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Index for DSSSB PGT English Complete Study Notes (DoE &
NDMC)
1. Indian Classical Literature
o Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Abhijnanasakuntalam
o Major Writers: Kalidasa, Bhasa, Sudraka
o Features of Classical Sanskrit Drama
o MCQs
2. European Classical Literature
o Greek: Homer, Sophocles, Euripides
o Roman: Virgil, Ovid, Horace
o Literary Features: Tragedy, Epic, Comedy
o MCQs
3. Indian Writing in English
o Early Indian English Writers: Raja Rao, R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj
Anand
o Modern Writers: Arundhati Roy, Amitav Ghosh, Chetan Bhagat
o Themes: Partition, Postcolonialism, Diaspora
o MCQs
4. British Poetry and Drama (14th to 17th Centuries)
o Geoffrey Chaucer, Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Marlowe, Donne
o Elizabethan & Jacobean Drama
o Sonnets & Tragicomedy
o MCQs
5. American Literature: 18th Century
o Puritanism, Enlightenment, American Revolution
o Writers: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson
o Literary Forms: Essay, Autobiography
o MCQs
6. Popular Literature
o Detective Fiction: Arthur Conan Doyle
o Science Fiction: H.G. Wells, Isaac Asimov
o Children‘s Lit: Enid Blyton, Lewis Carroll
o MCQs

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7. British Poetry and Drama (17th and 18th Centuries)
o John Milton, Alexander Pope, John Dryden
o Restoration Comedy & Satire
o Neoclassical Literature
o MCQs
8. British Literature: 18th Century
o Prose Development: Daniel Defoe, Samuel Johnson
o Fictional Narratives
o Periodicals: The Spectator
o MCQs
9. British Romantic Literature
o Romantic Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats
o Themes: Nature, Emotion, Imagination
o Lyrical Ballads (1798)
o MCQs
10. British Literature: 19th Century
o Novelists: Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Thomas Hardy
o Themes: Industrialism, Morality
o Victorian Poetry: Tennyson, Browning
o MCQs
11. Women‘s Writing
o Feminist Writers: Virginia Woolf, Sylvia Plath, Kamala Das
o Themes: Gender, Identity, Patriarchy
o Notable Works: A Room of One‘s Own
o MCQs
12. British Literature: The Early 20th Century
o Modernist Movement: T.S. Eliot, Yeats, James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence
o Literary Features: Stream of Consciousness, Symbolism
o MCQs
13. Modern European Drama
o Realism & Naturalism: Henrik Ibsen, Chekhov
o Epic Theatre: Bertolt Brecht
o Absurd Theatre: Samuel Beckett
o MCQs
14. Postcolonial Literatures
o Key Writers: Chinua Achebe, Ngugi wa Thiong‘o, Derek Walcott,
Salman Rushdie
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o Themes: Identity, Decolonization, Hybridity
o Important Texts: Things Fall Apart, Midnight‘s Children
o MCQs

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� 1. Indian Classical Literature –

� Key Texts:

1. Vedas – Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda

o Composed between 1500–500 BCE
o Written in Sanskrit
o Rigveda is the oldest.
2. Upanishads – Philosophical texts; focus on Brahman (universal soul) and
Atman (individual soul)
3. Ramayana –
o Author: Valmiki
o Sanskrit epic (~500 BCE)
o Tells the story of Lord Rama
4. Mahabharata –
o Author: Ved Vyasa
o World‘s longest epic
o Includes the Bhagavad Gita
5. Abhijnanasakuntalam –
o Author: Kalidasa
o Sanskrit play based on story of Shakuntala and Dushyanta
o Translated into English by William Jones in 1789

� Major Writers and Their Works:

� Kalidasa (c. 4th–5th century CE)

 Known as the Shakespeare of India

 Works:
o Abhijnanasakuntalam (Drama)
o Meghaduta (Lyric Poetry)
o Raghuvamsa, Kumarasambhava (Epics)

� Bhasa
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 Earliest known Sanskrit dramatist
 Notable plays:
o Svapnavasavadattam
o Pratijnayaugandharayana

� Sudraka

 Known for:
o Mrichchhakatika (The Little Clay Cart)
o Themes: love, political intrigue, and satire

� Features of Classical Sanskrit Drama:

 Five or more Acts

 Mix of noble and common characters
 Begins with Nandi verse (benediction)
 Use of Sanskrit and Prakrit (mixed languages)
 No violence or death shown on stage
 Ends with moral resolution or happy ending

� Important Years:

Event / Work Year

Translation of Shakuntala by William
1789
Jones
Composition of Vedas (approx.) 1500–500 BCE
~4th–5th
Kalidasa's Period
Century CE
Composition of Ramayana &
~500 BCE
Mahabharata
Discovery of Bhasa‘s plays Early 20th
(Trivandrum Manuscripts) Century

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� MCQs

1. Who is the author of Abhijnanasakuntalam?

A) Bhasa B) Sudraka C) Kalidasa D) Ved Vyasa

2. Which of the following is known as the earliest Sanskrit dramatist?

A) Bhasa B) Kalidasa C) Bharata D) Banabhatta

3. Mrichchhakatika is written by:

A) Kalidasa B) Sudraka C) Bhasa D) Bhavabhuti

4. In which language were the Vedas composed?

A) Prakrit B) Sanskrit C) Pali D) Apabhramsha

5. Who translated Abhijnanasakuntalam into English?

A) H.T. Colebrooke B) William Jones C) Max Muller D) Griffith

6. Which Sanskrit play begins with a Nandi verse?

A) Abhijnanasakuntalam B) Svapnavasavadattam C) Mrichchhakatika D)
Vikramorvashiyam

7. Mahabharata was authored by:

A) Kalidasa B) Valmiki C) Ved Vyasa D) Patanjali

8. The term „Rasa‟ in Sanskrit drama refers to:

A) Plot B) Character C) Emotion/Flavor D) Meter

9. Which of these is a Sanskrit love poem by Kalidasa?

A) Shakuntala B) Meghaduta C) Mrichchhakatika D) Bhagavad Gita

10. Which of the following epics contains Bhagavad Gita?

A) Ramayana B) Mahabharata C) Vedas D) Puranas

11. The Little Clay Cart is a play that belongs to which genre?
A) Farce B) Romantic Comedy C) Revenge Tragedy D) Absurd Drama
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12. Which two languages are used in classical Sanskrit drama?
A) Sanskrit & Hindi B) Sanskrit & Pali C) Sanskrit & Prakrit D) Prakrit &
Urdu

13. Which character is central to Abhijnanasakuntalam?

A) Shakuntala B) Urvashi C) Sita D) Draupadi

14. What is the usual ending of a Sanskrit classical drama?

A) Tragic B) Open C) Moral or Happy Ending D) Political Message

15. Who is the hero in the play Abhijnanasakuntalam?

A) Bharata B) King Dushyanta C) Rama D) Arjuna

16. Which drama of Kalidasa is set in the heavenly realm?

A) Shakuntala B) Vikramorvashiyam C) Malavikagnimitram D)
Meghaduta

17. What is the name of Shakuntala‟s son?

A) Arjuna B) Bharata C) Bhima D) Kartikeya

18. Bhavabhuti is known for which famous drama?

A) Mrichchhakatika B) Uttararamacharita C) Mudrarakshasa D)
Vikramorvashiyam

19. How many Vedas are there in total?

A) 3 B) 4 C) 6 D) 2

20. Which of the following is not written by Kalidasa?

A) Meghaduta B) Raghuvamsa C) Mrichchhakatika D) Kumarasambhava

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Day 2: European Classical Literature

� European Classical Literature – Complete Notes (Exam-Focused)

European Classical Literature refers to the literary works of Ancient Greece and
Rome. It forms the foundation of Western literature and thought. This includes
epic poems, dramas, philosophies, and literary criticism.

� Key Features of European Classical Literature

 Emphasis on idealism, heroism, order, and harmony.

 Concerned with human fate, divine intervention, and moral values.
 Literature was often written in verse.
 Major genres: Epic, Tragedy, Comedy, Lyric poetry, and Philosophical
dialogues.
 Heavy influence on Renaissance and Neoclassical writers.

�� Greek Classical Literature

� Major Genres:

1. Epic Poetry – Homer‘s Iliad and Odyssey

2. Lyric Poetry – Sappho and Pindar
3. Tragedy – Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
4. Comedy – Aristophanes
5. Philosophical Prose – Plato, Aristotle

� Notable Works:

 Homer – Iliad (Trojan War), Odyssey (Journey of Odysseus)

 Sophocles – Oedipus Rex (Tragic irony and fate)
 Aristotle – Poetics (Theory of Tragedy, Catharsis)
 Plato – The Republic (Ideal state, justice)
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�� Roman Classical Literature

� Major Genres:

 Epic
 Satire
 Lyric Poetry
 Rhetoric

� Notable Authors:

 Virgil – Aeneid (Roman Epic)

 Horace – Odes (Moral reflections)
 Ovid – Metamorphoses (Mythological narrative)
 Seneca – Tragedies and Stoic philosophy
 Cicero – Rhetoric and orations

� Important Terms to Remember

 Catharsis – Purging of emotions (Aristotle)

 Hubris – Excessive pride leading to downfall
 Tragic Flaw (Hamartia) – Character's weakness leading to tragedy
 Dramatic Irony – Audience knows something characters don‘t
 Deus ex Machina – God from machine (sudden resolution)

� Important Dates & Milestones

Event/Work Approx. Date
Composition of Iliad &
c. 8th century BCE
Odyssey
Sophocles‘ Oedipus Rex c. 429 BCE
Euripides‘ Medea premiere c. 431 BCE
Virgil‘s Aeneid completed c. 19 BCE
Ovid exiled to Tomis (wrote 8 CE
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Event/Work Approx. Date
Metamorphoses)
Horace publishes first three
23 BCE
Books of Odes

✅ One Liner MCQs

1. Who wrote Iliad and Odyssey?
→ Homer
2. The term ―Catharsis‖ was introduced by:
→ Aristotle
3. ―Oedipus Rex‖ was written by:
→ Sophocles
4. Which Greek philosopher authored The Republic?
→ Plato
5. Aeneid is a Roman epic by:
→ Virgil
6. The Roman poet known for Metamorphoses:
→ Ovid
7. Who is called the father of tragedy in Greek literature?
→ Aeschylus
8. The literary device where the audience knows more than characters is:
→ Dramatic Irony
9. Roman poet known for moralistic Odes:
→ Horace
10. Poetics, the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory, was written by:
→ Aristotle
11. The Greek playwright who wrote Medea:
→ Euripides
12. The term ―Hubris‖ in tragedy means:
→ Excessive pride

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13. Which Roman author is known for his speeches and rhetorical works?
→ Cicero
14. The Greek comedy writer known for Lysistrata:
→ Aristophanes
15. ―Hamartia‖ refers to:
→ Tragic flaw in a character
16. ―Deus ex Machina‖ is a technique to:
→ Resolve plot using divine intervention
17. Seneca was a philosopher and playwright from:
→ Rome
18. The Republic is primarily about:
→ Justice and ideal state
19. The ―Golden Age‖ of Latin literature includes:
→ Virgil, Horace, and Ovid
20. Metamorphoses contains stories from:
→ Greek and Roman Mythology

Day 3: Indian Writing in English

� Indian Writing in English – Complete Notes

� Introduction:

Indian Writing in English refers to literary works written by Indian authors in the
English language. It began during the colonial period and has grown significantly
post-Independence. The genre explores themes of identity, colonialism,
nationalism, diaspora, culture clash, modernity, tradition, and more.

� Early Pioneers:

 Raja Rao – Kanthapura (1938) – Gandhian nationalism, village life.

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 Mulk Raj Anand – Untouchable (1935), Coolie – Explores caste, poverty,
human dignity.
 R.K. Narayan – Swami and Friends, The Guide – Life in fictitious town
Malgudi.
 These three are often referred to as the "Trio of Indian English Fiction".

� Post-Independence Writers:

 Nissim Ezekiel – Father of modern Indian English poetry. Famous for

"Night of the Scorpion", "The Professor".
 Kamala Das – Confessional poet. Known for My Story, An Introduction.
 A.K. Ramanujan – Known for Obituary, cultural fusion.
 Jayanta Mahapatra, Eunice de Souza, Keki N. Daruwalla – Important
modern poets.

� Modern & Contemporary Fiction Writers:

 Salman Rushdie – Midnight‟s Children (Booker Prize 1981), The Satanic

Verses.
 Amitav Ghosh – The Shadow Lines, Sea of Poppies (Ibis Trilogy).
 Arundhati Roy – The God of Small Things (Booker Prize 1997).
 Kiran Desai – The Inheritance of Loss (Booker Prize 2006).
 Jhumpa Lahiri – Interpreter of Maladies (Pulitzer Prize), The Namesake.
 Chetan Bhagat – Popular fiction: Five Point Someone, 2 States.
 Anita Desai – Clear Light of Day, In Custody.
 Shashi Tharoor – The Great Indian Novel, satire and history.
 Vikram Seth – A Suitable Boy (Longest novel in English), The Golden Gate
(novel in verse).
 Rohinton Mistry – Such a Long Journey, A Fine Balance – Parsi
community themes.

� Genres Covered:

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 Poetry: Ezekiel, Kamala Das, Ramanujan.
 Novel: Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan, Rushdie, Roy, Lahiri.
 Drama: Mahesh Dattani (Final Solutions, Tara – LGBTQ & social issues).
 Short Stories: R.K. Narayan, Ruskin Bond.

� Common Themes:

 Partition, post-colonialism, feminism, diasporic identity, family dynamics,

cultural hybridity, caste/class.

� Notable Awards & Recognitions:

 Booker Prize Winners:

o Salman Rushdie (1981)
o Arundhati Roy (1997)
o Kiran Desai (2006)
o Geetanjali Shree (International Booker, 2022 for Hindi novel Tomb of
Sand)

� Language & Style:

 Blend of English with Indian idioms.

 Use of code-switching (mixing languages).
 Realism with myth, magic realism (Rushdie).
 Strong sense of place (Malgudi, Calcutta, Bombay, etc.).

� Important Years & Milestones

Figure Work Year

Narayan Swami and Friends 1935
Anand Untouchable 1935
Raja Rao The Serpent and the Rope 1960
Rushdie Midnight‟s Children 1981
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Figure Work Year
Roy The God of Small Things 1997
Lahiri Interpreter of Maladies 1999
Desai Inheritance of Loss 2006

✅ One-Liner MCQs
1. Who is the author of Kanthapura?
→ Raja Rao
2. Which Indian English novel focuses on untouchability and caste issues?
→ Untouchable by Mulk Raj Anand
3. R.K. Narayan‘s fictional town is called:
→ Malgudi
4. Who is called the 'Father of Modern Indian English Poetry'?
→ Nissim Ezekiel
5. Kamala Das is best known for which autobiographical work?
→ My Story
6. The novel Midnight’s Children was written by:
→ Salman Rushdie
7. Which novel won Arundhati Roy the Booker Prize in 1997?
→ The God of Small Things
8. Amitav Ghosh‘s Ibis Trilogy includes which novel?
→ Sea of Poppies
9. Jhumpa Lahiri won the Pulitzer Prize for which book?
→ Interpreter of Maladies
10. Who wrote the verse novel The Golden Gate?
→ Vikram Seth
11. Anita Desai‘s novel In Custody explores the theme of:
→ Decline of Urdu language
12. Which Indian writer is known for satirical rewriting of the
Mahabharata?
→ Shashi Tharoor

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13. Mahesh Dattani is known for which play dealing with communal
tension?
→ Final Solutions
14. Who is the author of Such a Long Journey?
→ Rohinton Mistry
15. Chetan Bhagat‘s debut novel is:
→ Five Point Someone
16. Which Indian English writer has written extensively on diaspora
issues?
→ Jhumpa Lahiri
17. Who among the following writes mostly children‘s stories and
short fiction?
→ Ruskin Bond
18. Who won the International Booker Prize in 2022 for a Hindi
novel?
→ Geetanjali Shree
19. Who is the author of Clear Light of Day?
→ Anita Desai
20. Which novel by R.K. Narayan was adapted into a film starring Dev
Anand?
→ The Guide

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� Day 4: British Poetry and Drama (14th to 17th
Centuries)

� 1. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400)

 Father of English Poetry.

 Known for The Canterbury Tales – A collection of 24 stories written in
Middle English.
 Wrote in iambic pentameter (though not regular as later poets).
 His language was the East Midland dialect (basis for Modern English).
 Important Characters: Knight, Wife of Bath, Pardoner, Miller.

� 2. Edmund Spenser (1552–1599)

 Famous work: The Faerie Queene – an epic allegorical poem dedicated to

Queen Elizabeth I.
 Style: Spenserian stanza (9 lines – 8 in iambic pentameter + 1 alexandrine).
 Known as Poet‘s Poet by Charles Lamb.
 Themes: Chivalry, virtue, morality, Protestant ethics.

� 3. William Shakespeare (1564–1616)

 Most influential figure of English literature.

 Total Plays: 39 (Tragedies, Comedies, Histories)
 Notable Tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear
 Comedies: Twelfth Night, As You Like It, A Midsummer Night‘s Dream
 Sonnets: Total 154; Structure – 3 quatrains + 1 couplet (Shakespearean
Sonnet).
 Themes: Human nature, power, betrayal, love, fate.

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� 4. Christopher Marlowe (1564–1593)

 Major Pre-Shakespearean dramatist.

 Known for: Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta
 Introduced Blank Verse (unrhymed iambic pentameter) to English drama.
 Themes: Ambition, knowledge, power, tragic downfall.

� 5. John Donne (1572–1631)

 Founder of Metaphysical Poetry.

 Style: Wit, conceits (extended metaphors), paradoxes.
 Major Works: The Flea, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Death Be
Not Proud
 Themes: Love, religion, mortality, spirituality.

� 6. Elizabethan Drama (1558–1603)

 Period of Queen Elizabeth I‘s reign.

 Known for the rise of Renaissance drama.
 Key features: Blank verse, soliloquy, tragic heroes.
 Major Playwrights: Shakespeare, Marlowe, Thomas Kyd

� 7. Jacobean Drama (1603–1625)

 Period of King James I.

 Themes became darker, more violent, satirical.
 Notable dramatists: Ben Jonson, John Webster
 Key Plays: The Duchess of Malfi, Volpone, The Alchemist

� 8. Sonnets

 Origin: Italy (Petrarch), Adopted in England by Wyatt & Surrey.

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 English Sonnet: Shakespearean Sonnet (abab cdcd efef gg)
 Themes: Love, beauty, time, mortality.
 Shakespeare‘s Sonnet 18: “Shall I compare thee to a summer‟s day?”

� 9. Tragicomedy

 A blend of tragedy and comedy.

 Ends happily but involves serious or tragic situations.
 Popular in the Jacobean era.
 Example: The Tempest by Shakespeare (also seen as a tragicomedy).

(Important Years):
 1387–1400: Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales
 1557: Tottel‟s Miscellany published (first English anthology)
 1590: The Faerie Queene (first part) published
 1592–1616: Shakespeare‘s productive period
 1604: Othello performed
 1606: Macbeth written

� One-Liner MCQs
1. Who is called the 'Father of English Poetry'?
→ Geoffrey Chaucer
2. The Canterbury Tales is written in—
→ Middle English
3. Which poet used the Spenserian stanza?
→ Edmund Spenser
4. ‗The Faerie Queene‘ is dedicated to—
→ Queen Elizabeth I

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5. How many sonnets did Shakespeare write?
→ 154
6. Christopher Marlowe popularized which verse form?
→ Blank Verse
7. ‗Doctor Faustus‘ was written by—
→ Christopher Marlowe
8. The theme of ‗Doctor Faustus‘ is—
→ Ambition and downfall
9. ‗Death Be Not Proud‘ is a poem by—
→ John Donne
10. John Donne is known as the father of—
→ Metaphysical Poetry
11. Elizabethan Drama is known for use of—
→ Blank Verse
12. A major feature of Jacobean drama is—
→ Dark and violent themes
13. Who wrote ‗The Duchess of Malfi‘?
→ John Webster
14. Shakespeare‘s ‗The Tempest‘ is an example of—
→ Tragicomedy
15. Who is the ‗Bard of Avon‘?
→ William Shakespeare
16. ‗Volpone‘ was written by—
→ Ben Jonson
17. The poem ‗The Flea‘ was written by—
→ John Donne
18. The line ‗Shall I compare thee to a summer‘s day?‘ is from—
→ Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare
19. Who introduced sonnets to English literature?
→ Thomas Wyatt and Henry Surrey
20. Metaphysical conceit refers to—
→ Extended metaphor in poetry

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Day 5: American Literature (18th Century) –

� Overview: 18th Century American Literature

The 18th century was a formative era in American literature, shaped by three
major movements:

1. Puritanism (Late 17th – Early 18th Century)

2. The Enlightenment (1700s – 1800s)
3. The American Revolution (1765–1783)

This period marked the transition from religious to rational thought, paving the
way for political independence and individualism.

� 1. Puritanism (1600s–Early 1700s)

 Rooted in Calvinist beliefs and strict moral code.

 Emphasized plain style of writing, scripture-based values, and self-
examination.
 Literature was religious, moralistic, and often diaristic or autobiographical.

Key Features:

 Literal interpretation of the Bible

 Distrust of fiction and drama
 Purpose of writing: to glorify God

Important Writers:

 Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God (1741)

 Cotton Mather: Magnalia Christi Americana (1702)

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� 2. The Enlightenment (Age of Reason – 1700s)

 Influenced by European thinkers like Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau.

 Emphasis on:
o Reason and logic over superstition
o Science and empirical knowledge
o Deism: Belief in a Creator who does not intervene in the universe.

Themes in Literature:

 Rational argument
 Political liberty and democracy
 Natural rights (Life, Liberty, Property)

Important Figures:

 Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography, Poor Richard‟s Almanack

 Thomas Paine: Common Sense (1776), The American Crisis
 Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence (1776)

� 3. American Revolution (1765–1783)

 Literature became political.

 Writing focused on freedom, patriotism, democracy.
 Used pamphlets, essays, and speeches to inspire rebellion.

Forms:

 Pamphlets
 Autobiographies
 Speeches & Letters

� Important Writers and Works

Writer Famous Work(s) Contribution

Benjamin Autobiography, Poor Richard‟s Self-made man,
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Writer Famous Work(s) Contribution
Franklin Almanack Enlightenment ideals
Thomas Core democratic
Declaration of Independence
Jefferson document
Influenced American
Thomas Paine Common Sense, The Crisis
independence
Poems on American freedom and "Poet of the American
Philip Freneau
identity Revolution"

� Important Literary Forms

� Essay

 Rational, didactic writing

 Common in political and philosophical discussions
 Franklin, Paine used this form widely

� Autobiography

 Major tool of Enlightenment literature

 Benjamin Franklin‘s Autobiography is a key example

� Important Years to Remember

Year Event
1702 Magnalia Christi Americana by Cotton Mather
1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God – Jonathan Edwards
1776 Common Sense by Thomas Paine
1776 Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson
Franklin‘s Autobiography published
1791
posthumously (Part I earlier circulated)

� Key Themes and Concepts

 Transition from religion to reason

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 Development of American national identity
 Influence of European Enlightenment thought
 Literature as a tool for social and political change

� MCQs One Liner

1. The Enlightenment in America emphasized reason over faith.
� Answer: Reason over faith
2. Who is the author of Poor Richard‟s Almanack?
� Answer: Benjamin Franklin
3. The literary form most associated with Benjamin Franklin is the
autobiography.
� Answer: Autobiography
4. Thomas Paine's famous revolutionary pamphlet is Common Sense.
� Answer: Common Sense
5. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God is a sermon by Jonathan Edwards.
� Answer: Jonathan Edwards
6. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence?
� Answer: Thomas Jefferson
7. The primary goal of Puritan literature was to glorify God.
� Answer: Glorify God
8. Which literary movement influenced 18th-century American writers?
� Answer: Enlightenment
9. Thomas Paine wrote The American Crisis during the Revolutionary War.
� Answer: Revolutionary War
10. The term ―self-made man‖ is often associated with Benjamin
Franklin.
� Answer: Benjamin Franklin
11. Cotton Mather‘s major historical work is titled Magnalia Christi
Americana.
� Answer: Magnalia Christi Americana
12. ―These are the times that try men‘s souls‖ is a quote from The
American Crisis.
� Answer: The American Crisis

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13. Which of the following is not a Puritan writer?
� Answer: Thomas Jefferson
14. The Enlightenment introduced the concept of Deism.
� Answer: Deism
15. Franklin‘s Autobiography highlights values of industry, frugality, and
self-reliance.
� Answer: Industry, frugality, and self-reliance
16. The belief that God created the world but does not interfere is called
Deism.
� Answer: Deism
17. Who is called the ―Poet of the American Revolution‖?
� Answer: Philip Freneau
18. American literature shifted from religious to political themes during
the 18th century.
� Answer: Religious to political themes
19. The writing style of Puritan literature was plain and direct.
� Answer: Plain and direct
20. Franklin‘s pseudonym used in Poor Richard‟s Almanack was Richard
Saunders.
� Answer: Richard Saunders

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DAY 6: POPULAR LITERATURE

1. DETECTIVE FICTION
✍� Definition:

Detective Fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction where a detective (professional or

amateur) investigates and solves a crime, usually a murder.

� Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930)

 Creator of Sherlock Holmes (First appearance: 1887 in A Study in Scarlet)

 Famous works:
o The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902)
o The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1892)
 Style: Logical reasoning, deduction, forensic science elements
 Influence: Established the modern format of detective fiction

Key Themes:

 Crime and investigation

 Logic and deduction
 Detective–Sidekick relationship (Holmes–Watson)

2. SCIENCE FICTION
✍� Definition:

Science Fiction deals with imaginative concepts such as futuristic science,

advanced technology, space travel, time travel, etc.

� H.G. Wells (1866–1946)

 Known as the Father of Science Fiction

 Major works:
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o The Time Machine (1895)
o The War of the Worlds (1898)
o The Invisible Man (1897)
 Key Elements:
o Dystopia, speculative futures, aliens, time travel

� Isaac Asimov (1920–1992)

 Renowned for Robot and Foundation series

 Coined "Three Laws of Robotics"
 Major works:
o I, Robot (1950)
o Foundation (1951)
 Key Themes:
o Human vs. Machine
o Artificial Intelligence

3. CHILDREN'S LITERATURE
� Enid Blyton (1897–1968)

 British author; wrote over 600 books

 Famous Series:
o The Famous Five (First book: 1942)
o The Secret Seven
 Features: Mystery, moral lessons, adventurous children

� Lewis Carroll (1832–1898)

 Real name: Charles Lutwidge Dodgson

 Major works:
o Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
o Through the Looking-Glass (1871)
 Style: Fantasy, logic puzzles, nonsense literature
 Contribution: Created whimsical yet philosophically deep children‘s stories

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IMPORTANT YEARS AT A GLANCE:
 1865 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
 1887 – A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle
 1895 – The Time Machine by H.G. Wells
 1950 – I, Robot by Isaac Asimov
 1942 – The Famous Five by Enid Blyton

� MCQs One Liner

1. Who is the author of The Hound of the Baskervilles?
Arthur Conan Doyle
2. Who created the character Sherlock Holmes?
Arthur Conan Doyle
3. The Time Machine was written by which science fiction author?
H.G. Wells
4. Which book introduced the character Sherlock Holmes?
A Study in Scarlet
5. Who is known as the Father of Science Fiction?
H.G. Wells
6. Who wrote I, Robot?
Isaac Asimov
7. The Three Laws of Robotics were coined by?
Isaac Asimov
8. Enid Blyton is most famous for which children's book series?
The Famous Five
9. What genre does The Invisible Man belong to?
Science Fiction
10. What is the real name of Lewis Carroll?
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
11. Which children's author wrote over 600 books?
Enid Blyton
12. Alice‟s Adventures in Wonderland was published in which year?
1865

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13. What is the key theme of detective fiction?
Crime and investigation
14. The novel The War of the Worlds was written by?
H.G. Wells
15. The Famous Five series began in which year?
1942
16. Isaac Asimov‘s Foundation series deals with?
Science and predictive history
17. Which novel features the character Dr. Watson?
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
18. Through the Looking-Glass is the sequel to?
Alice‘s Adventures in Wonderland
19. Who wrote about a time-traveling machine in 1895?
H.G. Wells
20. Which genre uses futuristic settings and advanced technology?
Science Fiction

33
DAY 7 : British Poetry and Drama (17th and 18th
Centuries)

1. John Milton (1608–1674)

 Major Works:
o Paradise Lost (1667): Epic poem in blank verse. Theme: The Fall of
Man.
o Paradise Regained (1671): Focuses on Christ‘s temptation.
o Samson Agonistes (1671): Based on the Biblical story of Samson; a
tragic drama.
 Style:
o Use of blank verse.
o Classical references, serious tone.
o Religious, philosophical themes.

2. Alexander Pope (1688–1744)

 Major Works:
o The Rape of the Lock (1712, revised 1714): Mock-epic poem; satire on
aristocratic society.
o Essay on Criticism (1711): Poetic rules and literary criticism.
o The Dunciad (1728): Satirical poem against dullness in literature.
 Style:
o Heroic couplets (rhymed iambic pentameter).
o Satire and wit.
o Moral and social commentary.

3. John Dryden (1631–1700)

 Major Works:
o Absalom and Achitophel (1681): Political satire using Biblical allegory.
o Mac Flecknoe (1682): Mock-epic satire on poet Thomas Shadwell.
o All for Love (1677): Reworking of Shakespeare's Antony and
Cleopatra.
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 Style:
o Satirical tone, heroic couplets.
o Political commentary.

4. Restoration Comedy & Satire (1660–1700)

 Key Features:
o Comedy of Manners: Satire of social behavior and norms.
o Themes: Love, marriage, deception, wit.
o Sexual innuendo and witty dialogues.
 Notable Playwrights:
o William Congreve (The Way of the World, 1700)
o Aphra Behn (The Rover, 1677)
o George Etherege (The Man of Mode, 1676)

5. Neoclassical Literature

 Period: 1660–1798
 Features:
o Imitation of classical Greek and Roman writers.
o Emphasis on order, decorum, rationality.
o Literature as moral instruction.
 Forms:
o Satire, essays, mock-epics, fables.

Important Years

 1608 – Birth of John Milton

 1631 – Birth of John Dryden
 1660 – Beginning of the Restoration period
 1667 – Paradise Lost first published
 1681 – Absalom and Achitophel published
 1688 – Birth of Alexander Pope
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 1711 – Essay on Criticism published
 1712 – The Rape of the Lock (original)
 1728 – The Dunciad published

� MCQs One Liner

1. Paradise Lost is written in which verse form? Blank Verse
2. Who wrote Absalom and Achitophel? John Dryden
3. Alexander Pope is most known for using: Heroic Couplet
4. The Rape of the Lock is an example of: Mock-epic
5. Samson Agonistes is a: Tragedy
6. The Way of the World was written by: William Congreve
7. Who among the following is considered the father of English satire? John
Dryden
8. Restoration Comedy is also known as: Comedy of Manners
9. All for Love is a reworking of which Shakespeare play? Antony and
Cleopatra
10. Who is the author of The Dunciad? Pope
11. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Neoclassical
literature? Emotion
12. The Man of Mode was written by: George Etherege
13. Paradise Regained was published in: 1671
14. Aphra Behn‘s play The Rover is a typical example of: Restoration
Comedy
15.Which of these authors belongs to the Neoclassical Age? Alexander Pope

36
Day 8: British Literature - 18th Century

✍� Overview of 18th Century British Literature

The 18th century in British literature is often known as the Augustan Age or
Neoclassical Age. It emphasized reason, order, decorum, and wit. Major themes
include satire, the rise of the novel, morality, social class, and political
commentary.

�� Key Writers & Their Works

1. Jonathan Swift (1667–1745)

o Gulliver's Travels (1726)
o A Modest Proposal (1729)
o Style: Satirical prose; attacked hypocrisy and corruption
2. Alexander Pope (1688–1744)
o The Rape of the Lock (1712, revised 1714)
o The Dunciad (1728)
o Famous for heroic couplets; neoclassical ideals; satire
3. Samuel Johnson (1709–1784)
o A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)
o The Lives of the Poets (1779–81)
o Critical essays, biography, moral writings
4. Henry Fielding (1707–1754)
o Tom Jones (1749)
o Considered one of the founders of the English novel
5. Laurence Sterne (1713–1768)
o Tristram Shandy (1759–67)
o Comic novel, experimental narrative style
6. Daniel Defoe (1660–1731)
o Robinson Crusoe (1719)
o Moll Flanders (1722)
o Pioneered realistic fiction and the English novel
7. Richard Sheridan (1751–1816)
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oThe School for Scandal (1777)
o Restoration-style comedy; satire on manners
8. Samuel Richardson (1689–1761)
o Pamela (1740), Clarissa (1748)
o Epistolary novels focusing on virtue and morality

� Key Features of 18th Century Literature

 Neoclassicism: Emphasis on order, decorum, reason

 Satire: Commonly used to criticize society and politics
 Rise of the Novel: Shift from poetry to prose fiction
 Didacticism: Focus on morality and instruction
 Periodical Essays: The Spectator (Addison & Steele)

� Important Years to Remember

 1709: Tatler started by Richard Steele

 1711: The Spectator by Addison & Steele
 1712: The Rape of the Lock (Pope)
 1719: Robinson Crusoe (Defoe)
 1726: Gulliver's Travels (Swift)
 1740: Pamela (Richardson)
 1749: Tom Jones (Fielding)
 1755: Johnson's Dictionary
 1777: The School for Scandal (Sheridan)

� Periodical Literature

 Joseph Addison and Richard Steele

o The Tatler (1709–11)
o The Spectator (1711–12)
o Themes: manners, morality, society

38
� Notable Terms

 Heroic Couplet: Two rhymed lines in iambic pentameter (used by Pope)

 Mock Epic: A parody of classical epic (e.g., The Rape of the Lock)
 Epistolary Novel: Novel in letter form (e.g., Pamela)

� MCQ One Liner

1. Who is the author of Gulliver's Travels?
� Jonathan Swift
2. The Spectator was launched in:
� 1711
3. The Rape of the Lock is an example of:
� Mock-epic poem
4. Which of the following is an epistolary novel?
� Pamela
5. Who is known for the first English Dictionary?
� Samuel Johnson
6. The School for Scandal was written by:
� Richard Sheridan
7. Which novel is based on a castaway sailor?
� Robinson Crusoe
8. Who wrote Tom Jones?
� Henry Fielding
9. Satire is most associated with which author?
� Jonathan Swift
10. Tristram Shandy is a novel by:
� Laurence Sterne
11. Which of these was NOT a novel by Defoe?
� Tom Jones is by Fielding)
12. The Augustan Age corresponds to the reign of:
� Queen Anne and George I-II
39
13. Who wrote A Modest Proposal?
� Jonathan Swift
14. Which novel is considered a moral tale of virtue rewarded?
� Pamela
15. Heroic couplet was mainly used by:
� Alexander Pope
16. What was the primary aim of neoclassical writers?
� To teach and entertain
17. Samuel Richardson is best known for:
� Epistolary novels
18. The theme of The Rape of the Lock is:
� Triviality of the upper class
19. The Spectator was mainly about:
� Morality and social commentary
20. The Dunciad was written to attack:
� Bad poets and dullness in literature

DAY 9: British Romantic Literature –

This set of notes covers all critical topics and is designed to be sufficient for
DSSSB TGT English exam. It includes detailed content, themes, year-based facts,
and 15–20 MCQs based on the latest exam trends.

� Introduction to British Romantic Literature

 Time Period: Late 18th century to mid-19th century (approx. 1789–1837)

 Key Influence: French Revolution (1789)
 Reaction against: Neoclassicism, Industrial Revolution, Reason & Order
 Focus: Emotion, Nature, Individualism, Imagination, Supernatural
 Also known as: "The Age of Wordsworth"

� Major Romantic Poets & Highlights

1. William Wordsworth

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 "Poet of Nature"
 Emphasis on common life, rustic people, nature
 Co-authored Lyrical Ballads (1798) with Coleridge
 Major Works:
o Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey (1798)
o The Prelude (Published posthumously in 1850)
o Daffodils ("I wandered lonely as a cloud")
 Famous Quote: "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings."

2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge

 Focused on supernatural, imagination, and the mysterious

 Co-authored Lyrical Ballads (1798)
 Major Works:
o The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
o Kubla Khan (1816)
o Christabel
 Known for: Suspension of disbelief

3. Lord Byron (George Gordon)

 Known for Byronic Hero – moody, passionate, rebellious

 Major Works:
o Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage
o Don Juan (mock-epic)
o She Walks in Beauty

4. Percy Bysshe Shelley

 Themes: Idealism, Revolution, Political Liberty

 Major Works:
o Ode to the West Wind
o To a Skylark
o Prometheus Unbound (lyrical drama)
o Adonais (Elegy on Keats‘ death)

5. John Keats

 Known for: Sensuous imagery, Hellenism, Negative Capability

41
 Major Works:
o Ode to a Nightingale
o Ode on a Grecian Urn
o To Autumn
o La Belle Dame sans Merci
 Died at 25 (1821)

� Common Themes in Romantic Literature

 Nature as a Spiritual Guide

 Emotion over Reason
 Power of Imagination
 The Sublime and Supernatural
 Celebration of the Individual
 Idealism and Freedom

� Lyrical Ballads (1798)

 Joint work of Wordsworth & Coleridge

 Marked start of English Romantic Movement
 Famous Poems:
o The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (Coleridge)
o Tintern Abbey (Wordsworth)
 Preface added in 1800 edition – Wordsworth‘s ideas on poetry

� Important Years to Remember

 1798 – Lyrical Ballads published

 1816 – Kubla Khan published
 1821 – Death of Keats
 1850 – The Prelude published posthumously

� MCQ One Liner

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1. Who is called the "Poet of Nature"? Wordsworth
2. "Lyrical Ballads" was published in: 1798
3. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is written by: Coleridge
4. "Ode to the West Wind" is composed by: Shelley
5. Which poet introduced the concept of the Byronic Hero? Lord Byron
6. The poem "To Autumn" is written by: Keats
7. "Negative Capability" is associated with: Keats
8. "She Walks in Beauty" is a poem by: Byron
9. Kubla Khan is a work of: Coleridge
10. The Preface to Lyrical Ballads was added in: 1800
11. Prometheus Unbound is a: Lyrical drama
12. Adonais is an elegy on the death of: Keats
13. Who wrote Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage?B yron
14. Which poet is known for sensuous imagery? Keats
15. The French Revolution influenced which literary movement?
Romanticism
16. Ode on a Grecian Urn was written by: Keats
17. Which poet wrote extensively about liberty and revolution? Shelley
18. Who among the following did not contribute to Lyrical Ballads? Keats
19. La Belle Dame sans Merci is a: Ballad
20. Who is the author of Don Juan? Byron

43
DAY 10: British Literature – 19th Century

� I. British Literature: 19th Century Overview

� Historical Context

 Victorian Era (1837–1901): Reign of Queen Victoria.

 Industrial Revolution, scientific advancement, and empire expansion shaped
literature.
 Literature often explored morality, social class, industrialism, and
changing gender roles.

�� II. Key 19th-Century Novelists

 Charles Dickens (1812–1870)

 Known for social realism, satire, and memorable characters.

 Themes: Child labor, poverty, industrialism, social injustice.
 Style: Humor, caricature, irony, serialized novels.
 Important Works:
o Oliver Twist (1837)
o A Tale of Two Cities (1859)
o Great Expectations (1861)
o David Copperfield (1850)
 Key Features:
o Critique of workhouses and the Poor Law.
o Empathetic portrayal of children and the urban poor.

 George Eliot (Real name: Mary Ann Evans, 1819–1880)

44
 Style: Psychological depth, philosophical themes, realism.
 Themes: Duty, morality, feminism, social reform.
 Important Works:
o Adam Bede (1859)
o The Mill on the Floss (1860)
o Middlemarch (1871–72)
 Middlemarch is often considered one of the greatest English novels.

 Thomas Hardy (1840–1928)

 Known for naturalism and fatalism.

 Often portrayed rural society and human struggle against fate.
 Important Works:
o Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891)
o Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
o Jude the Obscure (1895)
 Themes: Tragic fate, gender roles, moral conflict, criticism of Victorian
values.

� III. Victorian Poetry

�� Alfred Lord Tennyson (1809–1892)

 Poet Laureate of England

 Deeply reflective, historical and mythological subjects.
 Important Poems:
o In Memoriam A.H.H. (1850) – Elegy for his friend Arthur Hallam
o Ulysses (1842)
o The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854)

�� Robert Browning (1812–1889)

45
 Known for dramatic monologue form.
 Focused on psychological insight and human flaws.
 Important Poems:
o My Last Duchess (1842)
o Andrea del Sarto
o Porphyria's Lover

� IV. Key Themes in 19th-Century Literature

Theme Explanation
Depicted working-class struggles, harsh factory life, and urban
Industrialism
poverty
Morality Questioned Victorian morality and hypocrisy
Focused on real-life issues, believable characters, and everyday
Realism
situations
Explored gender roles and early feminist perspectives (especially
Feminism
Eliot, Hardy)
Naturalism Fate and nature as controlling forces (especially in Hardy‘s novels)

V. Important Years to Remember

Year Event
1837 Queen Victoria ascends to the throne – start of Victorian era
1837 Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
1850 Tennyson‘s In Memoriam A.H.H. published
1859 A Tale of Two Cities by Dickens
1860 The Mill on the Floss by George Eliot
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Year Event
1871 Middlemarch begins publication
1891 Tess of the d‟Urbervilles by Hardy
1895 Jude the Obscure – controversial, morally radical work

 MCQs One Liner

1. Who wrote Middlemarch? George Eliot
2. Which novel begins with "It was the best of times, it was the worst of
times"? A Tale of Two Cities
3. Robert Browning is associated with which poetic form? Dramatic
Monologue
4. Tennyson‘s In Memoriam is dedicated to whom? Arthur Hallam
5. The theme of fatalism is most associated with: Hardy
6. My Last Duchess is written by: Robert Browning
7. What is the real name of George Eliot? Mary Ann Evans
8. Which novelist criticized industrialization through works like Hard Times?
Charles Dickens
9. Who wrote Tess of the d‟Urbervilles? Thomas Hardy
10. "The Charge of the Light Brigade" was written during which war?
Crimean War
11. Ulysses by Tennyson is inspired by which mythological figure?
Odysseus
12. Which novel is often considered autobiographical by Dickens? David
Copperfield
13. Which Victorian poet was married to Elizabeth Barrett Browning?
Robert Browning
14. Porphyria‟s Lover is an example of: Dramatic monologue
15. Who portrayed psychological realism among novelists? George Eliot
16. Far from the Madding Crowd is a novel by: Thomas Hardy
17. Which work deals with class conflict and revolution? A Tale of Two
Cities
18. Who was the Poet Laureate after Wordsworth? Alfred Tennyson
19. Jude the Obscure was banned for: Immoral themes

47
20. The Mill on the Floss is set in: St. Ogg‘s

48
Day 11: Women‘s Writing –

� WOMEN‘S WRITING: COMPLETE NOTES

� Major Themes:

 Gender – Women's roles and restrictions in patriarchal societies.

 Identity – Conflict between personal identity and societal expectations.
 Patriarchy – Repression, silencing, and marginalization of women.

� Key Feminist Writers

1. Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) – British Modernist, Feminist Thinker

 ⚡ Major Work: A Room of One‟s Own (1929)

o Argues that women need financial independence and a private space
to create literature.
o Key Quote: ―A woman must have money and a room of her own if she
is to write fiction.‖
 � Mrs Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, Orlando
 ✍� Stream of consciousness narrative
 � Key Idea: Androgynous Mind – fusion of masculine & feminine qualities
in writing

2. Sylvia Plath (1932–1963) – American Confessional Poet

 � Wrote on mental health, gender oppression, personal trauma

 ⚡ Major Work: The Bell Jar (1963) – semi-autobiographical novel
 � Famous poems:
o Daddy, Lady Lazarus, Ariel, Tulips
 � Died by suicide – represents struggles of women and artistic expression

49
 ✍� Confessional Style: intensely personal, brutally honest

3. Kamala Das (1934–2009) – Indian English & Malayalam Writer

 ⚡ Known for bold and open portrayal of female sexuality and identity
 � Works: My Story (autobiography), An Introduction, The Old Playhouse
 � Themes: female desire, loneliness, marriage, societal judgment
 � Wrote in English and Malayalam under pen name Madhavikutty

� Other Important Female Writers

4. Toni Morrison (1931–2019) – African-American Novelist

 � Beloved, The Bluest Eye

 ✍� Focused on race, black women‘s identity and trauma
 � Nobel Prize in Literature – 1993

5. Alice Walker

 � The Color Purple – epistolary novel, women‘s struggle in black

community
 � Coined term: "Womanism" – feminism for black women

6. Charlotte Perkins Gilman

 � The Yellow Wallpaper – psychological horror showing domestic

oppression

7. Mary Wollstonecraft
50
 � A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) – first feminist manifesto

8. Elaine Showalter

 � Coined term ―Gynocriticism‖ – women writing about women

 � A Literature of Their Own – study of British women novelists

Important Works & Years

Work Author Year
A Room of One‘s Own Virginia Woolf 1929
The Bell Jar Sylvia Plath 1963
My Story Kamala Das 1976
Beloved Toni Morrison 1987
The Color Purple Alice Walker 1982
The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte P. Gilman 1892
A Vindication of the Rights... Mary Wollstonecraft 1792
A Literature of Their Own Elaine Showalter 1977

� Major Literary Concepts in Women‘s Writing

 Gynocriticism – Study of women‘s writing and experiences (Showalter)
 Androgynous Mind – Fusion of masculine and feminine sensibilities
(Woolf)
 Feminine, Feminist, Female Phases – Showalter‘s phases of women‘s
writing
 Confessional Poetry – Personal experiences and emotions (Sylvia Plath)
 Womanism – Alice Walker‘s inclusive feminist theory

51
� MCQs One Liner
1. Virginia Woolf said, “A woman must have money and a room of
her own if she is to write fiction.”
2. The Bell Jar is a semi-autobiographical novel by Sylvia Plath.
3. The term “Gynocriticism” was coined by Elaine Showalter.
4. My Story and An Introduction were written by Kamala Das.
5. The Yellow Wallpaper explores the theme of Mental illness and
patriarchy.
6. The term “Androgynous Mind” was coined by Virginia Woolf.
7. The Color Purple is written in the Epistolary form.
8. The term “Womanism” was introduced by Alice Walker.
9. Sylvia Plath‘s poetry belongs to the Confessional genre.

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Day 12: British Literature -

� Overview:

The early 20th century British literature was marked by radical experimentation in
form, content, and style. This was the period of Modernism, a literary movement
that responded to the disillusionment following World War I, industrialization, and
rapid social changes.

� Major Literary Features of Modernism:

 Stream of Consciousness: Narrative technique to depict the flow of

thoughts in the human mind (e.g., James Joyce, Virginia Woolf).
 Symbolism: Use of symbols to suggest deeper meanings (e.g., T.S. Eliot).
 Fragmentation: Disjointed structure reflecting chaos.
 Allusions: Classical and literary references.
 Subjectivity and Inner Reality: Focus on psychological depth.

� Important Writers & Works:

1. T.S. Eliot (1888–1965)

 Major Work: The Waste Land (1922)

 Themes: Disillusionment, spiritual emptiness, decay of Western civilization.
 Style: Dense with allusions, symbolism, and free verse.
 Contribution: Nobel Prize in Literature (1948).

2. W.B. Yeats (1865–1939)

 Major Work: The Second Coming (1919)

 Themes: Irish nationalism, mysticism, cyclical view of history.
 Style: Symbolism, mythological elements.
 Nobel Prize in Literature: 1923.
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3. James Joyce (1882–1941)

 Major Work: Ulysses (1922)

 Features: Stream of consciousness, inner monologue, parody.
 Contribution: Redefined narrative structure in English prose.

4. D.H. Lawrence (1885–1930)

 Major Works: Sons and Lovers (1913), Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's
Lover
 Themes: Human sexuality, industrial alienation, individualism.
 Contribution: Psychological depth and modern realist prose.

� Important Years:

 1913: Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence

 1919: The Second Coming by Yeats
 1922: Ulysses by Joyce and The Waste Land by Eliot
 1923: Yeats awarded Nobel Prize
 1948: Eliot awarded Nobel Prize

✉� Additional Points:

 The Bloomsbury Group, which included writers like Virginia Woolf, also
contributed to the modernist discourse.
 Modernist drama was influenced by Henrik Ibsen and later developed by
Harold Pinter and Samuel Beckett (though post-1950).
 Freudian influence: Exploration of unconscious mind in prose and poetry.

� MCQs One Liner

1. T.S. Eliot is the author of The Waste Land.

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2. The term "stream of consciousness" is mostly associated with James
Joyce.
3. W.B. Yeats is known for Irish nationalism and mysticism.
4. D.H. Lawrence focused on industrial alienation and sexuality.
5. The year 1922 saw two landmark modernist works (Ulysses and The Waste
Land).
6. T.S. Eliot won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.
7. James Joyce‘s Ulysses is inspired by Homer's Odyssey.
8. Charles Dickens is not associated with Modernism.
9. The term "mythical method" was coined by T.S. Eliot.
10. ―Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold‖ is from Yeats‘s The
Second Coming.

� Day 13: Modern European Drama –

� Overview

Modern European Drama (late 19th to mid-20th century) redefined the nature of
drama with experimentation, focus on realism, psychological depth, and social
critique.

� Key Movements:
� 1. Realism & Naturalism

 Realism: Focus on ordinary characters, everyday life, social issues.

 Naturalism: A subset of realism; shows human behavior as determined by
environment/heredity.

� Key Playwrights:

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Henrik Ibsen (Norway)

 Father of Realism
 Key Works:
o A Doll‟s House (1879) – Feminism & Individual Freedom
o Ghosts (1881) – Hereditary disease & morality
o Hedda Gabler (1891) – Power, frustration
 Important Themes: Gender roles, societal hypocrisy, individual vs society
 DSSSB Tip: A Doll‟s House is repeatedly asked – character of Nora is
iconic.

Anton Chekhov (Russia)

 Style: Subtle drama, psychological realism, no clear climax/resolution

 Key Works:
o The Cherry Orchard (1904) – Social change in Russia
o The Seagull (1896) – Art and unfulfilled dreams
o Three Sisters, Uncle Vanya
 Features: Use of pause, off-stage action, mundane conversations

� 2. Epic Theatre – Bertolt Brecht (Germany)

 Aim: Make audience think critically, not emotionally engage

 Verfremdungseffekt (Alienation Effect): Break illusion of reality
 Techniques: Direct address, songs, placards, lighting
 Key Works:
o Mother Courage and Her Children (1939)
o The Good Woman of Setzuan (1943)
o The Caucasian Chalk Circle
 Themes: War, capitalism, morality, injustice
 Important Note: Brecht was against Aristotelian Catharsis

� 3. Theatre of the Absurd

Samuel Beckett (Ireland)

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 Influenced by: WWII, existentialism (Camus, Sartre)
 Features: Meaninglessness, repetitive actions, nonsensical dialogues
 Key Work:
o Waiting for Godot (1953) – Two men wait endlessly for ―Godot‖
 Other Plays: Endgame, Krapp‟s Last Tape
 Important Element: Time, silence, despair, circular structure

✍� Additional Dramatists You Should Know:

 Jean-Paul Sartre – No Exit
 Eugène Ionesco – The Bald Soprano, Rhinoceros
 Tom Stoppard – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead

� Important Years:
Year Year Event
A Doll‟s House –
1879 1879
Ibsen
1896 The Seagull –
1896
Chekhov
1904 The Cherry
1904 Orchard –
1939
Chekhov
1953 Mother Courage –
1939
Brecht
1953 Waiting for Godot
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Year Event
– Beckett

� Key Concepts Summary:

Concept Concept Description
Breaks illusion to
Alienation Alienation
force reflection
Realism True to life,
Realism
social issues
Naturalism Determinism,
Naturalism
darker realism
Absurdism
No meaning,
Absurdism repetitive,
existential despair

� Oriented Quick Points:

 Ibsen – Realism, gender roles, societal conflict
 Chekhov – Subtext, psychological drama, no clear plot
 Brecht – Epic theatre, alienation, political themes
 Beckett – Absurdism, existential philosophy

� MCQs One Liner -

1. Who is regarded as the ‗Father of Modern Drama‘?
➡� A. Henrik Ibsen

2. Which play by Ibsen is centered on a woman‘s right to self-determination?

➡� A. A Doll‘s House
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3. ―The Cherry Orchard‖ was written by:
➡� B. Anton Chekhov

4. Which of these playwrights used the Alienation Effect?

➡� C. Bertolt Brecht

5. ―Waiting for Godot‖ belongs to which genre?

➡� D. Theatre of the Absurd

6. What is a key feature of Absurdist Theatre?

➡� C. Illogical, meaningless dialogues

7. The technique of breaking the fourth wall is used in:

➡� A. Epic Theatre

8. What is a dominant theme in Beckett‘s works?

➡� D. Existential despair

9. Who wrote ―Mother Courage and Her Children‖?

➡� B. Bertolt Brecht

10. ―Three Sisters‖ is a work by:

➡� C. Chekhov

11. Beckett‘s style emphasizes:

➡� B. Repetitive and circular action

12. Who introduced Verfremdungseffekt?

➡� D. Bertolt Brecht

13. Ibsen‘s major theme was:

➡� A. Individual vs society

14. What does Epic Theatre aim to do?

➡� C. Make audience think critically

15. ―The Bald Soprano‖ is associated with:

➡� B. Eugène Ionesco
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16. ―Krapp‘s Last Tape‖ is written by:
➡� A. Samuel Beckett

17. Naturalism is deeply influenced by:

➡� C. Scientific determinism

18. Which of the following playwrights rejected traditional plot structure?

➡� D. Beckett

19. What does Realist drama avoid?

➡� B. Supernatural elements

20. Chekhov‘s drama is famous for:

➡� C. Psychological depth without resolution

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✅ Day 14: Postcolonial Literatures –

� Definition of Postcolonial Literature:

Postcolonial literature refers to literary works produced in formerly colonized

nations, especially after gaining independence. It explores the effects of
colonization on culture, identity, language, and society.

� Key Themes:

 Identity Crisis
 Hybridity (Homi K. Bhabha)
 Decolonization
 Cultural Conflict & Mimicry
 Otherness
 Diaspora & Migration
 Language & Power Dynamics

✍� Important Writers and Works:

1. Chinua Achebe (Nigeria)

 � Famous Work: Things Fall Apart (1958)

 � Theme: Clash between Igbo culture and British colonialism.
 � Achebe‘s Style: Realistic, narrative-driven, African oral tradition.

2. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong‘o (Kenya)

 � Important Work: Decolonising the Mind (1986)

 � Advocated for writing in native languages.
 � Criticized neocolonialism and language imperialism.

3. Derek Walcott (Saint Lucia)

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 � Nobel Prize in Literature (1992)
 � Key Work: Omeros (1990) – Epic poem retelling Homer with Caribbean
context.
 � Themes: Colonial legacy, hybrid identity.

4. Salman Rushdie (India–UK)

 � Notable Work: Midnight‟s Children (1981)

 � Booker Prize (1981), Booker of Bookers (1993, 2008)
 � Style: Magical Realism
 � Themes: Partition, national identity, history.

5. Jean Rhys (Dominica–UK)

 � Famous Work: Wide Sargasso Sea (1966)

 � Prequel to Jane Eyre, giving voice to Bertha Mason (Creole woman).

6. Arundhati Roy (India)

 � Work: The God of Small Things (1997) – Won Booker Prize

 � Focuses on caste, postcolonial society, and social injustice.

7. Aime Césaire (Martinique)

 � Coined term ―Negritude‖

 � Explored African identity & decolonization in French colonies.

� Important Years:

 1957 – Ghana becomes first African country to gain independence.

 1958 – Things Fall Apart published.
 1966 – Wide Sargasso Sea published.
 1981 – Midnight‟s Children published.
 1986 – Decolonising the Mind by Ngugi.
 1992 – Derek Walcott wins Nobel Prize.
 1997 – Arundhati Roy wins Booker Prize.

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� Important Terms in Postcolonial Theory:

Term Explanation
Hybridity Cultural mixture post-colonization (Bhabha)
Colonized imitate colonizers, but never truly
Mimicry
accepted
Subaltern Voices of the oppressed (Gayatri Spivak)
West‘s portrayal of the East as exotic/inferior
Orientalism
(Edward Said)
Diaspora Scattering of people due to colonization/conflict
Double Consciousness Conflict of colonized identity (W.E.B. Du Bois)

� MCQs One Liner

1. Chinua Achebe is the author of Things Fall Apart.
2. Midnight‟s Children by Salman Rushdie is an example of magical realism.
3. The term "Hybridity" in postcolonial theory is associated with Homi K.
Bhabha.
4. Derek Walcott won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992.
5. The central theme of Decolonising the Mind is language as a tool of
colonial control.
6. A Room of One‟s Own is written by Virginia Woolf.
7. Wide Sargasso Sea retells Jane Eyre from Bertha Mason's perspective.
8. Postcolonial literature often explores identity and decolonization.
9. Arundhati Roy won the Booker Prize in 1997.
10. Derek Walcott is known for the epic poem Omeros.
11. Negritude refers to the celebration of Black identity.
12. Things Fall Apart begins with a wrestling match.
13. The concept of the Subaltern is associated with Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak.

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64
� Discipline Centric Elective

1. Modern Indian Writing in English Translation

 Definition: Indian literary works originally written in regional languages and

later translated into English.
 Key Authors/Texts:
o Rabindranath Tagore – Gitanjali (Nobel Prize, 1913)
o Premchand – Godaan
o Amrita Pritam – Pinjar
 Themes: Freedom struggle, caste oppression, partition trauma, spiritualism.
 Important Year: 1913 (Tagore received Nobel Prize)

2. Literature of the Indian Diaspora

 Definition: Literature written by Indian-origin authors living outside India.

 Key Authors:
o Salman Rushdie – Midnight‟s Children
o Jhumpa Lahiri – The Namesake
o V.S. Naipaul – A House for Mr. Biswas
 Themes: Exile, cultural identity, hybridity, nostalgia.
 Important Concepts: Post-colonialism, hybridity (Homi Bhabha), double
consciousness (Du Bois)

3. British Literature: Post World War II

 Definition: British literature after 1945, reflecting on war, class conflict,

modernism‘s aftermath.
 Key Authors:
o Samuel Beckett – Waiting for Godot (1953)
o Doris Lessing – The Grass Is Singing
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o Harold Pinter – The Homecoming
 Themes: Absurdity, existentialism, political unrest.
 Important Year: 1945 (WWII ends)

4. Nineteenth Century European Realism

 Definition: A literary movement portraying everyday life and society as it is.

 Key Authors:
o Charles Dickens – David Copperfield
o Leo Tolstoy – War and Peace
o Gustave Flaubert – Madame Bovary
 Themes: Social class, realism, morality, industrialization.
 Important Years: 1850s–1880s (height of realism in Europe)

5. Literary Criticism

 Definition: The study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature.

 Key Theorists:
o Aristotle – Poetics
o T.S. Eliot – Tradition and the Individual Talent
o I.A. Richards – Practical Criticism
 Methods: Formalism, Marxist criticism, psychoanalysis.
 Important Year: 1920s (Formalism rise)

6. Science Fiction and Detective Literature

 Science Fiction Authors:

o H.G. Wells – The Time Machine
o Isaac Asimov – I, Robot
 Detective Fiction Authors:
o Arthur Conan Doyle – Sherlock Holmes
o Agatha Christie – Murder on the Orient Express
 Themes: Future, technology, logic, justice.
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 Golden Era: 1890s–1950s

7. Literature and Cinema

 Definition: Study of adaptation from text to screen.

 Examples:
o Pride and Prejudice (Novel & multiple films)
o The Godfather – Novel by Mario Puzo, directed by Francis Ford
Coppola
 Film Theory Concepts:
o Auteur theory (director‘s vision)
o Narrative structure
 Important Year: 1950s (Film theory formalized)

8. World Literatures

 Definition: Canonical literary works from across cultures and continents.

 Key Authors:
o Chinua Achebe – Things Fall Apart
o Gabriel García Márquez – One Hundred Years of Solitude
o Haruki Murakami – Norwegian Wood
 Themes: Colonialism, magical realism, identity.
 Important Period: Postcolonial era (1950s–2000s)

9. Literary Theory

 Definition: Conceptual frameworks used to understand texts.

 Main Theories:
o Structuralism – Ferdinand de Saussure
o Post-structuralism – Derrida
o Feminism – Elaine Showalter
o Postcolonial – Edward Said
 Core Terms: Intertextuality, binary opposition, deconstruction.
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 Important Years: 1950s–1990s

10. Partition Literature

 Definition: Literature reflecting the trauma of 1947 India-Pakistan partition.

 Key Authors:
o Khushwant Singh – Train to Pakistan
o Saadat Hasan Manto – Toba Tek Singh
o Bhisham Sahni – Tamas
 Themes: Displacement, communal violence, memory.
 Important Year: 1947 (Partition of India)

11. Research Methodology

 Definition: Systematic study of methods used in literary research.

 Key Components:
o Hypothesis formation
o Qualitative vs Quantitative
o MLA/APA citation
o Primary vs Secondary sources
 Important Year: 2000s onwards (academic research boom)

12. Travel Writing

 Definition: Non-fiction writing that records the experiences of the traveler.

 Key Writers:
o Mark Twain – The Innocents Abroad
o Paul Theroux – The Great Railway Bazaar
o Pico Iyer – The Global Soul
 Themes: Exploration, cultural encounter, inner transformation.
 Important Periods: 1800s–Modern era

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13. Autobiography

 Definition: A self-written account of the author‘s life.

 Famous Works:
o The Diary of Anne Frank
o Long Walk to Freedom – Nelson Mandela
o Wings of Fire – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
 Themes: Self-reflection, identity, struggle, transformation.
 Important Concept: First-person narrative, authenticity, memory.

� GENERIC ELECTIVE
1. Academic Writing and Composition

 Definition: Formal writing used in academic settings; includes essays,

reports, research papers.
 Key Components:
o Structure: Introduction, Body, Conclusion
o Thesis Statement
o Cohesion & Coherence
o Referencing (APA, MLA formats)
 Expected Questions:
o Definition of thesis statement
o Types of compositions (Narrative, Descriptive, Expository,
Argumentative)

2. Media and Communication Skills

 Definition: Study of communication via mass media—newspapers, TV,

social media, etc.
 Important Concepts:
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o Mass Media vs Traditional Media
o Types of Communication: Verbal, Non-verbal, Visual
o Role of Media in Democracy
 Important Year:
o 1927 – Indian Broadcasting began (AIR)
o 1995 – First Indian private news channel: Aaj Tak

3. Text and Performance

 Definition: Relationship between written texts and their enactment on stage

or screen.
 Key Points:
o Drama & Theatre
o Performance Theory (Richard Schechner)
o Use of Space, Time, Gesture in Performance
 Expected Question:
o Difference between text and performance
o Aristotle's Six Elements of Tragedy

4. Language and Linguistics

 Definition: Scientific study of language structure, usage, and evolution.

 Branches:
o Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics
 Important Figures:
o Ferdinand de Saussure – Father of Modern Linguistics
o Noam Chomsky – Transformational Grammar
 Sample MCQ:
o Q: Who coined ―Langue‖ and ―Parole‖?
� Ferdinand de Saussure

5. Contemporary India: Women and Empowerment

 Key Themes:
o Gender Equality
o Social Reforms: Sati Abolition (1829), Widow Remarriage (1856)
o Women in Literature (e.g., Ismat Chughtai, Mahasweta Devi)
 Important Acts:
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o Domestic Violence Act – 2005
o Maternity Benefit Act – 1961 (Amended in 2017)
 Sample Question:
o Q: The novel "That Long Silence" was written by?
� Shashi Deshpande

6. Language, Literature and Culture

 Key Concepts:
o Cultural Studies
o Interlink between literature and societal values
o Identity, Race, Gender in literature
 Theorists:
o Raymond Williams – Culture is ―a whole way of life‖
o Stuart Hall – Encoding/Decoding Theory

7. Readings on Indian Diversities and Literary Movements

 Movements:
o Bhakti Movement, Dalit Literature, Progressive Writers‘ Movement
o Indian English Poetry & Post-Independence Literature
 Important Figures:
o Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, R.K. Narayan
 Key Dates:
o 1936 – Progressive Writers Association formed
o 1980s – Rise of Dalit Autobiographies

� ABILITY ENHANCEMENT
1. English/MIL Communication

 Definition: Development of effective communication in English or Modern

Indian Languages.
 Important Areas:
71
o Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing (LSRW Skills)
o Types of Communication: Formal & Informal
o Email Writing, Notice, Report Writing

� SKILL ENHANCEMENT
1. English Language Teaching (ELT)

 Key Approaches:
o Grammar-Translation Method
o Direct Method
o Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)
o Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT)
 Important Year:
o 2005 – NCF recommends Constructivist ELT

2. Soft Skills

 Definition: Personality traits, social skills, communication.

 Types:
o Time Management, Leadership, Teamwork, Critical Thinking
 Use in Teaching:
o Class Management, Student Interaction

3. Translation Studies

 Important Concepts:
 Source Language (SL) → Target Language (TL)
 Equivalence, Fidelity, Loss and Gain
 Translators: A.K. Ramanujan, Harish Trivedi
 Q: ―Loss and Gain‖ is a concept in...?
� Translation Studies

4. Creative Writing

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 Forms: Poetry, Fiction, Memoirs, Scripts
 Tools:
o Imagery, Metaphor, Personification
o First-person vs Third-person narration

5. Business Communication

 Types:
o Memos, Emails, Reports, Presentations
 Tone: Formal, Precise, Clear
 Structure:
o Introduction – Body – Conclusion

6. Technical Writing

 Definition: Writing for professional or technical fields.

 Examples: Manuals, User Guides, Project Reports
 Key Points:
o Clarity, Accuracy, Brevity

 TOPIC WISE MCQs

1–15: Academic Writing and Composition

1. Which of the following is a characteristic of academic writing?

A. Personal anecdotes
B. Formal tone
C. Slang usage
D. Contractions
2. Which of these is a component of a paragraph?
A. Title
B. Topic Sentence
C. Citation only
D. Index
3. A thesis statement usually appears in the:
A. Conclusion
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B. Introduction
C. Abstract
D. References
4. Which is the most suitable method of referencing in academic writing?
A. Informal
B. Verbal
C. APA or MLA format
D. SMS style
5. Which of the following denotes plagiarism?
A. Using your own ideas
B. Copying text without citation
C. Quoting with reference
D. Paraphrasing with acknowledgment
6. What is coherence in writing?
A. Grammatical correctness
B. Logical flow of ideas
C. Use of statistics
D. Number of words
7. Which sentence is an example of passive voice?
A. She writes the report.
B. The report was written by her.
C. She has been writing.
D. She is the writer.
8. Which part of academic writing provides a summary?
A. Title
B. Abstract
C. Preface
D. Bibliography
9. Which of the following is used to avoid redundancy in writing?
A. Word repetition
B. Concise expression
C. Rambling text
D. Vague language
10. A citation is necessary when:
A. You make up data
B. You refer to someone else's ideas

74
C. You write your name
D. You use abbreviations
11. Which is NOT part of academic paper structure?
A. Introduction
B. Advertisement
C. Body
D. Conclusion
12. What is the first draft?
A. Final copy
B. Initial written version
C. Published version
D. Proofread copy
13. Which is the most suitable conjunction in formal writing?
A. But
B. So
C. However
D. Anyways
14. Which of the following is NOT suitable for academic writing?
A. Formal language
B. Slang terms
C. Structured layout
D. Objective tone
15. What is the function of a bibliography?
A. Title creation
B. Summary of paper
C. Listing references
D. Adding images

16–30: Media and Communication Skills

16. Which is the primary goal of communication?

A. To confuse
B. To convey a message
C. To argue
D. To entertain only

75
17. Noise in communication means:
A. Background music
B. Disturbance in message delivery
C. Volume increase
D. Use of slogans
18. Non-verbal communication includes:
A. Email
B. WhatsApp
C. Facial expressions
D. Letters
19. Mass media includes all EXCEPT:
A. Newspapers
B. Personal diaries
C. Television
D. Radio
20. Who is the sender in communication?
A. Message creator
B. Decoder
C. Medium
D. Audience
21. Which model represents one-way communication?
A. Schramm Model
B. Shannon-Weaver Model
C. Interactive Model
D. Transactional Model
22. A podcast is an example of:
A. Digital media
B. Written media
C. Visual media
D. Print-only media
23. Encoding in communication means:
A. Reading message
B. Converting ideas into symbols
C. Decoding
D. Storing files
24. Public speaking is a form of:
A. Interpersonal communication
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B. Intrapersonal communication
C. Group communication
D. Silent communication
25. The full form of FM in radio is:
A. Frequency Mass
B. Frequency Modulation
C. Final Media
D. Fast Messaging
26. Media literacy helps to:
A. Critically analyze media content
B. Ignore media
C. Promote fake news
D. Learn a new language
27. Which of these is a written medium?
A. TV
B. YouTube
C. Newspaper
D. Theatre
28. Communication is successful when:
A. Speaker talks fast
B. Receiver understands the message
C. There‘s background noise
D. Medium is expensive
29. Which is NOT an element of communication?
A. Message
B. Channel
C. Invention
D. Feedback
30. Interpersonal communication is between:
A. Two individuals
B. Many nations
C. Government and public
D. Institutions only

31–45: Text and Performance

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31. A script in drama is primarily:
A. Poem
B. Dialogue and stage directions
C. Fiction
D. Essay
32. Mime involves:
A. Only speech
B. Only body movements and expressions
C. Singing
D. Monologue
33. Theatre originated from which culture?
A. Roman
B. Greek
C. Indian
D. Egyptian
34. The protagonist in a play is:
A. Villain
B. Main character
C. Side actor
D. Supporting role
35. Which is a famous Indian classical theatre form?
A. Cinema
B. Television
C. Kutiyattam
D. Stand-up comedy
36. Improvisation in theatre means:
A. Fixed dialogues
B. Unscripted performance
C. Dubbing
D. Costume change
37. Stage directions are used to:
A. Guide actors' movements
B. Record audience feedback
C. Write music
D. Create props
38. A monologue is:
A. Speech by one character
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B. Dialogue
C. Argument
D. Poem
39. Tragedy in drama usually ends in:
A. Marriage
B. Death or downfall
C. Dance
D. Celebration
40. Backdrop in a play refers to:
A. Costumes
B. Actors
C. Scenery behind stage
D. Sound system
41. Chorus in Greek theatre means:
A. Music
B. Solo
C. Group of narrators
D. Audience
42. Which genre involves humorous plays?
A. Tragedy
B. Satire
C. Comedy
D. Drama
43. A one-act play means:
A. Movie
B. Short play with single act
C. Puppet show
D. Full-length drama
44. Audience engagement in live performance is called:
A. Feedback
B. Interaction
C. Editing
D. Memorization
45. Which is a famous Shakespearean tragedy?
A. The Tempest
B. Hamlet

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C. Twelfth Night
D. A Midsummer Night's Dream

46–60: Language and Linguistics

46. Linguistics is the scientific study of:

A. Poems
B. Language
C. Communication devices
D. Body language
47. Morphology studies the:
A. Structure of words
B. Sentence meaning
C. Sound systems
D. Literary devices
48. Syntax deals with:
A. Sentence structure
B. Word meaning
C. Intonation
D. Letters
49. Phonetics is the study of:
A. Literature
B. Grammar rules
C. Sounds of speech
D. Vocabulary
50. Semantics refers to:
A. Sentence order
B. Meaning of words and sentences
C. Capital letters
D. Accent training
51. Pragmatics studies:
A. Sentence formation
B. Word derivation
C. Contextual language use
D. Alphabet pronunciation
52. The smallest unit of sound is:
A. Word
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B. Letter
C. Phoneme
D. Syllable
53. Which is an example of a morpheme?
A. -ing
B. Word
C. Comma
D. Phrase
54. Language acquisition occurs:
A. Naturally during childhood
B. Through dictionary only
C. With literature
D. After schooling
55. Noam Chomsky is famous for:
A. Phonetics
B. Generative Grammar Theory
C. Poetry
D. Essay writing
56. Dialect is:
A. Written language
B. Regional language variety
C. Foreign language
D. Literary style
57. The study of meaning in words is:
A. Syntax
B. Semantics
C. Pragmatics
D. Morphology
58. Prescriptive grammar tells:
A. How language is used
B. How language should be used
C. About stories
D. About accents
59. Which of these is a function of language?
A. Designing apps
B. Expressing ideas and emotions

81
C. Calculating numbers
D. Predicting future
60. IPA stands for:
A. Indian Phonetic Association
B. International Phonetic Alphabet
C. Indo-Persian Analysis
D. Indian Pronunciation Accuracy

61–70: Contemporary India – Women and Empowerment

61. Gender equality refers to:

A. Priority to men
B. Women over men
C. Equal rights for all genders
D. Religious equality
62. Domestic violence is a violation of:
A. Economy rules
B. Human rights
C. Environmental rules
D. Electoral laws
63. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme focuses on:
A. Male literacy
B. Girl child welfare
C. Agriculture
D. NRIs
64. Women empowerment means:
A. Marriage before 18
B. Equal participation in all fields
C. Limiting education
D. Dependency
65. National Commission for Women was established in:
A. 1980
B. 1992
C. 1995
D. 2000

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66. Which movement advocated women‘s voting rights?
A. Chipko
B. Swadeshi
C. Suffrage Movement
D. Sarvodaya
67. The first woman Prime Minister of India was:
A. Sarojini Naidu
B. Indira Gandhi
C. Pratibha Patil
D. Sushma Swaraj
68. Dowry Prohibition Act was enacted in:
A. 1951
B. 1961
C. 1970
D. 1984
69. Who among the following is a women‘s rights activist?
A. M.S. Dhoni
B. Rajiv Gandhi
C. Medha Patkar
D. Abdul Kalam
70. Gender sensitization in education promotes:
A. Gender bias
B. Respect and awareness for all genders
C. Stereotyping
D. Male dominance

71–80: Language, Literature and Culture

71. Culture includes:

A. Only music
B. Traditions, language, values, beliefs
C. Mathematics
D. Science laws
72. Folklore is part of:
A. Technology
B. Oral traditions of culture
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C. Political debate
D. Mass media
73. Language is a tool of:
A. Architecture
B. Farming
C. Cultural transmission
D. Physical strength
74. Literature often reflects:
A. Historical truth only
B. Society and culture
C. Weather
D. Astrology
75. Who wrote "Discovery of India"?
A. Gandhi
B. Tagore
C. Jawaharlal Nehru
D. Ambedkar
76. Which of these is NOT part of intangible culture?
A. Language
B. Dance
C. Monuments
D. Myths
77. Multilingualism means:
A. One language
B. Two dialects
C. Knowing multiple languages
D. Writing essays
78. Tagore's literature promotes:
A. War
B. Humanism and harmony
C. Superstition
D. Machinery
79. Cultural diversity means:
A. Same beliefs everywhere
B. Co-existence of different cultures
C. Caste system
D. Gender roles
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80. Translation helps in:
A. Ignoring languages
B. Cultural exchange
C. Monolingualism
D. Confusion

81–90: English/MIL Communication & Soft Skills

81. MIL stands for:

A. Minor Indian Language
B. Modern Indian Language
C. Major Indian Logic
D. Main Indian Level
82. Listening is a part of:
A. Speaking
B. Communication skills
C. Sleeping
D. Memorization
83. Soft skills include:
A. Software knowledge
B. Interpersonal and communication skills
C. Hard disk usage
D. Grammar books
84. Which of the following is a soft skill?
A. Time management
B. Typing speed
C. Web browsing
D. Keyboard shortcuts
85. Effective communication avoids:
A. Eye contact
B. Ambiguity
C. Feedback
D. Clarity
86. Oral communication involves:
A. Only writing
B. Email
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C. Speaking and listening
D. Reading PDF
87. Good presentation skills require:
A. Clarity and confidence
B. Nervousness
C. Speaking fast
D. Avoiding feedback
88. Which is a barrier to communication?
A. Good vocabulary
B. Eye contact
C. Language difference
D. Smiling
89. In communication, feedback ensures:
A. Silence
B. Message is understood
C. Disconnection
D. Laughter
90. Self-confidence improves:
A. Maths solving
B. Public speaking
C. Internet speed
D. Eating habits

91–100: Business Communication, Technical and Creative Writing

91. Technical writing is:

A. Poetic
B. Clear and precise writing for professionals
C. Fictional
D. Satirical
92. A memo is used in:
A. Novels
B. Office communication
C. Songs
D. Plays

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93. Business letters are:
A. Informal
B. Personal
C. Formal written communication
D. SMS based
94. CV stands for:
A. Current Value
B. Creative Version
C. Curriculum Vitae
D. Circular Volume
95. Creative writing involves:
A. Boring data
B. Imaginative and expressive language
C. Charts
D. Forms
96. Which is NOT part of a formal report?
A. Title page
B. Index
C. Jokes
D. Summary
97. Which tone is used in technical writing?
A. Emotional
B. Casual
C. Neutral and objective
D. Humorous
98. Email etiquette includes:
A. Caps lock throughout
B. Clear subject line
C. Ignoring grammar
D. Using emojis
99. Resume writing includes:
A. Career objective
B. Poem
C. Stories
D. Dialogue
100. A notice is generally:
A. Poetic
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B. Short, formal announcement
C. Article
D. Complaint

 Teaching Education & Methodology

1. Learning & Teaching

Definitions:

 Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

 Teaching: The process of facilitating learning.

Important Theorists:

 Jean Piaget – Cognitive development stages.

 Lev Vygotsky – Zone of Proximal Development.
 B.F. Skinner – Operant Conditioning.
 Albert Bandura – Observational learning (Social learning).

Key Concepts:

 Constructivist approach
 Behaviorist vs. Constructivist approach
 Learning styles: Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic

Important Year:

 NCF (National Curriculum Framework) – 2005

2. Language Across the Curriculum

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Key Ideas:

 Language is a tool for learning in all subjects.

 Reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills in all areas.
 Integration of language learning into mathematics, science, etc.

Important Year:
 National Policy on Education (NPE) – 1986

NCF 2005 Highlights:

 Language is central to learning

 Multilingualism as a resource

3. Understanding Discipline and Subject

Key Points:

 Discipline: A branch of knowledge.

 Subject: Structured curriculum based on discipline.

Focus Areas:

 Nature and structure of different disciplines

 Interdisciplinary approach
 Role of textbooks and curriculum

Important Term:

 Interdisciplinarity

4. Gender, School, and Society

Concepts:

 Gender equality in education

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 Role of school in socialization
 Gender bias in textbooks and classroom practices

Important Laws:

 Right to Education (RTE) Act – 2009

 POSH Act (Sexual Harassment) – 2013

5. Pedagogy of a School Subject

Meaning of Pedagogy:

 The method and practice of teaching.

English Pedagogy:

 Teaching listening, speaking, reading, and writing (LSRW)

 Role of literature, grammar, and communicative approach
 Use of storytelling, drama, and poetry

Approaches:

 Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

 Grammar-Translation Method (GTM)
 Direct Method

6. Knowledge and Curriculum

Curriculum:

 Structured content delivered in schools

Types:

 Hidden Curriculum
 Formal vs. Informal Curriculum

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Philosophies of Education:

 Idealism, Realism, Pragmatism, Constructivism

NCF 2005 Recommendations:

 Child-centered curriculum
 Inclusive and activity-based learning

7. Assessment for Learning

Key Terms:

 Formative Assessment: Ongoing evaluation

 Summative Assessment: Final evaluation
 CCE (Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation)

Techniques:

 Observation, Portfolio, Self-assessment, Peer-assessment

Important Guidelines:

 CBSE CCE Pattern introduced in 2009

8. Creating an Inclusive School

Key Concepts:

 Inclusive education: Equal opportunity for all learners

 Special needs education

Important Acts:

 RPWD Act (Rights of Persons with Disabilities) – 2016

 RTE Act – 2009

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Strategies:

 Use of TLMs (Teaching Learning Materials)

 Differentiated instruction
 Barrier-free environment

9. Childhood and Growing Up

Development Stages:

 Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence

Theorists:

 Erik Erikson: Psychosocial development

 Piaget: Cognitive development
 Kohlberg: Moral development

Concepts:

 Growth vs. Development

 Heredity and Environment
 Role of family and school

10. Drama and Art in Education

Purpose:

 Enhancing imagination, creativity, and expression

Forms:

 Role play, Skits, Puppetry, Painting, Dance, Music

Benefits:

 Increases participation
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 Encourages cooperative learning

NCF 2005:

 Art as a medium for learning

THE END

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