:

(a) Provide scientific and technical assessments of the status

of biological diversity;

(b) Prepare scientific and technical assessments of the effects

of types of measures taken in accordance with the provisions of this
Convention;

(c) Identify innovative, efficient and state-of-the-art

technologies and know-how relating to the conservation and sustainable
use of biological diversity and advise on the ways and means of
promoting development and/or transferring such technologies;

(d) Provide advice on scientific programmes and international

cooperation in research and development related to conservation and
sustainable use of biological diversity; and
(e) Respond to scientific, technical, technological and
methodological questions that the Conference of the Parties and its
subsidiary bodies may put to the body.

3. The functions, terms of reference, organization and operation of

this body may be further elaborated by the Conference of the Parties.

Article 26. Reports

Each Contracting Party shall, at intervals to be determined by

the Conference of the Parties, present to the Conference of the
Parties, reports on measures which it has taken for the implementation
of the provisions of this Convention and their effectiveness in meeting
the objectives of this Convention.

Article 27. Settlement of Disputes

1. In the event of a dispute between Contracting Parties concerning

the interpretation or application of this Convention, the parties
concerned shall seek solution by negotiation.

2. If the parties concerned cannot reach agreement by negotiation,

they may jointly seek the good offices of, or request mediation by, a
third party.

3. When ratifying, accepting, approving or acceding to this

Convention, or at any time thereafter, a State or regional economic
integration organization may declare in writing to the Depositary that
for a dispute not resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 or paragraph
2 above, it accepts one or both of the following means of dispute
settlement as compulsory:

(a) Arbitration in accordance with the procedure laid down in

Part 1 of Annex II;

(b) Submission of the dispute to the International Court of

Justice.

4. If the parties to the dispute have not, in accordance with

paragraph 3 above, accepted the same or any procedure, the dispute
shall be submitted to conciliation in accordance with Part 2 of Annex
II unless the parties otherwise agree.

5. The provisions of this Article shall apply with respect to any

protocol except as otherwise provided in the protocol concerned.

Article 28. Adoption of Protocols

1. The Contracting Parties shall cooperate in the formulation and

adoption of protocols to this Convention.

2. Protocols shall be adopted at a meeting of the Conference of the

Parties.
3. The text of any proposed protocol shall be communicated to the
Contracting Parties by the Secretariat at least six months before such
a meeting.

Article 29. Amendment of the Convention or Protocols

1. Amendments to this Convention may be proposed by any Contracting

Party. Amendments to any protocol may be proposed by any Party to that
protocol.

2. Amendments to this Convention shall be adopted at a meeting of

the Conference of the Parties. Amendments to any protocol shall be
adopted at a meeting of the Parties to the Protocol in question. The
text of any proposed amendment to this Convention or to any protocol,
except as may otherwise be provided in such protocol, shall be
communicated to the Parties to the instrument in question by the
secretariat at least six months before the meeting at which it is
proposed for adoption. The secretariat shall also communicate proposed
amendments to the signatories to this Convention for information.

3. The Parties shall make every effort to reach agreement on any

proposed amendment to this Convention or to any protocol by consensus.
If all efforts at consensus have been exhausted, and no agreement
reached, the amendment shall as a last resort be adopted by a two-third
majority vote of the Parties to the instrument in question present and
voting at the meeting, and shall be submitted by the Depositary to all
Parties for ratification, acceptance or approval.

4. Ratification, acceptance or approval of amendments shall be

notified to the Depositary in writing. Amendments adopted in accordance
with paragraph 3 above shall enter into force among Parties having
accepted them on the ninetieth day after the deposit of instruments of
ratification, acceptance or approval by at least two thirds of the
Contracting Parties to this Convention or of the Parties to the
protocol concerned, except as may otherwise be provided in such
protocol. Thereafter the amendments shall enter into force for any
other Party on the ninetieth day after that Party deposits its
instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval of the amendments.

5. For the purposes of this Article, "Parties present and voting"

means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.

Article 30. Adoption and Amendment of Annexes

1. The annexes to this Convention or to any protocol shall form an

integral part of the Convention or of such protocol, as the case may
be, and, unless expressly provided otherwise, a reference to this
Convention or its protocols constitutes at the same time a reference to
any annexes thereto. Such annexes shall be restricted to procedural,
scientific, technical and administrative matters.

2. Except as may be otherwise provided in any protocol with respect

to its annexes, the following procedure shall apply to the proposal,
adoption and entry into force of additional annexes to this Convention
or of annexes to any protocol:

(a) Annexes to this Convention or to any protocol shall be

proposed and adopted according to the procedure laid down in Article
29;
(b) Any Party that is unable to approve an additional annex to
this Convention or an annex to any protocol to which it is Party shall
so notify the Depositary, in writing, within one year from the date of
the communication of the adoption by the Depositary. The Depositary
shall without delay notify all Parties of any such notification
received. A Party may at any time withdraw a previous declaration of
objection and the annexes shall thereupon enter into force for that
Party subject to subparagraph (c) below;

(c) On the expiry of one year from the date of the

communication of the adoption by the Depositary, the annex shall enter
into force for all Parties to this Convention or to any protocol
concerned which have not submitted a notification in accordance with
the provisions of subparagraph (b) above.

3. The proposal, adoption and entry into force of amendments to

annexes to this Convention or to any protocol shall be subject to the
same procedure as for the proposal, adoption and entry into force of
annexes to the Convention or annexes to any protocol.

4. If an additional annex or an amendment to an annex is related to

an amendment to this Convention or to any protocol, the additional
annex or amendment shall not enter into force until such time as the
amendment to the Convention or to the protocol concerned enters into
force.

Article 31. Right to Vote

1. Except as provided for in paragraph 2 below, each Contracting

Party to this Convention or to any protocol shall have one vote.

2. Regional economic integration organizations, in matters within

their competence, shall exercise their right to vote with a number of
votes equal to the number of their member States which are Contracting
Parties to this Convention or the relevant protocol. Such organizations
shall not exercise their right to vote if their member States exercise
theirs, and vice versa.

Article 32. Relationship between this Convention and Its

Protocols

1. A State or a regional economic integration organization may not

become a Party to a protocol unless it is, or becomes at the same time,
a Contracting Party to this Convention.

2. Decisions under any protocol shall be taken only by the Parties

to the protocol concerned. Any Contracting Party that has not ratified,
accepted or approved a protocol may participate as an observer in any
meeting of the parties to that protocol.

Article 33. Signature

This Convention shall be open for signature at Rio de Janeiro by

all States and any regional economic integration organization from 5
June 1992 until 14 June 1992, and at the United Nations Headquarters in
New York from
15 June 1992 to 4 June 1993.

Article 34. Ratification, Acceptance or Approval

1. This Convention and any protocol shall be subject to

ratification, acceptance or approval by States and by regional economic
integration organizations. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or
approval shall be deposited with the Depositary.

2. Any organization referred to in paragraph 1 above which becomes a

Contracting Party to this Convention or any protocol without any of its
member States being a Contracting Party shall be bound by all the
obligations under the Convention or the protocol, as the case may be.
In the case of such organizations, one or more of whose member States
is a Contracting Party to this Convention or relevant protocol, the
organization and its member States shall decide on their respective
responsibilities for the performance of their obligations under the
Convention or protocol, as the case may be. In such cases, the
organization and the member States shall not be entitled to exercise
rights under the Convention or relevant protocol concurrently.

3. In their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval, the

organizations referred to in paragraph 1 above shall declare the extent
of their competence with respect to the matters governed by the
Convention or the relevant protocol. These organizations shall also
inform the Depositary of any relevant modification in the extent of
their competence.

Article 35. Accession

1. This Convention and any protocol shall be open for accession by

States and by regional economic integration organizations from the date
on which the Convention or the protocol concerned is closed for
signature. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the
Depositary.

2. In their instruments of accession, the organizations referred to

in paragraph 1 above shall declare the extent of their competence with
respect to the matters governed by the Convention or the relevant
protocol. These organizations shall also inform the Depositary of any
relevant modification in the extent of their competence.

3. The provisions of Article 34, paragraph 2, shall apply to

regional economic integration organizations which accede to this
Convention or any protocol.

Article 36. Entry Into Force

1. This Convention shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after
the date of deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession.

2. Any protocol shall enter into force on the ninetieth day after
the date of deposit of the number of instruments of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession, specified in that protocol, has been
deposited.

3. For each Contracting Party which ratifies, accepts or approves

this Convention or accedes thereto after the deposit of the thirtieth
instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, it shall
enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit by such
Contracting Party of its instrument of ratification, acceptance,
approval or accession.

4. Any protocol, except as otherwise provided in such protocol,

shall enter into force for a Contracting Party that ratifies, accepts
or approves that protocol or accedes thereto after its entry into force
pursuant to paragraph 2 above, on the ninetieth day after the date on
which that Contracting Party deposits its instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession, or on the date on which this
Convention enters into force for that Contracting Party, whichever
shall be the later.

5. For the purposes of paragraphs 1 and 2 above, any instrument

deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be
counted as additional to those deposited by member States of such
organization.

Article 37. Reservations

No reservations may be made to this Convention.

Article 38. Withdrawals

1. At any time after two years from the date on which this
Convention has entered into force for a Contracting Party, that
Contracting Party may withdraw from the Convention by giving written
notification to the Depositary.

2. Any such withdrawal shall take place upon expiry of one year
after the date of its receipt by the Depositary, or on such later date
as may be specified in the notification of the withdrawal.

3. Any Contracting Party which withdraws from this Convention shall

be considered as also having withdrawn from any protocol to which it is
party.

Article 39. Financial Interim Arrangements

Provided that it has been fully restructured in accordance with

the requirements of Article 21, the Global Environment Facility of the
United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment
Programme and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
shall be the institutional structure referred to in Article 21 on an
interim basis, for the period between the entry into force of this
Convention and the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties or
until the Conference of the Parties decides which institutional
structure will be designated in accordance with Article 21.

Article 40. Secretariat Interim Arrangements

The secretariat to be provided by the Executive Director of the

United Nations Environment Programme shall be the secretariat referred

to in Article 24, paragraph 2, on an interim basis for the period
between the entry into force of this Convention and the first meeting
of the Conference of the Parties.
Article 41. Depositary

The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall assume the

functions of Depositary of this Convention and any protocols.

Article 42. Authentic Texts

The original of this Convention, of which the Arabic, Chinese,

English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall
be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized to that

effect, have signed this Convention.

Done at Rio de Janeiro on this fifth day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and ninety-two.

Annex I

IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING

1. Ecosystems and habitats: containing high diversity, large numbers

of endemic or threatened species, or wilderness; required by migratory
species; of social, economic, cultural or scientific importance; or,
which are representative, unique or associated with key evolutionary or
other biological processes;

2. Species and communities which are: threatened; wild relatives of

domesticated or cultivated species; of medicinal, agricultural or other
economic value; or social, scientific or cultural importance; or
importance for research into the conservation and sustainable use of
biological diversity, such as indicator species; and

3. Described genomes and genes of social, scientific or economic

importance.

Annex II

Part 1

ARBITRATION

Article 1

The claimant party shall notify the secretariat that the parties
are referring a dispute to arbitration pursuant to Article 27. The
notification shall state the subject-matter of arbitration and include,
in particular, the articles of the Convention or the protocol, the
interpretation or application of which are at issue. If the parties do
not agree on the subject matter of the dispute before the President of
the tribunal is designated, the arbitral tribunal shall determine the
subject matter. The secretariat shall forward the information thus
received to all Contracting Parties to this Convention or to the
protocol concerned.

Article 2

1. In disputes between two parties, the arbitral tribunal shall

consist of three members. Each of the parties to the dispute shall
appoint an arbitrator and the two arbitrators so appointed shall
designate by common agreement the third arbitrator who shall be the
President of the tribunal. The latter shall not be a national of one of
the parties to the dispute, nor have his or her usual place of
residence in the territory of one of these parties, nor be employed by
any of them, nor have dealt with the case in any other capacity.

2. In disputes between more than two parties, parties in the same

interest shall appoint one arbitrator jointly by agreement.

3. Any vacancy shall be filled in the manner prescribed for the

initial appointment.

Article 3

1. If the President of the arbitral tribunal has not been designated

within two months of the appointment of the second arbitrator, the
Secretary-General of the United Nations shall, at the request of a
party, designate the President within a further two-month period.

2. If one of the parties to the dispute does not appoint an

arbitrator within two months of receipt of the request, the other party
may inform the Secretary-General who shall make the designation within
a further two-month period.

Article 4

The arbitral tribunal shall render its decisions in accordance

with the provisions of this Convention, any protocols concerned, and
international law.

Article 5

Unless the parties to the dispute otherwise agree, the arbitral

tribunal shall determine its own rules of procedure.

Article 6

The arbitral tribunal may, at the request of one of the parties,

recommend essential interim measures of protection.

Article 7

The parties to the dispute shall facilitate the work of the

arbitral tribunal and, in particular, using all means at their
disposal, shall:
(a) Provide it with all relevant documents, information and
facilities; and

(b) Enable it, when necessary, to call witnesses or experts and

receive their evidence.

Article 8

The parties and the arbitrators are under an obligation to

protect the confidentiality of any information they receive in
confidence during the proceedings of the arbitral tribunal.

Article 9

Unless the arbitral tribunal determines otherwise because of the

particular circumstances of the case, the costs of the tribunal shall
be borne by the parties to the dispute in equal shares. The tribunal
shall keep a record of all its costs, and shall furnish a final
statement thereof to the parties.

Article 10

Any Contracting Party that has an interest of a legal nature in

the subject-matter of the dispute which may be affected by the decision
in the case, may intervene in the proceedings with the consent of the
tribunal.

Article 11

The tribunal may hear and determine counterclaims arising

directly out of the subject-matter of the dispute.

Article 12

Decisions both on procedure and substance of the arbitral

tribunal shall be taken by a majority vote of its members.

Article 13

If one of the parties to the dispute does not appear before the
arbitral tribunal or fails to defend its case, the other party may
request the tribunal to continue the proceedings and to make its award.
Absence of a party or a failure of a party to defend its case shall not
constitute a bar to the proceedings. Before rendering its final
decision, the arbitral tribunal must satisfy itself that the claim is
well founded in fact and law.

Article 14

The tribunal shall render its final decision within five months
of the date on which it is fully constituted unless it finds it
necessary to extend the time-limit for a period which should not exceed
five more months.

Article 15

The final decision of the arbitral tribunal shall be confined to

the subject-matter of the dispute and shall state the reasons on which
it is based. It shall contain the names of the members who have
participated and the date of the final decision. Any member of the
tribunal may attach a separate or dissenting opinion to the final
decision.

Article 16

The award shall be binding on the parties to the dispute. It

shall be without appeal unless the parties to the dispute have agreed
in advance to an appellate procedure.

Article 17

Any controversy which may arise between the parties to the

dispute as regards the interpretation or manner of implementation of
the final decision may be submitted by either party for decision to the
arbitral tribunal which rendered it.

Part 2

CONCILIATION

Article 1

A conciliation commission shall be created upon the request of

one of the parties to the dispute. The commission shall, unless the
parties otherwise agree, be composed of five members, two appointed by
each Party concerned and a President chosen jointly by those members.

Article 2

In disputes between more than two parties, parties in the same

interest shall appoint their members of the commission jointly by
agreement. Where two or more parties have separate interests or there
is a disagreement as to whether they are of the same interest, they
shall appoint their members separately.

Article 3

If any appointments by the parties are not made within two months
of the date of the request to create a conciliation commission, the
Secretary-General of the United Nations shall, if asked to do so by the
party that made the request, make those appointments within a further
two-month period.

Article 4

If a President of the conciliation commission has not been chosen

within two months of the last of the members of the commission being
appointed, the Secretary-General of the United Nations shall, if asked
to do so by a party, designate a President within a further two-month
period.

Article 5

The conciliation commission shall take its decisions by majority

vote of its members. It shall, unless the parties to the dispute
otherwise agree, determine its own procedure. It shall render a
proposal for resolution of the dispute, which the parties shall
consider in good faith.

Article 6

A disagreement as to whether the conciliation commission has

competence shall be decided by the commission.

SIGNATORIES OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AT THE TIME OF

THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

(RIO DE JANEIRO, 3-14 JUNE 1992)

Signatory Date of signature

1. Antigua and Barbuda 5 June 1992

2. Australia 5 June 1992

3. Bangladesh 5 June 1992

4. Belgium 5 June 1992

5. Brazil 5 June 1992

6. Finland 5 June 1992

7. India 5 June 1992

8. Indonesia 5 June 1992

9. Italy 5 June 1992

10. Liechtenstein 5 June 1992

11. Republic of Moldova 5 June 1992

12. Nauru 5 June 1992

13. Netherlands 5 June 1992

14. Pakistan 5 June 1992

15. Poland 5 June 1992

16. Romania 5 June 1992

17. Bostwana 8 June 1992

18. Madagascar 8 June 1992

19. Sweden 8 June 1992

20. Tuvalu 8 June 1992

21. Yugoslavia 8 June 1992

22. Bahrain 9 June 1992

23. Ecuador 9 June 1992

24. Egypt 9 June 1992

25. Kazakhstan 9 June 1992

26. Kuwait 9 June 1992

27. Luxembourg 9 June 1992

28. Norway 9 June 1992

29. Sudan 9 June 1992

30. Uruguay 9 June 1992

31. Vanuatu 9 June 1992

32. Cote d'Ivoire 10 June 1992

33. Ethiopia 10 June 1992

34. Iceland 10 June 1992

35. Malawi 10 June 1992

36. Mauritius 10 June 1992

37. Oman 10 June 1992

38. Rwanda 10 June 1992

39. San Marino 10 June 1992

40. Seychelles 10 June 1992

41. Sri Lanka 10 June 1992

42. Belarus 11 June 1992

43. Bhutan 11 June 1992

44. Burundi 11 June 1992

45. Canada 11 June 1992

46. China 11 June 1992

47. Comoros 11 June 1992

48. Congo 11 June 1992

49. Croatia 11 June 1992

50. Democratic People's Republic of Korea 11 June 1992

51. Israel 11 June 1992

52. Jamaica 11 June 1992

53. Jordan 11 June 1992

54. Kenya 11 June 1992

55. Latvia 11 June 1992

56. Lesotho 11 June 1992

57. Lithuania 11 June 1992

58. Monaco 11 June 1992

59. Myanmar 11 June 1992

60. Niger 11 June 1992

61. Qatar 11 June 1992

62. Trinidad and Tobago 11 June 1992

63. Turkey 11 June 1992

64. Ukraine 11 June 1992

65. United Arab Emirates 11 June 1992

66. Zaire 11 June 1992

67. Zambia 11 June 1992

68. Afghanistan 12 June 1992

69. Angola 12 June 1992

70. Argentina 12 June 1992

71. Azerbaijan 12 June 1992

72. Bahamas 12 June 1992

73. Barbados 12 June 1992

74. Bulgaria 12 June 1992

75. Burkina Faso 12 June 1992

76. Cape Verde 12 June 1992

77. Chad 12 June 1992

78. Colombia 12 June 1992

79. Cook Islands 12 June 1992

80. Cuba 12 June 1992

81. Cyprus 12 June 1992

82. Denmark 12 June 1992

83. Estonia 12 June 1992

84. Gabon 12 June 1992

85. Gambia 12 June 1992

86. Germany 12 June 1992

87. Ghana 12 June 1992

88. Greece 12 June 1992

89. Guinea 12 June 1992

90. Guinea-Bissau 12 June 1992

91. Lebanon 12 June 1992

92. Liberia 12 June 1992

93. Malaysia 12 June 1992

94. Maldives 12 June 1992

95. Malta 12 June 1992

96. Marshall Islands 12 June 1992

97. Mauritania 12 June 1992

98. Micronesia 12 June 1992

99. Mongolia 12 June 1992

100. Mozambique 12 June 1992

101. Namibia 12 June 1992

102. Nepal 12 June 1992

103. New Zealand 12 June 1992

104. Paraguay 12 June 1992

105. Peru 12 June 1992

106. Philippines 12 June 1992

107. Saint Kitts and Nevis 12 June 1992

108. Samoa 12 June 1992

109. Sao Tome and Principe 12 June 1992

110. Swaziland 12 June 1992

111. Switzerland 12 June 1992

112. Thailand 12 June 1992

113. Togo 12 June 1992

114. Uganda 12 June 1992

115. United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland 12 June 1992

116. United Republic of Tanzania 12 June 1992

117. Venezuela 12 June 1992

118. Yemen 12 June 1992

119. Zimbabwe 12 June 1992

120. Algeria 13 June 1992

121. Armenia 13 June 1992

122. Austria 13 June 1992

123. Belize 13 June 1992

124. Benin 13 June 1992

125. Bolivia 13 June 1992

126. Central African Republic 13 June 1992

127. Chile 13 June 1992

128. Costa Rica 13 June 1992

129. Djibouti 13 June 1992

130. Dominican Republic 13 June 1992

131. El Salvador 13 June 1992

132. European Economic Community 13 June 1992

133. France 13 June 1992

134. Guatemala 13 June 1992

135. Guyana 13 June 1992

136. Haiti 13 June 1992

137. Hungary 13 June 1992

138. Honduras 13 June 1992

139. Ireland 13 June 1992

140. Japan 13 June 1992

141. Mexico 13 June 1992

142. Morocco 13 June 1992

143. Nicaragua 13 June 1992

144. Nigeria 13 June 1992

145. Panama 13 June 1992

146. Papua New Guinea 13 June 1992

147. Portugal 13 June 1992

148. Republic of Korea 13 June 1992

149. Russian Federation 13 June 1992

150. Senegal 13 June 1992

151. Slovenia 13 June 1992

152. Solomon Islands 13 June 1992

153. Spain 13 June 1992

154. Suriname 13 June 1992

155. Tunisia 13 June 1992

156. Cameroon 14 June 1992

157. Iran 14 June 1992

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