f-Block Elements
ne elements In which fhe last electron enters the orbitol ohe
oioms are collecl f-block elements.
neneral Electronic Conf. of f-Block Elements
(n-2)f (h-1)d ns*
In fblock elements, the last electron is odded to the #hird to the
OuHer most callec ontepenultimate energy level, i.e. (-9t
Ihus, these elements are also known as inner transiion Eements
They Consist of two series of Fletnents placed at +he bottom of the
pEriodic Table
() LANTHANDIDS: The series involving he filling of 4f-orbitals following
Lanthanum la (7:57) is called lanthanoicl Seres
The elements present in the series are called Lonthanoids.
There are 14 elements followinq lanthanum la ($7). Le. cerium Ce (58)
to Lutetium Lu(7).
These elements are represented by the general symbol Ln.
These occurs very rorely and therefore, hese elements hove also been
Called rare earth elements.
57 Landthamum
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Lonthanoids Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm fu Gd T Dy Ho Tm Yb lu
93 94 95 6 98 99 10 101 102 103
Actinoids Am m No
5F
Lautuaruerds
uul cdiguralon o
-14
Sd6S
19 Actinoids
follouing Actinium Ac (Z-89)
The series involving the filling of 5f-orbitals
is called Actinoid Series.
The elements présent in this serjes are called Actinoids.
hey include the elements from thorium, Th (2:90) to Lowrencium Lr (Z-103)
Actndlos
gem electonio confunaiom o -14
Rnl s
LANTHANOID CONTRACTION
in He
The gradually decrease in size of Lanthanoids With Increase
Contraction.
Nuclear Charqej is called lanthanoid
atemi numabery
CAUSE Of Lanthanoid Contraction:
which have
In Lanthanoids due to the presence of 4f and 5d orbitals,
es are more strongly atH ract or helds
poor shieldinq effect. So, the valente
towards nucleus. Hente, Atomic size decreases.
Conbequences of Lanthanoid lorntraction.
1 Resemblance of Second and Third Transition Series.
elements
As a result of Lanthanoid Contraction, Ind and 3rdl series
elemeis are also very similar
resem ble: eoch other. The properties of these
due to their similar ABomic size.
Ques- Why Zr and Hf have sBmilar properties?
Lanthannde coniacion, thu dements
of nhd
An
Aws: Dur to
othe in thi
isemete eacw
J n a m i t o Series
The cheuicol piopetes also Aosembla.
ateniv sizes".
Gmop 3 Ghorp5
T2) v (23)
Se )
seiss Nb (41). men
Clenen o 3°"hueke
Zuo)
asenis Y (s) munth m e e tthan
(s)GO H (7) Ta (1 l ts
3Senit La
Lamtnaminds
oPaseries.
190
La
180 Y
170
160160 Sca Zr
H Hg
150 Ti Ta Au
Cd
140 -
Nb W Re Os Ir
Pt
Ag
130
120
decreases TC Ru
Cr Mn
Ru Rh
Rh
Fe Co
almost same
Pd
Ni
Zn
Increases
Cu
Tnct dueto
Atomic R
110
Increasing atomicinumber
nuclegr charge Inct As [Link] des Inct
es entersin d-orbitals Screening FFFect Inc
It neutralises the effect of Inc. in Nuelear
have poor shielding effect
Atomic Radi clec. Atomic radii remains almost unchanged.
2. Similarity amongq lanthanoids
Because of similar Atomic size of lanthanoids, their che mical properties
are quite similar. Thus, 'it is very difficult to seperate then in pure state.
3. BASIC STRENGTH: Due to lanthanoid Contrciction, the size of M ion decrea
ancl as a resull of +his, the covalent character of the M-OH boncl
fncreases and the basic strength bf hydroxicles decreases troDm
LalDH)3 to Lu (OH)3.
SO, the basic strength of the hydroxicles decreases ilth rcrease
in Atomic number.
Oues- Cut of La(OH)3 and Lu (OH)3 which one is more Basic ?
Ans La(OH) is esw basi ttha LuOH)
Du t Latenorde coubactiem, t siips deosar
renarda Lantlamode
Senies nth i n t n e r r an
0
oomi mmwber
L
La C 7
elemena
Snaller S
Catien
mne polanicing ptut
less c e u a l e n t
Caactiw e Cualent
eay tobaonk,
. Diticult o bieak
bend blus La fOH
bed bf Lu AOH
im LuOH)
I'>asio east Basic
DIFFERENcES BETWEEN Lanthanoids and Actinoids.
LANTHANOIDS ACTINOIDS
Actinoids
addition to +3 0.S.
1 Lanthanoids shoW mainly +3 0.5. 1. In
also show higher 0.S such
as
except in a few cases where itis
t2 and +4. +4,45, +6 and +7.
higher. 2. Binding enerqies of 5f
are loWer
2. Binding energies of 4f are
have qreater fendency to
3. The tendency to form complexes is 3. They
form complexes.
ess.
ore more basic.
4. Lanthanoid compounds are less 4. Actinoid compounds
basic
colourless. [Link] of the actinoids are coloured.
5. Most of their ions are
6. Al the actinoids are radioactive.
6. Except Promethium, they are
non-radioactive.
7. They are also paramagnehic but
7They are paramaqnetic and their
Maqnetic properties can be easily their Magnetic propertes can noB be
explained. easily explained.
8. They do not form oxoions. 8. They form oxo ions. Such as UO.
q 4f es have qreator shielding effect. 9. 5f es have poor shielding effect.
Therefere, the contraction in their Therefore, the contraction in their
onic radii is less. sizes is more.
i e L a n t h a e i d cembhoctan Actnoid conaction is greala
Amnalls a n Actimso Pen elenmeut elemet ttnam
octrinn
Lanthaneid cenbaction.
ogemelectheio codunatun gew elecome coa.
4f" 5d 6s [R») 5fG7s
SIMILARITIES BETNEEN LANTHANOIDS AND
ACTINOIDS.
L Both exhibit 0.S. of +3
2. Tn both the series,
predominantly.
f-orbitals are being progressively +illecl
3 Both are electropositive and have hiqh reactivity.
4. Actinoids like lanthanoids show ion exchanqe behaviour.
S. LiKe Lanthanoid contrachion, there is actinoid contraction.
These contractions are due to poor shielding effect of 4f and Sf
in Lanthcanoids & Actinoids respecti e
vely.
6. Actinoids and Lahthanoids havinq same number of
quite simi lar spectra. unpaired es have
Guston : Ceermistiy o all Lantharrioles is so deticl. Explain
Awwe Tnis is du to
y allLanthanetdis a w e simila e t e elecoue co
bcenua tay oLte cl n t i r atepemult'wate
Oxidatiin s t a t
u) The all shers +3
u) D to Lantameid Cnbraetan the is v all
i thiv tenie Aadii.
Leneme
icleutica,
thr pnopertie
V) So detieal sizes m a k e
