LANGUAGE FEATURES
Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tenses are used to express events that occur
regularly or are usually carried out the present. It can be state
general truth, habit, condition, and fact.
(+) S + V1 (s/es) + Object / Complement
(-) S + Does/do +Not + V1 + Object/ complement
(?) Does/do + S + v1 + Object/ complement
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs (modal auxiliary verbs or simply modals) modify
the meaning of the main verb in a sentence.
Modal verbs are used to express different kinds of meanings,
such as possibility, ability, permission, necessity, etc.
Subject+ Modal + V1
Modal Verbs
Formula
Positive: S + modal + V1 + O
→ She can sing well.
Negative: S + modal + not + V1 + O
→ He should not be late.
Question: Modal + S + V1 + O?
→ Can you swim?
Modal Verbs
Analytical Exposition → for possibility / ability
→ Water conservation can reduce energy use.
Hortatory Exposition → for suggestion / necessity
→ We should save water to protect the environment.
→ People must reduce plastic use.
Analytical Exposition Hortatory Exposition
can / Could , may/ should, must, had
might/ must better, let’s
Nouns
Types of nouns that frequently appear in exposition texts:
General Nouns (umum) → topik utama
→ technology, water, pollution, education, social media
Abstract Nouns (konsep/ide) → untuk argumen &
evaluasi
→ health, freedom, safety, responsibility, development
Concrete Nouns (nyata) → untuk contoh atau bukti
→ river, forest, smartphone, factory, vehicle
Verbs
Types of verbs that frequently appear in exposition texts:
Action Verbs (aksi nyata)
→ protect, reduce, improve, prevent, increase, support
Mental Verbs (opini & penilaian)
→ believe, think, consider, suggest, claim
Relational Verbs (menghubungkan fakta)
→ is/are, have/has, seem, become
Verbs
Types of verbs that frequently appear in exposition texts:
Causative Verbs (menyebabkan)
→ cause, lead to, result in, affect, create
Passive Verbs (fokus pada objek/hasil)
→ is caused, is produced, is destroyed, is considered
Conjuction
Conjunction = a connecting word in a sentence, which can
connect words, phrases, or clauses.
Function: Connects ideas in a sentence to make it grammatical.
Technology is useful but it can be harmful.
Water must be conserved because it is limited.
Conjuction
Temporal conjunctions. (e.g. First, Second, Third)
Causal conjunctions. (e.g. because, lead to, the consequence of
...)
Comparative conjunctions. (e.g. however, on the other hand)
Coordinating conjunctions (For, and, Nor, but, or, yet, so)
Correlative conjunctions. (both…and, either…or, not only…but
also)
Conjunctions in a concluding statement. (e.g. consequently,
therefore)
Connective
Connective / Linking Words
Words/phrases that connect ideas between sentences or
paragraphs to build a line of argument.
Function: Maintains coherence between sentences and
paragraphs.
e
Connective
Fungsi Analytical Exposition Hortatory Exposition
Sequence (Urutan) first, second, third, finally first, then, next, finally
moreover, furthermore, in
Addition (Tambahan) also, besides, what’s more
addition
Cause-Effect (Sebab because, since, as a result,
so, that’s why, as a result
Akibat) therefore
however, although, while,
Contrast (Perbandingan) but, yet, however
on the other hand
in conclusion, thus, in so, therefore, that’s why we
Conclusion
summary should…
