Anatomy and Physiology

Year : First Credit Hours: Theory 160

Course description
This course provides basic knowledge of the normal structure and function of the systems of the human body.
The content prepares the student to understand the pathology and clinical features of medical and surgical
conditions, diseases and disorders, as well as the rationale for treatments and management.

Objectives
On completion of this course the student will be able to:
 Identify the classifications of the systems of the human body.
 Locate and describe the structure and function of the components of each body system.
 Explain the interrelationship of the body systems.
 Transfer knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the body to medical and surgical circumstances.
 Explain the mechanisms of body repair and resistance to disease.
 Describe the physical changes that occur during normal growth and development, from conception to
senescence.

Recommended Text
1. Amatya Dr. Mrigendra, A Text Book of Anatomy and Physiology , 2nd edition
2. Pal, G.K. & Pal, Pravati, Text Book of Practical Physiology, Publised by Orirnt Longman Private
Limited, Chennai, India
3. A Text Book of Anatomy and Physiology , 2nd edition, Dr. Mrigendra Amatya,
4. Text Book of Practical Physiology, By G.K. Pal & Pravati Pal, Publised by Orirnt Longman Private
Limited, Chennai, India

Reference Texts
1. Shier, D., Butler, J. & Lewis, R., Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, London.
1996 or current edition.
2. Chauarasia, Handbook of Human Anatomy. CBS Publication. Current edition.

Part I: Anatomy
Course: Anatomy Hrs. theory 80 Hrs. tutorial 20
Unit 1: Introduction of Anatomy Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Define anatomy and relation between 1. Concepts of anatomy: the homeostatic,
anatomy and physiology integrated, self-healing nature of body cells
2. Describe the locations of each main body and tissues.
cavity and list the organs within each cavity. 2. Organization of the human body.
3. Name the organ systems, tell the function of 3. Review of cellular and tissue characteristics,
each system, and list the organs associated functions.
with each system. 4. Anatomical terms:
4. Define the terms that describe body positions,  Cardiovascular
5. body sections, and body regions.  Digestion
6. Review the general characteristics of cell  Excretion
structure, function, and reproduction.  Organ
7. Describe the general characteristics and  Peritoneal
functions of the body tissues: epithelial,  Pericardial
 Physiology
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cartilage, connective, bone, nerve, adipose  Thoracic
and three kinds of muscle tissue.  Visceral

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub unit 2.1: Skin and integumentry Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. tutorial 1
system
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the four chief types of membranes. 1. Types of membranes.
2. Describe the structure of the various layers of 2. Layers of the skin.
the skin with diagram. 3. Accessory organs and glands of the skin.
3. Describe the location and function of the
accessory organs located within the layers of
skin.
4. Summarize the factors that determine skin
color.
Evauation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.2: Skeletal system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 2
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the chief functions of bones. 1. Structure of bone.
2. Classify bones according to their shape and 2. Bone growth and development.
give an example from each group. 3. Skeletal organization.
3. Describe the structure of a bone and tell the 4. Identification and labeling of long, short and
function of each parts flat bones.
4. Differentiate between intramembranous and 5. Terms related to the skeletal system:
endochondral bones and tell how each type of  axial
bone grows and develops.  appendicular
5. Differentiate between axial and appendicular  articular cartigage
skeletons and name the major bones of each  diaphysis
system.  epiphysis
 Identify and label long, short and flat  fontanel
bones.  hematopoiesis
6. Locate and identify the bones that comprise
 marrow
the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage,
 periosteum
pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and
lower limb.
7. Locate and identify the features of these
bones.
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.3: Skeletal joints Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 2
Obectives: Content:
1. Describe how joints can be classified 1. Classifications of joints: fibrous,
according to the type of tissue that holds them cartilaginous, synovial.
together. 2. Types of joint movement.
2. Describe how bones are held together in 3. Structure and types of synovial joints.
fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints. 4. Terms related to joints:
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3. Describe the structure of a synovial joint.  articulation
4. List six types of synovial joints and give an  bursa
example of each type.  ligament
5. Describe these joints and explain how the  suture
6. articulation parts are held together:  symphysis
 Shoulder
 elbow
 hip
 knee
 ankle
 wrist

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.4: Muscular system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name the chief parts of a skeletal muscle 1. Structure of a skeletal muscle:
fiber. 2. connective tissue coverings
2. Distinguish between the structures and 3. skeletal muscle fibers
functions of skeletal, cardiac and smooth
muscles.
3. Identify and describe the locations of the
chief skeletal muscles and describe the
action of each muscles of facial expression
and mastication muscles that move the:
 head
 pectoral girdle
 arm
 forearm
 hand
 abdominal wall
 pelvic outlet
 thigh
 leg
 foot

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.5: Nervous system Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the structure of a neuron. 1. Classifications of neurons and neuralgia.
2. Explain how neurons are classified. 2. Nerve pathways.
3. Describe a reflex arc. 3. Reflex arc.
4. Terms related to the nervous system:
 axon
 central nervous system
 dendrite
 effector
 myelin

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 neuroglia
 neuron
 neuroratansmitter
 receptor
 reflex
 synapse

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.6: Components of the nervous Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
system
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the coverings of the brain and 1. Divisions of the central nervous system:
spinal cord.  meninges
2. Describe the structure of the spinal cord.  spinal cord
3. Locate the chief parts of the brain .  brain
4. Locate the motor, sensory, and association 2. Structure and function of the cerebrum.
areas of the cerebral cortex. 3. Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid
5. Describe the formation and storage of 4. Divisions of the peripheral nervous system:
cerebrospinal fluid  cranial nerves
6. Locate the chief components of the  spinal nerves
peripheral nervous system. 5. Terms related to the nervous system:
7. Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve.  adrenergic
8. Describe the location and function of each  brain stem
of the cranial and spinal nerves.
 cerebellum
 cerebral cortex
 cerebral hemisphere
 cerebrum
 cholinergic
 hypothalamus
 medulla oblongata
 meninges
 midbrain
 parasympathetic
 reticular formation
 sympathetic
 thalamaus
 ventricle
 Reflex-Deep tendon reflex and
superficial reflex
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.7: Somatic and special senses Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:

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1. Name five kinds of sensory receptors and [Link] of receptors and sensations.
explain the function of each [Link] organs: location and functions.
2. Locate and name the parts of the ear and [Link] organs: location, function of
explain the function of each parts. parts the middle, inner and external ear.
3. Name the parts of the eye and explain the 4. Terms related to senses:
function of each parts.  accommodation
 ampulla
 chemoreceptor
 cochlea
 cornea
 dynamic/static equilibrium
 labyrinth
 macula
 optic
 photoreceptor
 proprioreceptor
 referred pain
 retina
 sclera
 thermoreceptor
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.8: Endocrine system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine 1. Characteristics f the endocrine system.
glands. 2. Structures, functions and locations of
2. Name and locate the chief endocrine glands endocrine glands:
and tell the hormones they secrete.  pituitary
.  thyroid
 parathyroid
 adrenal
 pancreas
 thymus
 ovary/testes/placenta
 pineal
3. Terms related to endocrine system:
 adrenal cortex
 adrenal medulla
 aldosterone
 anterior pituitary
 epinepherine
 catacholamine
 glucagon
 luteinizing hormone
 metabolic rate
 norepinepherine
 prolactin
 prostaglandin
 steroid
 thyroxine
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Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.9: Blood Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the characteristics of the blood and 1. Components and function of the blood.
tell the functions of blood
2. Differentiate between the different types of
blood cells
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.10: Cardiovascular system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name the organs of the cardiovascular system 1. Structures and functions of the heart.
and describe their functions 2. Locations, functions and characteristics of
2. Locate and name the major parts of the heart arteries and arterioles.
and describe the functions of each. 3. Capillaries and their actions.
3. Describe the pathway of the blood through the 4. Locations, functions and characteristics of
heart and the vessels of the coronary veins and venules.
circulation. 5. Names, functions and locations of the
4. Compare the structures of the chief blood vascular components of the pulmonary and
vessels of the body. systemic circulatory systems.
5. Compare the pulmonary and systemic 6. Terms related to circulation:
pathways of the cardiovascular system  arteriole
6. Identify and locate the chief arteries and veins  atrium
of the pulmonary and systemic systems.  cardiac cycle
 cardiac output
 diastolic pressure
 electrocardiogram
 myocardium
 pericardium
 peripheral resistance
 sphygmomanometer pacemaker
 systolic pressure
 vasoconstriction
 vasodilation
 ventricle
 venule
 viscosity
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.11: Lymphatic system and Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
immunity
Objectives: Content:

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1. Describe the functions of the lymphatic 1. Patterns of Lymphatic movement.
system and locate the chief lymphatic 2. Lymph node location, function and
pathways. structure.
2. Locate the chief lymph nodes and describe 3. Terms related to lymphatics and immune
their functions. system:
 allergen
 antibody
 antigen
 interferon
 lymphocyte
 macrophage
 pathogen
 vaccine
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.12: Digestive system Hrs. theory 7 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Locate and describe the functions chief 1. Structures and functions of the alimentary
organs of the digestive system. canal.
2. Name the parts of the stomach, liver and gall 2. Movement and enervation f the alimentary
bladder, large and small intestine. canal.
3. Describe the structure of the wall of the 3. Mouth structures and functions.
alimentary canal. 4. Pharynx and esophagus structure and
4. List the enzymes of secreted by various function.
digestive organs and glands . 5. Structure and functions of the pancreas and
liver in regard to digestion.
6. Structure and function of the small and large
intestines.
7. Terms related to the digestive system:
 absorption
 anal canal
 bile
 chyme
 deciduous
 duodenum
 emulsification
 feces
 jejunum
 ilium
 mesentery
 mucous membrane
 panacreatic juice
 peristalsis
 pyloric sphinctor
 rectum
 sphincter muscle
 vermiform appendix
 villi/villus

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Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.13: Respiratory system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the functions of the respiratory 1. Organs of the respiratory system.
system 2. Terminology related to respiration:
2. Locate the organs of the respiratory system  alveolus
3. Explain how inspiration and expiration are  bronchial tree
achieved.  diaphragm
4. Locate the respiratory center and explain how  glottis
it controls normal breathing.  intercostal muscles
 hilus
5. Describe the functions of the respiratory  hyperventilation
membrane.
 oxyhemoglobin
 parietal pleura
 partial pressure
 pleural cavity
 respiratory membrane
 respiratory volume
 surface tension
 surfactant
 visceral pleura
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.14: Urinary system Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Locate the organs of the urinary system and 1. Location, structure and function of the
describe their general function organs of the urinary system.
2. Describe the structure and functions of the 2. Renal circulation.
kidneys. 3. Terms related to the urinary system:
3. Describe the pathway of blood through the  renal cortex
kidneys.  renal medulla
 glomerulus
4. Describe a nephron and explain the function  afferent arteriole
of each parts .  efferent arteriole
5. Describe the structure of the ureters, urinary  juxtaglomerular apparatus
bladder, and urethra.
 nephron loop
.
 pertibular capillary
 renal corpuscle
 renal tubule
 renal plasma threshold
 retroperitoneal
 autoregulation
 destusor muscle

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.15: Male reproductive system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. Practical 1
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Objectives: Content:
1. Name the parts of the male reproductive 1. Structure and function of the external
system and describe the general functions of organs: penis, testes, scrotum.
each. 2. Internal accessory organs: epididymis, vas
2. . Describe the path of sperm sells from their deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland,
origin to their exit from the body bulbourethral glands,
3. Describe the structure of penis and explain the 3. Terms related to male reproductive system:
mechanism of erection and ejaculation.  glans penis
4. Describe how a vasectomy is performed, and  prepuce
discuss the relative simplicity of this  corpora cavernosa
procedure.  corpus cavernosa
 spermatogenesis
 semen
 inguinal
 gonadotropin
 testosterone
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. tutorial
Sub-unit 2.16: Female reproductive system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name the parts of the female reproductive 1. Structure and function of the vagina,
system and describe the general functions of clitoris, labia,ovaries, fallopian tubes,
each. uterus, breasts and mammary glands.
2. Fertilization and embryonic
development.
3. Terms related to the female reproductive
system:
 follicle
 estrogen
 progesterone
 fertilization
 meiosis
 oogenesis
 zygote
 implantation
 infundibulum
 orgasm
 ovulation
 menstrual cycle
 puberty and menarche
 placenta
 menopause
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 3: Human Growth & Development Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the process of development from 1. Embryionic and foetal development.
conception through the embryonic stage. 2. Terms related to growth and development:
 amnion
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2. Describe the formation and function of the  chorion
placenta.  zygote
3. Define the term foetus and describe the  embryo
foetal stage of development.  foetus
4. Describe the path of blood through the foetal  placenta
circulatory system.  umbilical cord
 prenatal
 neonatal
 postnatal
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.

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Part II: Physiology
Course: Physiology Hrs. theory 80 Hrs. tutorial 20
Unit 1: Introduction of Physiology Hrs. theory 2 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Define physiology and relation between 1. Concepts of physiology: the homeostatic,
anatomy and physiology. integrated, self-healing nature of body cells
2. List and describe the chief characteristics of and tissues.
life and the chief requirements of living 2. Organization of the human body.
organisms. 3. Review of cellular and tissue characteristics,
3. Define homeostasis and discuss its importance functions.
for survival. 4. Physiological terms:
4. Name the organ systems, tell the function of  Cardiovascular
each system, and list the organs associated  Digestion
with each system.  Excretion
 Organ
5. Review the general characteristics of cell  Peritoneal
structure, function, and reproduction.  Pericardial
6. Describe the general characteristics and  Physiology
functions of the body tissues: epithelial,
 Thoracic
cartilage, connective, bone, nerve, adipose
 Visceral
and three kinds of muscle tissue.
 Homeostasis
 Yoga
 Aging
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub unit 2.1: Skin and integumentry Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
system
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the function of each layer of skin. 1. Thermoregulatory function of the skin.
2. Describe the location and function of the 2. Pigmentation.
accessory organs located within the layers of 3. Healing of wounds, burns; skin disorders.
skin.
3. Explain how the skin regulates body
temperature.
4. Summarize the factors that determine skin
color
Evauation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.2: Skeletal system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the chief functions of bones. 1. Functions of bone:
2. Describe the structure of a bone and tell the 2. support/protection
function of each parts 3. body movement
3. Discuss the effects of hormones , sunlight, 4. blood cell formation
and exercise on bone development. 5. Bone growth and development.
6. Factors affecting growth and repair.
7. Skeletal organization.

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Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.3: Skeletal joints Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
Obectives: Content:
1. Describe the functions of different types of 1. Explanation how skeletal muscles produce
Joint. movements at joints and give examples of
 Shoulder different kinds of movement.
 elbow 2. Terms related to joints:
 hip  Shoulder
 knee  elbow
 ankle  hip
 wrist  knee
2. Explain how skeletal muscles produce  ankle
movements at joints and give examples of  wrist
different kinds of movement. 3. Function of the fontanels
3. Describe the function of the fontanels?

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.4: Muscular system Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name the chief parts of a skeletal muscle 1. Structure of a skeletal muscle:
fiber.  skeletal muscle fibers
2. Differentiate between fast and slow muscles  neuromuscular junction
and between twitch and sustained contraction.  motor units
Name the chief parts of a skeletal muscle fiber 2. Skeletal muscle contraction:
and describe the function of each part.  role of myosi and actin
3. Describe the process of muscle contraction.  stimulus for contraction
Explain how muscle contractions produce  muscular responses
body movement and maintain posture. 3. Smooth muscle fibers and contraction.
4. Distinguish between the structures and 4. Cardiac muscle fibers and contraction.
functions of skeletal, cardiac and smooth 5. Actions of the muscles of the skeletal
muscles. system:
6. Terms related to the muscular system:
 antagonist
 fascia
 insertion
 motor neuron
 muscle impulse
 neurotransmitter
 origin
 synergist
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.5: Nervous system Hrs. theory 2 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:

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1. Describe the structure of a neuron. 1. Classifications of neurons and neuralgia.
2. Explain how neurons are classified. 2. cell membrane function.
3. Describe a reflex arc. 3. Synapse function.
4. Explain the general functions of the nervous 4. Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.
system 5. Impulse processing.
5. Describe the events that lead to the conduction 6. Nerve pathways.
of a nerve impulse. 7. Reflex function.
6. Explain how a nerve impulse is transmitted 8. Terms related to the nervous system:
from one neuron to another.  axon
7. Explain what is meant by reflex behavior.  central nervous system
 dendrite
 effector
 myelin
 neuroglia
 neuron
 neuroratansmitter
 receptor
 reflex
 synapse

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.6: Components of the nervous Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
system
Objectives: Content:
1. Locate the chief components of the peripheral 1. Structure and function of the cerebrum.
nervous system. 2. Effects of cerebral injury.
2. Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve. 3. Divisions of the peripheral nervous system:
3. .Describe the structure of the spinal cord. 4. Cranial nerves and its test
4. Locate the chief parts of the brain 5. Spinal nerves
5. Explain the meaning of hemisphere 6. Functions of the autonomic nervous system.
dominance. 7. Terms related to the nervous system:
6. Mention the chief functions of Spinal cord.  adrenergic
7. Describe the functions of each part of brain.  brain stem
8. Describe the stages of memory storage.  cerebellum
9. Describe the formation and storage of  cerebral cortex
cerebrospinal fluid  cerebral hemisphere
10. Describe the composition and function of  cerebrum
Cerebrospinal fluid.  cholinergic
11. Describe the functions of the limbic system
 hypothalamus
and reticular formation.
 medulla oblongata
12. Locate the chief components of the peripheral
nervous system.  meninges
13. Describe the location and function of each of  midbrain
the cranial and spinal nerves.  parasympathetic
14. Compare the functions of the sympathetic and  reticular formation
parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic  sympathetic
nervous system.  thalamaus
 ventricle
8. Reflex-Deep tendon reflex and superficial
reflex

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Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.7: Somatic and special senses Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name five kinds of sensory receptors. explain 1. Functions of receptors and sensations.
the function of each 2. Function of the somatic senses:
2. Locate and name the parts of the earand touch/pressure, temperature, stretch, pain.
explain the function of each parts. 3. Olfactory organs: location and functions.
3. Name the parts of the eye and explain the 4. Taste perception.
function of each parts. 5. Auditory organs: location, function of
4. Differentiate between static and dynamic parts the middle, inner and external ear.
equilibrium. 6. Processes of equilibrium.
5. Explain the function of each sensory 7. Function of visual organs:
receptors.  visual accessory organs
6. Explain how the receptors stimulate sensory  structure of the eye
impulses.  light refraction
7. Describe how sensation is produced.  visual nerve pathways
8. Describe how the sense of pain is produced. 8. Terms related to senses:
9. Explain the function of each parts of the ear.  accommodation
10. Explain the functions of each parts of the  ampulla
Eye..  chemoreceptor
11. Describe the visual nerve pathway.
 cochlea
 cornea
 dynamic/static equilibrium
 labyrinth
 macula
 optic
 photoreceptor
 proprioreceptor
 referred pain
 retina
 sclera
 thermoreceptor
 Test of cranial nerves

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.8: Endocrine system Hrs. theory 8 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine 1. Characteristics f the endocrine system.
glands. 2. Functions of hormones.
2. Explain how steroid and nonsteroid hormones 3. Control of hormone secretion.
produce effects on target cells. 4. Structures, functions and locations of
3. Discuss how negative feedback mechanisms endocrine glands:
regulate hormonal secretions.  pituitary
4. Explain how the nervous system controls  thyroid
hormonal secretions  parathyroid
5. Describe the functions of the hormones  adrenal
secreted by the endocrine glands.  pancreas
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6. Explain how the secretion of each hormone is  thymus
regulated.  ovary/testes/placentapineal
7. Distinguish between physical and 5. Terms related to endocrine system:
psychological stress.  adrenal cortex
8. Describe the general stress response and its  adrenal medulla
effects on the body when stress is continuous  aldosterone
 anterior pituitary
 epinepherine
 catacholamine
 glucagon
 luteinizing hormone
 metabolic rate
 norepinepherine
 prolactin
 prostaglandin
 steroid
 thyroxine

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.9: Blood Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. Practical 2
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the characteristics of the blood and 1. Components and function of the blood.
tell the functions of blood 2. Differential interpretation of blood counts.
2. Differentiate between the different types of 3. Role of blood in maintaining homeostasis.
blood cells. 4. Production and regulation of blood cells.
3. Explain the interpretation of blood cell counts. 5. Coagulation factors.
4. Describe the production and control of red 6. Blood types and blood reactions.
blood cells. 7. terms related to the study of blood:
5. Tell the components of plasma and the albumin homeostasis
function of each . antibody leukocyte
6. Define homeostasis and describe how it is antigen lymphocyte
maintained. basophil macrophage
7. Describe the steps in blood coagulation embolus monocyte
Discuss factors which increase or interfere eosinophil neutrophil
with blood coagulation erythrocyte plasma
8. Explain the purpose and process of blood erythropoeitin platelet
typing. fibrinogen thrombus
9. Describe how blood reactions may occur globulin
between the fetal and maternal tissues. 8. WBC Count
9. RBC Count
10. DL Count
11. BT Count
12. CT Count
13. Blood grouping

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.10: Cardiovascular system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 1

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Objectives: Content:
1. Name the organs of the cardiovascular 1. Structures and functions of the heart.
system and describe their functions 2. Interpretation of heart sounds.
2. Locate and name the major parts of the heart 3. Locations, functions and characteristics of
and describe the functions of each. arteries and arterioles.
3. Describe the pathway of the blood through 4. Capillaries and their actions.
the heart and the vessels of the coronary 5. Locations, functions and characteristics of
circulation. veins and venules.
4. Describe the cardiac cycle and tell how it is 6. Regulation of blood pressure.
controlled. 7. Mechanisms of venous flow.
5. Mention the functions of the chief blood 8. Names, functions and locations of the
vessels of the body vascular components of the pulmonary and
6. Compare the structures of the chief blood systemic circulatory systems.
vessels of the body 9. Terms related to circulation:
7. Explain the mechanisms that aid in  arteriole
returning venous blood to the heart.  atrium
8. Explain how blood pressure is produced and  cardiac cycle
controlled.  cardiac output
9. Compare the pulmonary and systemic  diastolic pressure
pathways of the cardiovascular system  electrocardiogram
 myocardium
 pericardium
 peripheral resistance
 sphygmomanometer pacemaker
 systolic pressure
 vasoconstriction
 vasodilation
 ventricle
 venule
 viscosity
 Precordium examination normal
sound
 Murmur
 Measurement of pulse and blood
pressure

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.11: Lymphatic system and Hrs. theory 3 Hrs. Practical 1
immunity
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the functions of the lymphatic 1. Patterns of Lymphatic movement.
system and locate the chief lymphatic 2. Lymph node location, function and
pathways. structure.
2. Explain how lymphatic circulation is 3. Functions of the thymus and spleen.
maintained. 4. Specific and nonspecific defenses against
3. Locate the chief lymph nodes and describe infection.
their functions. 5. Immunity and allergic reactions.
4. Differentiate between specific and nonspecific 6. Disorders with autoimmune origins:
immunity and provide examples of each 7. Type 1 Diabetes
 Lupus erythematosus
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5. Describe the function of lymphocytes and  Rheumatoid arthritis
immunoglobulins.  Scleroderma
6. Differentiate between active and passive  Multiple sclerosis
immunity.  Schizophrenia
7. Distinguish between primary and secondary 8. Terms related to lymphatics and immune
immune responses. system:
8. Explain how allergic reactions, tissue  allergen
rejection reactions, and autoimmunity are  antibody
related to immune mechanisms.
 antigen
9. Describe the disorders believed to be caused
 interferon
by an autoimmune reaction..
 lymphocyte
 macrophage
 pathogen
 vaccine
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.12: Digestive system Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Locate and describe the functions chief 1. Structures and functions of the alimentary
organs of the digestive system. canal.
2. Describe how the contents of the alimentary 2. Movement and enervation f the alimentary
canal are moves and mixed. canal.
3. Describe the functions of enzymes secreted 3. Mouth structures and functions.
by various digestive organs and glands . 4. Pharynx and esophagus structure and
describe the function of each. function.
4. List the enzymes of secreted by various 5. Gastric secretions and absorption.
digestive organs and glands . 6. Structure and functions of the pancreas and
liver in regard to digestion.
5. Describe how digestive secretions are 7. Structure and function of the small and large
controlled. intestines.
6. Discuss how digestive reflexes control 8. Terms related to the digestive system:
movement of material through the alimentary  absorption
canal.  anal canal
7. Describe the mechanisms of swallowing,  bile
vomiting and defecating.  chyme
8. Explain how the products of digestion are  deciduous
absorbed.  duodenum
 emulsification
 feces
 jejunum
 ilium
 mesentery
 mucous membrane
 panacreatic juice
 peristalsis
 pyloric sphinctor
 rectum
 sphincter muscle
 vermiform appendix
 villi/villus
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 Vomiting, Diarrhoea, Constipation

Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.13: Respiratory system Hrs. theory 7 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the functions of the respiratory 1. Organs of the respiratory system.
system 2. Mechanisms of breathing and control of
2. Locate the organs of the respiratory system breathing.
3. Explain how inspiration and expiration are 3. Alveolar gas exchanges.
achieved. 4. Gas transport.
4. Describe the respiratory cycle and define the 5. Terminology related to respiration:
related terms: tidal volume, inspiratory  alveolus
reserve, expiratory reserve, residual volume,  bronchial tree
vital capacity, inspiratory capacity, functional  diaphragm
residual capacity, total lung capacity.  glottis
5. Locate the respiratory center and explain how  intercostal muscles
it controls normal breathing.  hilus
6. Describe the various factors which affect the
 hyperventilation
respiratory center.
 oxyhemoglobin
7. Describe the functions of the respiratory
 parietal pleura
membrane.
8. Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are  partial pressure
transported in the blood.  pleural cavity
9. Describe the process of cellular respiration.  respiratory membrane
10. Explain how cells use oxygen  respiratory volume
 surface tension
 surfactant
 visceral pleura
 Breath sound (Bronchial and
vesicular
 Measurement of Respiratory rate
 Measurement of Chest
Circumferance
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.14: Urinary system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Locate the organs of the urinary system and 1. Location, structure and function of the
describe their general function organs of the urinary system.
2. Describe the structure and functions of the 2. Renal circulation.
kidneys. 3. Processes and regulation of urine formation:
3. Describe the pathway of blood through the 4. glomerular filtration
kidneys. 5. tubular reabsorption
4. Describe a nephron and explain the function 6. concentration and volume
of each parts . 7. Formation of urea, ureic acid.
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5. Explain how glomerular filtrate is produced 8. Tubular secretion and urine composition.
and state it’s components. 9. Elimination of urine.
6. Discuss the regulation of glomerular filtration 10. Terms related to the urinary system:
and factors that may affect this.  renal cortex
7. Describe tubular reabsorption and tubular  renal medulla
secretion, in the production of urine  glomerulus
8. Describe the functions of the ureters, urinary  afferent arteriole
bladder, and urethra.  efferent arteriole
9. Describe the process of micturation and tell  juxtaglomerular apparatus
how it is controlled  nephron loop
 pertibular capillary
 renal corpuscle
 renal tubule
 renal plasma threshold
 retroperitoneal
 autoregulation
 destusor muscle
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.15: Water, electrolyte & pH Hrs. theory 6 Hrs. Practical 1
balance
Objectives: Content:
1. Discuss the importance of water and 1. Composition of body fluids.
electrolyte balance within the human body. 2. Distribution and movement of fluids
2. Describe how body fluids are distributed between compartments.
within compartments, how fluid composition 3. Mechanisms of water balance and
differs between compartments, and how fluids regulation.
move from one compartment to another. 4. Mechanisms of electrolyte balance and
3. List the routes by which water leaves and regulation.
enters the body. 5. Regulation of hydrogen ion concentration.
4. Describe how water intake and output are 6. Terms related to water and electrolyte
regulated by the body systems. balance:
5. List the important electrolytes of the body.  acidosis
6. List the ways electrolytes enter and leave the  alkalosis
body  bicarbonate buffer system
7. Explain the meaning of acid-base balance  phosphate buffer system
within the body.  protein buffer system
8. Discuss the regulation of how electrolytes  extracelllular
enters and leaves the body.
 intracellular
9. Dercribe where hydrogen ions come from
 transcellular
within the body.
 osmoreceptor
10. Describe the action of the body’s chemical
buffer systems, respiratory center, and the  electrolyte balance
kidneys in regulating acid-base balance.
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.16: Male reproductive system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Describe the structure of the male 1. Structure and function of the external
reproductive organs. organs: penis, testes, scrotum.
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2. State the general functions of the male 2. Formation and release of sperm cells.
reproductive system. 3. Actions of male sex hormones.
3. Name the parts of the male reproductive 4. Terms related to male reproductive system:
system and describe the general functions of  glans penis
each.  prepuce
4. Describe the process of spermatogensesis.  corpora cavernosa
5. Describe the path of sperm sells from their  corpus cavernosa
origin to their exit from the body  spermatogenesis
6. Describe the structure of penis and explain the  semen
mechanism of erection and ejaculation.  inguinal
7. Explain how hormones control the activities
 gonadotropin
of the m male reproductive organs and the
 testosterone
development of male secondary sexual
characteristics.  Male contraceptive devices.
8. Describe how a vasectomy is performed, and
discuss the relative simplicity of this
procedure.
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 2: Systems of the Body Hrs. theory Hrs. Practical
Sub-unit 2.17: Female reproductive system Hrs. theory 4 Hrs. tutorial 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Name the parts of the female reproductive 1. Structure and function of the vagina, clitoris,
system and describe the general functions of labia,ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, breasts
each. and mammary glands.
2. Describe the process of oogenesis. 2. Ova development and ovulation.
3. Describe how the hormones control the 3. Hormonal control of the reproductive
activities of the female reproductive system system.
and the development of female secondary 4. Fertilization and embryonic development.
sexual characteristics. 5. Pregnancy changes.
4. Describe the process of the menstrual cycle. 6. Process of childbirth and physiological
5. Describe the hormonal changes that occur in recovery.
the maternal body during pregnancy. 7. Structure and function of the mammary
6. Describe the birth process and explain the role glands.
of hormones in this process. 8. Terms related to the female reproductive
7. Explain why females are more easily infected system:
by sexually transmitted diseases than men,  follicle
given equal exposure.  estrogen
 progesterone
 fertilization
 meiosis
 oogenesis
 zygote
 implantation
 infundibulum
 orgasm
 ovulation
 menstrual cycle
 puberty and menarche
 placenta
 menopause
 Female contraceptive devices.
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Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.
Unit 3: Human Growth & Development Hrs. theory 5 Hrs. Practical 1
Objectives: Content:
1. Distinguish between growth and development. Foetal circulation and neonatal changes.
2. Describe the formation and function of the 1. Characteristics of the stages of life
placenta. development:
3. Describe the path of blood through the foetal  neonatal
circulatory system.  infancy
4. Describe the chief circulatory and  childhood
physiological adjustments that occur in the  adulthood
newborn.  senescence
5. List the stages of development that occur 2. Causes of aging.
between the neonatal period and death, and 3. Terms related to growth and development:
tell the general characteristics of each stage.
 amnion
 chorion
 zygote
 embryo
 foetus
 placenta
 umbilical cord
 prenatal
 neonatal
 postnatal
 Mid upper arm, head and chest
circumference
 Height and weight measurment
 Body mass index
Evaluation methods: written and viva exams. Teaching / Learning activities and resources:
classroom instruction, models, charts.

1. Textbook of practical Physiology, GK PAL, PRAVATI PAL, Orient Longman.

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