L8: CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE THE UN CHARTER:
- The Charter is the Constitution of the United Nations
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE Organization (UNO).
- Is there a single state that various states are accountable - It was made in October 1944 by the Dumbarton Oaks
to? (Washington DC) Conference.
- Is there an organization that can military compel a state - It lays down the rules which govern the organization and
to obey global rules? functions of the UNO and all its organs.
- The answer would be none. Because there is no - The Charter has a Preamble, 19 Chapters and 111
single government that can rule the world. Global Articles which explain the purposes, principles, organs,
government doesn’t exist! and operating methods of the UN.
But, how is the world governed even the absence of global THE PURPOSES OF THE UN ARE DEFINED IN
government? ARTICLE 1 OF THE UN CHARTER.
- GLOBAL GOVERNANCE is the key. THESE ARE:
1. To maintain international peace and security and to take
WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE? adequate steps to avert wars.
- As defined by Young (1999), global governance is the 2. To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis
formal and informal arrangements that produce a of equality.
degree of order and collective action above the state 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving
in the absence of a global government. international problems of an economic, social, cultural or
- This will be through the coordination of the state and humanitarian character.
non-state actors - the International Governmental 4. To be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations in
Organizations (IGOs) and International the attainment of these common ends.
NonGovernmental Organizations (INGOs).
PRINCIPLES OF THE UN
IGOs The principles are the means to achieve the objectives
- International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) are of the UN. These are contained in Article 2 of the UN
formed by states. Charter:
- States come together to form an organization, and they 1. All the member states are equal.
establish a structure based on a formal instrument of 2. The member states shall fulfill their obligations to the
agreement. UN honestly.
- For instance, ASEAN was basically formed when the ten 3. The member states shall settle their international
nations in Southeast Asia joined. disputes by peaceful means.
4. The member states shall refrain in their international
OTHER EXAMPLES ARE: relations from the threat or use of force against any other
- World Trade Organization (WTO) state.
- World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) 5. The member states shall give to the UN every
- and the most prominent of all is the United Nations (UN). assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the UN
Charter.
INGOs 6. The states which are not members of the UN, should
- International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) also act in accordance with these principles for the
are generally private, voluntary organizations whose maintenance of international peace and security.
members are individuals or a group of people. 7. No member state shall interfere in the internal affairs of
- Usually, NGOs are created to solve specific issue. any other state.
EXAMPLES ARE: The UN Charter established six principal organs in
- Greenpeace (environmental group) 1945
- World Wild Fund (wild animal protection group)
- Amnesty International (human rights group). UNITED NATIONS ORGANS AND THEIR ROLES
1. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
- Among the various international - The General Assembly is the highest deliberative organ
organizations, the United Nations is said of the UN.
to be the primary venue and formal - It is also called the World Parliament of Nations.
arrangement for global governance - Each member state sends five representatives to it but
involving states and non-state actors. each state has only one vote.
- Thus, to explore global governance in the contemporary - The UN General Assembly holds deliberations on all
world, we will put the spotlight on the U.N as it is today’s issues which are related to the Charter of the United
most prominent international organization. Nations.
- It also approves the annual budget of the UN.
UNITED NATIONS - The Philippines played a prominent role in the GA’s early
- The United Nations is an international organization years when Filipino diplomat Carlos P. Romulo was
founded in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War, as elected GA president from 1949-1950.
a way to prevent future conflicts on that scale.
- The destruction caused by the Second World War 2. THE SECURITY COUNCIL (SC)
compelled the people to establish an international - The Security Council is the executive body and the most
organization for keeping the world away from war and in potent organ of the UN.
favour of friendship and cooperation among all the nations. - It is called “the Power House” of the UN, it has the
- It is currently made up of 193 Member States power to make legally binding resolutions.
- It is made up of 15 members out of whom 5 are - works to ensure all children, everywhere in the world,
permanent members or the P5, each with a veto power. enjoy the same human rights.
- These are the USA, Russia, China, France and United
Kingdom. 2. WHO (World Health Organization)
- Its primary role is to direct international
health within the United Nations' system and
to lead partners in global health responses.
- It also works to strengthen healthcare systems in every
country so that all citizens can stay healthy and live longer,
happier lives.
3. UNESCO (UN’s Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization)
- Its role is to promote international
cooperation in education, science, culture,
and communication and information.
3. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) - is working to make sure all children in the world have the
- Its primary objective is to advance the economic, social opportunity go to school.
and environmental dimensions of sustainable - also helps protect special cultural and natural places
development. around the world by giving them World Heritage status.
- ECOSOC, also has the authority, along with the General
Assembly, to call international conferences and to consult 4. WFP (UN World Food Programme)
with nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). - the largest humanitarian agency fighting
- The global conferences on human rights, the hunger.
environment, population, and women’s rights, to just name - It feeds over 90 million people a year, saving
a few, have been some of the most important contributions the lives of those affected by conflict and natural disasters.
made by ECOSOC.
L9: THE GLOBAL DIVIDES
GLOBAL DIVIDES
4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL - Developed vs. Developing
- Its task is to supervise the administration - First World vs. Third World
of Trust Territories placed under the - Rich vs. Poor
International Trusteeship System.
- The main goals of the International Trusteeship System How do we determine which countries are rich and
were to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of which countries are poor?
Trust Territories and their progressive development - The most widely used measure in the comparative status
towards self-government or independence. of the socio-economic development is presented by the
- The Trusteeship Council has completed its mission, but UNDP known as the Human Development Index (HDI)
continues to exist on paper, under the UN Charter, which was initiated in 1990.
chapter XII. - The Human Development Index (HDI) aimed to rank all
countries and determine the lowest human development
5. THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ) and the highest level of indicators education development
- It is the chief judicial body of the UN. based on the basic namely: real income, health and
- It is also called “the World Court.” education (Todaro and Smith, 2012).
- It consists of 15 judges who are elected
by the General Assembly on the BASIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
recommendations of the UN Security PER CAPITA INCOME
Council; each judge of ICJ holds a tenure - This refers to the total of all goods and services produced
of 9 years. and provided within a country’s borders, divided by its
- The International Court of Justice gives its verdict on population.
such disputes/cases which are brought to it by the - = GDP / population
concerned states by their mutual consent. - average income per head (mas maganda mataas gdp
mababa ang population)
6. THE SECRETARIAT
- Secretariat is the administrative organ of the UN. Countries’ Income Per capita (IMF, 2020)
- It implements the policies and decisions taken up by
organs of the UN.
- Members of the secretariat serve in their capacity as UN
employees and not as state representatives.
- The Secretariat General is the head of the Secretariat.
- He is called the “Watchdog of the UN”.
4 SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE UN
1. UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)
- works for children’s rights, their survival,
development and protection.
HEALTH
- is measured based on the life expectancy at birth, the
rate of undernourishment, the under-5 mortality rate, and
the crude birth rate.
EDUCATION BRANDT LINE
- Literacy is the number of adult males and females
reported or estimated to have the basic abilities and
capability to read and write.
- It also includes the number of years attended school
regardless of the quality of education received.
- The Brandt line is a clear graphic presentation of a North
and South division of their economies of the different
countries which were based on their GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) per capita.
- The implication of the Brandt Line is that the countries in
the Northern part of the world are extremely wealthy while
those countries appearing and lying on the southern part
of the line are considered poor.
- The introduction of the Brandt line initiated the use of the
term “Global North” and “Global South” referring
respectively to rich and poor countries (Royal
Geographical Society, 2020).
BRANDT REPORT
- Prior to the HDI there have been moves that created a
literal and visual division among the different countries in
the world.
- One is the Brandt Report in the 1980’s which was written
by the Independent Commission headed by Willy Brandt
to review international development issues in the 1980’s.
- The result formed the so called Brandt Line.
BRANDT LINE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL NORTH AND
GLOBAL SOUTH
- High income countries are members of OECD
(Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development).
- It is a unique assembly among governments of 38
member states with established market economies
working with each other, as well as with more than 70
non-member economies to promote economic growth,
prosperity, and sustainable development.
- The 38 member nations are composed of Austria,
DISCOVERING GLOBAL SOUTH Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.
- There are five countries from the Americas: Mexico,
Chile, Canada, the United States, Colombia, and Costa
Rica. The four Pacific members are Japan, Australia, New
Zealand, and Korea.
- While there are two countries from the Middle East,
which are Turkey and Israel.
2. UNITED COUNTRIES NATION’S LEAST DEVELOPED
- Another widely used classification of nations is that of the
least developed countries.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN “GLOBAL SOUTH” AND - There are currently 46 economies designated by the
“THIRD WORLD” United Nations as the least developed countries (LDCs).
- The term “Third World” was used during the cold war - These 46 LDCs are distributed among the following
–era referring to non- alignment or their rejection of regions:
colonialism from both the USSR and USA.
- The known “Third World” comprises of the alliance of
those countries in Africa and in Asia that became newly
independent after World War 2.
- Later on joined by countries from Latin America.
- First world (the capitalist, industrialized and democratic
countries in the West)
- Second World (communist countries). The alliance of
the “Third World” countries was.
- As time passes, after the fall of the Soviet Union and the
FOR INCLUSION, A COUNTRY HAS TO MEET EACH
end of the Cold War, the term Third World has decreased
OF THREE CRITERIA:
in use.
1. LOW INCOME
- It is being replaced with terms such as developing
- An income criterion, based on a three-year average
countries, least developed countries or the Global South.
estimate of the gross national income (GNI) per capita.
- Therefore, it is safe to conclude that “Global South” and
- The threshold for inclusion is $1,018 or below; the
“Third World” are simply the same; just used in different
threshold for graduation is $1,222 or above.
times.
2. LOW HUMAN ASSETS
OTHER WAYS OF CLASSIFYING NATIONS
1. WORLD BANK CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) known as the World Bank (Todaro
and Smith, 2012) has a very popular way of classifying
countries known as the World Bank’s Classification
System.
- It includes 210 economies with a population of at least
30,000 which are ranked using their levels of Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita.
- The countries are then classified as low income countries
(LICs), lower middle income countries (LMCs), upper - All six indicators are converted into indices using
middle income countries (UMC’s), and high income
established methodologies with an equal weight.
countries.
- The thresholds for inclusion and graduation are 60
or below and 66 or above, respectively.
3. HIGH ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY PRE TRANSITION
MALTHUSIAN THEORY
- Introduced by Thomas Robert Malthus
- A theory that argues that human population tend to
outgrow food supply.
HUMAN POPULATION – exponential growth
FOOD SUPPLY – arithmetic growth
- He believed that preventive and positive checks would
control the population to balance the food supply with the
population level.
POSITIVE CHECK - natural forces will correct the
imbalance between food supply and population.
- All eight indicators are converted into indices using PREVENTIVE CHECK - family planning, late marriages,
established methodologies with an equal. celibacy to correct the imbalance.
- The thresholds for inclusion: 36 or above and for
graduation: 32 or below. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
- The theory states that a country’s total population growth
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) - video rate goes through cyclical stages as the country develops
economically.
3. G7, G8 and G20 - It emphasizes the point that the boost in economy and
- The G8 and G20 are coalitions of nations that address industrial growth directly affect the population structure of
significant international issues. human beings.
- It started as G7, a group of seven nations that joined
together in 1975 to resist the 1973 oil embargo by the STAGE 1 - Birth And Death Rates Are High
Arabs as a protest against the intervention of the United - The condition of the world before the Industrial
States and the United Kingdom during the Yom Kippur Revolution where birth and death rates are high making
War. population size stable, disruptions such as wars and
- The G7 was formally known as the Group of Seven pandemics cause occasional declines.
Industrialized Nations.
- Its members were Britain, United States, France, STAGE 2 - Low Death Rates; Birth Rates Stay High
Canada, Japan, Italy, and Germany. - The condition in most of the least developed countries
today, this stage is marked by low death rates particularly
- The G7 was renamed to the G8 in 1997, when Russia among children while birth rates stay high resulting in
was added to the original seven-country line-up. accelerated population growth.
- The G7 and G8 asserted several political and economic - EX: Guatemala, Yemen and Afghanistan.
policies that affected other countries.
STAGE 3 - Birth Rates Are Decreasing
- The latest installment of the G8 is called the G20, a - True to most developing countries, this is the condition
greater coalition formed in 1999, which includes the where the birth rates are decreasing because of any or a
nations of Brazil, China, Saudi Arabia, Republic of Korea, combination of the following factors: access to
France, Australia, China, Canada, Germany, Indonesia, contraception, increased participation of women in the
Argentina, Turkey, India, Russia, South Africa, Mexico, workforce and improving economic conditions.
Japan, United Kingdom, United States, and the European - The population is still increasing in a slower pace.
STAGE 4 - Low Birth And Death Rates
- This is characterized by low birth and death rates.
- The economy has attained growth and development,
people are educated and enjoy good health and jobs are
available for both men and women.
- This is the condition obtaining in developed countries.
STAGE 5 - Elderly Population Outnumber The Youthful
Population
- Demographic theorists include a possible stage 5 where
countries have an elderly population that outnumber the
youthful population.
- This is due to low fertility that has fallen below what is
L10: GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY AND MIGRATION
needed to replace the population from generation to
generation.
WHAT IS DEMOGRAPHY?
- The Science of population.
GLOBAL POPULATION
- It is the scientific study of the distribution, composition
1950 - 2 billion 2017 - 7.6 billion
and changes of human populations.
2005 - 6.5 billion 2050 - 9.8 billion
- distribution of the 2017 population, 60% live in Asia, 17%
in Africa, 10% in Europe
WORLD POPULATION 2. AGING / MORTALITY RATE
- [Link] - Expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per
- [Link] year.
- EX: 9.5/1000/year.
After the increase, the world will experience a global - 2012 mortality review: 9.7
population decline. Why? - 2016: highest death rate of 14.9 in South Africa.
3 MAJOR DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES
1. BIRTH / FERTILITY RATE
- Fertility rate refers to the
estimate of the average
number of children that would
be born to a woman in a
country during the course of
her lifetime, assuming she lives
a full and healthy life.
- PRE-MODERN ERA: fertility MORTALITY RATE - PHILIPPINES
rate is 4.5 to 7 children. There
is population growth despite
high mortality rate at a young
age.
- 1965: fertility rate remained at more than 5 children/
woman
- 2017: world fertility rate is below 2.5 children / woman.
REASONS FOR POPULATION DECLINE
1. POPULATION AGING - In 2050, there will be twice as
many older citizens than children.
2. DEMOGRAPHIC SUICIDE - Excess of death over birth.
COUNTRIES EXPERIENCING POPULATION AGING
3. MIGRATION
- Movement of people from one place to another with the
purpose of changing residence either temporary or
permanently.
REASONS FOR FERTILITY DECLINE
1. Women empowerment
2. Technological and economic changes
3. Changing norms TYPES OF MIGRATION
4. Opportunities for family planning 1. Internal migration - within the country
5. Other factors like decrease in fertility and separation of 2. International migration - one country to another.
couples. 2.1 Immigrant: enters a country.
2.2. Emigrant: leaves a country.
5 CATEGORIES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION:
1. Immigrants who moved permanently to another country.
2. Workers who stay for a fixed period of time.
3. Illegal immigrants
4. Petitioned families
5. Refugees or asylum seekers
TOP IMMIGRANT RECEIVING COUNTRIES
1. USA 5. UAE
2. Germany 6. France
3. Saudi Arabia 7. Canada
4. Russia 8. Australia
REASONS FOR MIGRATION
A. PUSH FACTOR -
forces you to leave.
1. Social Factor: racism, poor services, abuse and
violence.
2. Political Factor: government decisions, war
3. Economic Factor: job opportunities
4. Environmental Factor: natural disasters
B. PULL FACTOR
- forces you to stay.
- opposite reasons for the push factors.
