Week 1 Assignment 1

1. ______________ deals with planning, policy formulation, processing and implementation of

projects, enactment of legislation in regards to power generation, transmission and
distribution.
a) Ministry of Power
b) PGCIL
c) CEA
d) CERC

Reason: Ministry of Power deals with planning, policy formulation, processing and implementation
of projects, enactment of legislation in regards to power generation, transmission and distribution.

2. Which of the following energy-base technology types has a DC output type?

a) Gas Turbine
b) Fuel cell
c) Wind
d) Geothermal

Reason: Fuel cell has a DC output type

3. Which of the following are reasons why it is necessary to advance transmission systems?
a) Increasing load demands
b) Quickly aging components
c) Power carrying limitations
d) All of them

Reason: Increasing load demands, quickly aging components, power carrying limitations and cost of
installing new transmission lines given a new birth to advancement of transmission system

4. IEEE recommended practice for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power
systems distribution secondary networks is:
a) IEEE std 1547.3
b) IEEE std 1547.5
c) IEEE std 1547.4
d) IEEE std 1547.6

Reason: IEEE Standard 1547.6 “IEEE Recommended Practice for Interconnecting Distributed
Resources with Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary Networks.”

5. Which of the following is a major component of smart grid?

a) Smart restoration
b) Smart Management
c) Smart organization
d) All of the above

Reason: Major components of smart grid are classified as follows- Smart Infrastructure, Smart
Communication, Smart Management and Smart Protection.

6. Which of the following energy-based technology types is most predictable?

a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Ocean energy
d) None of the above

Reason: Ocean energy advantages include High power density and it is more predictable than solar
and wind

7. Application guide for IEEE std 1547?

a) IEEE std 1547.1
b) IEEE std 1547.2
c) IEEE std 1547.3
d) IEEE std 1547.4

Reason: IEEE Standard 1547.2 “IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547TM, IEEE Standard for
Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.”

8. “The micro grid must not actively regulate voltage at PCC” is a main provision of:
a) IEEE P1660/D9
b) IEEE Std 535
c) IEEE Std 946
d) IEEE Std 1547

Reason: Main provisions from IEEE 1547: The micro-grid must “not actively regulate the voltage at
the PCC.”

9. What is the energy range of the commercial consumer in the customer domain?
a) <100kW
b) 20-200kW
c) >200kW
d) None of the above
Reason: The Customer domain is usually segmented into sub-domains for home, commercial/building,
and industrial.
Energy range:
≤ 20 kW for home,
20-200 kW for Commercial/Building
≥ 200 kW for Industrial.
10. What is/are the boundaries of the customer domain?
a) utility meter
b) Energy Service Interface
c) Both of them
d) None of them
Reason: The boundaries of the Customer domain are typically considered to be the utility meter and
the Energy Services Interface (ESI). The ESI provides a secure interface for Utility-to-Consumer
interactions.
Week 2 Assignment 2
1. The signal conditioning stage in context to smart metering may include
a) Addition/subtraction
b) Attenuation/amplification
c) Filtering
d) All of these

Reason: The signal conditioning stage may include Addition/subtraction,

Attenuation/amplification and Filtering.

2. ___________ acquires data from the devices with data communications capabilities via
communication port(s).
a) Central RTDB
b) DCA
c) DPA
d) DTA

Reason: DCA acquires data from the devices with data communications capabilities via
communication port(s).

3. _________ of solar cell was developed to address energy requirements and production costs
of solar cells.
a) First generation
b) Second generation
c) Third generation
d) None of these

Reason: Second Generation of solar cell was developed to address energy requirements and
production costs of solar cells.

4. The rotor windings are fed via a back-to-back converter system in a bidirectional feedback
loop in
a) Fixed Speed Wind Turbine Generators
b) Synchronous Generator with In-Line Frequency Control
c) Doubly Fed Induction Generator
d) None of these

Reason: The DFIG system consists of a 3-phase wound rotor generator with its stator windings fed
from the grid and its rotor windings fed via a back-to-back converter system in a bidirectional
feedback loop taking power either from the grid to the generator or from the generator to the grid.

5. The Kinetic energy available of wind in motion is proportional to ___ of the wind speed.
a) Square root power of two
b) Square root power of three
c) Square power
d) Cube power

Reason: E=0.5*m*(v^2)

6. ______ monitors and breaks the feeder circuit if the current exceeds a preset threshold.
a) Reclosers
b) Switches
c) Collector
d) None of these

Reason: A recloser monitors and breaks the feeder circuit if the current exceeds a preset threshold.

7. Which of the following SCADA components interfaces with all other software modules?
a) Central RTDB
b) DCA
c) DPA
d) DTA

Reason: Central RTDB that interfaces with all other software modules.

8. In PV systems, the PV array corresponds to _____ of the cost.

a) 27%
b) 37%
c) 47%
d) 57%

Reason: In PV systems, the PV array represents about 57 % of the total cost of the system.

9. The main impact of series resistance is:

a) Power loss
b) Increase fill factor
c) Reduce fill factor
d) Reduce SC current

Reason: The main impact of series resistance is to reduce the fill factor, although excessively high
values may also reduce the short-circuit current.

10. Solar Charge Controllers do not:

a) Prevents battery overcharge
b) Allow reverse current
c) Prevent electrical overload
d) Display battery status

Reason: Solar Charge Controllers Prevents battery overcharge, Blocks reverse current, Prevent over-
discharge from batteries (some models), Prevent electrical overload (some models) and Displays
battery status.
Assignment-III Solutions
1. The first commercial lithium-ion battery was released by sony in
a) 1978
b) 1982
c) 1991
d) 2007
Solution 1: The first commercial lithium-ion battery was released by sony in 1991.

2. Which of the following depicts the need for energy storage in power grid system
operation?
I. Black-start services
II. Reduce renewable energy curtailment.
III. Capacity investment deferral
IV. Frequency regulation and flexible ramping
a) I and IV
b) I, II, and IV
c) II, and IV
d) I, II, III, and IV
Solution 2: All of the above options are needed for energy storage in power grid
system operation.

3. According to the storage deployment statics released by the US Department of Energy

(DOE) in 2017. Which of the following is correct in the context of India?
I. Pumped hydro storage has the highest share of total storage.
II. Thermal storage > Electro-chemical and electro-mechanical combined
storage
a) Only I
b) Only II
c) I and II
d) None
Solution 3: According to the storage deployment statics released by the US
Department of Energy (DOE) in 2017. Pumped hydro storage has the highest
share of total storage. Also, the share of thermal storage is more than that of the
combined electro-chemical and electro-mechanical storage.

4. Which one of the following matches is false?

I. Pumped hydro: – Hybrid energy storage system
II. Lead-acid: - Electro-chemical energy storage system
III. Biofuel: - Chemical energy storage system
IV. Battery and Flywheel: - Hybrid energy storage system
a) II
b) IV
c) I
d) III
Solution 4: Pumped hydro is not a hybrid energy storage system. Lead-acid and
biofuel storage systems are electro-chemical and chemical energy storage systems,
respectively. Battery and Flywheel is a hybrid energy storage system.

5. Which storage technology has a very good usable capacity?

a) Flywheel
b) Lithium-ion
c) Super Capacitor
d) Lead Acid
Solution 5: Lithium-ion storage technology has a very good usable capacity.

6. What is the storage capacity of largest solar powered battery by Florida power and
light company?
a) 250 MW
b) 500 MW
c) 751 MW
d) 409 MW
Solution 6: The storage capacity of largest solar powered battery by Florida power
and light company is 409 MW which is located in Manatee county, Florida.
7. Energy storage tender activity increased by __ % in 2021?
a) 41%
b) 14%
c) 45%
d) 54%
Solution 7: to increase the Indian energy storage capacity various companies in
coordination with the government polices increased the tender activity by 41%.
With that a total of 7700 MWh of ES projects have been tendered.

8. What is/are the key deciding features of a Battery Storage System?

a) Charging and discharging time.
b) Minimum no. of storage cycles.
c) Minimum storage period.
d) All of them.
Solution 8: All are key deciding features of the BMS.

9. Which is not an active cell balancing method?

a) Cell to cell
b) Over charge
c) Cell bypass
d) Pack to pack
Solution 9: Over charge method is a passive cell balancing method.

10. While formulating a general ESS Allocation Algorithm, which of the following
parameter comes under economical category?
a) Power loss
b) Load curtailment
c) Load curtailment cost
d) both load curtailment and load curtailment cost
Solution 10: Only Load curtailment cost will be the economical parameter.
Week 4 assignment 4

1. Which of the following is a periodically polled data resource at a specified time interval?
a) SCADA
b) DPR
c) SPMS
d) None of the above

Reason: Non-operational Data is Periodically polled at a specified time interval, Consists of records
of multiple events, Ex: Digital Fault Recorder (DFR), Digital Protective Relay (DPR) and Circuit
Breaker Monitor (CBM).

2. When does aliasing occur?

a) When sampling theorem is followed
b) When sampling theorem is not followed
c) Both of these
d) None of these

Reason: The sampling frequency is not chosen arbitrarily. It is selected based on sampling theorem.
According to this theorem, the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the highest frequency
to be sampled. If this rule is not followed then the unique digital representation of the original
continuous wave forms is lost and an effect called aliasing occurs.

3. For Least Square Error Phasor Estimation the size of the matrix increases with
a) increase in sampling rate
b) number of phasor variables to be estimated
c) both of these
d) none of these

Reason: For Least Square Error Phasor Estimation the size of the matrix increases with increase in
sampling rate and number of phasor variables to be estimated

4. Which part of SMPS rejects bad data?

a) PMU
b) PDC
c) Communication system
d) None of these

Reason: The main functions of a PDC are: to gather data from several PMUs, to reject bad data, to
align the time stamps, and to create a coherent record of simultaneously recorded data.

5. In a digital relay, holds the input sample data as they are brought in and processed?
a) RAM
b) ROM
c) EROM
d) None of these

Reason: The Random Access Memory (RAM) holds the input sample data as they are brought in and
processed.

6. Which of the following is not true about SCADA?

a) Measures magnitude and phase angle
b) No time synchronization
c) Local monitoring and control
d) 1 sample every 2-4 seconds

Reason: measures magnitude only

7. What do synchronized phasor measuring systems measure?

a) Currents
b) Voltage
c) Angle between currents and voltage
d) All of the above

Reason: These systems have the ability of measuring currents and voltages, and calculating the angle
between them. This ability has been made possible by the availability of Global Positioning System
(GPS) and the sampled data processing techniques.

8. The _____ word of a file standard of synchrophasor standard defines the size of the total
record.
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth and fifth

Reason: first word of 2 bytes is for synchronization of the data transfer.

second word defines the size of the total record.

third word identifies the data originator uniquely.

next two words provide the “second of century” (SOC) and the “fraction of a second”
(FRACSEC) at which the data is being reported.

The last word is the check sum to help determine any errors in data transmission

9. In the file structure of synchrophasor, which of the following files contains data which the
data producer may wish to share with the user?
a) Header file
b) Configuration file
c) Data file
d) Command file

Reason: Header File: Human readable. Information which the producer of data may wish to share
with the user.

10. What are the disadvantages of traditional relays?

a) Aging production facilities
b) Discontinued components and parts
c) Shortage of manufacturing and testing technicians
d) All of these

Reason: Aging production facilities, Discontinued components and parts, Shortage of manufacturing
and testing technicians are all disadvantages of traditional relays
Week 5 assignment 5
1. ROCOF and ROCOVPA are examples of
a) Passive Islanding Detection Techniques
b) Active Islanding Detection Techniques
c) Hybrid Islanding Detection Techniques
d) Communication Islanding Detection Techniques

Reason: Passive Islanding Detection Techniques: Power Quality, Impedance, Rate of Change of
Frequency (ROCOF), Rate of Change of Voltage Phase Angle (ROCOVPA), and Signal Processing Based

2. ROCOF IDT requires a minimum power mismatch of _________?

a) 10%
b) 15%
c) 20%
d) 25%

Reason: Rate of Change of Frequency, Drawbacks: Requires a Minimum power mismatch of 15%.

3. In which of the following IDTs is the DER is driven into unstable mode?
a) Current injection technique
b) Positive feedback technique
c) Passive IDTs
d) None of these

Reason: Positive feedback : Negligible NDZ, DER is driven into unstable mode, some techniques
might have power quality problems.

4. Voltage unbalance is used to initiate _______ method.

a) Current injection
b) Positive feedback
c) Frequency set point
d) None of these

Reason: Voltage unbalance is used to initiate frequency set point method.

5. Power line carrier communication (PLCC) uses a ________-energy communication signal

along the power line.
a) High
b) Low
c) Medium
d) Extremely high

Reason: Power line carrier communication (PLCC) uses a low-energy communication signal along the
power line.

6. Which of the following is not a disadvantage of the signal produced by disconnect (SPD)
method?
a) relative expensiveness
b) licensing complications
c) design complications
d) additional supervision
Reason: Its strengths are additional supervision and full control of both the grid and the DG. Its
drawbacks, however, include relative expensiveness, also possible/significant licensing and design
complications.

7. Which of the following is/are protection issues in smart grid?

a) Dynamics in level of fault currents
b) Bi-directional fault Current
c) False tripping
d) All of these

Reason: Protection Issues: Dynamics in level of fault currents, Bi-directional fault Current, False
tripping, Blinding of Protection

8. Which of the following uses technologies like SCADA, and PLCC to monitor circuit breaker
status?
a) Passive Islanding Detection Techniques
b) Active Islanding Detection Techniques
c) Hybrid Islanding Detection Techniques
d) Communication Islanding Detection Techniques

Reason: Communication Islanding Detection Techniques use extensive communication technologies

like SCADA, and PLCC to monitor circuit breaker status.

9. In a smart grid, the penetration of DER affects:

a) Level of fault current
b) Direction of fault current
c) Sensitivity of protection devices
d) All of these

Reason: The penetration of DER alters the level of fault current. Also, the magnitude of fault current
is altered based on the modes of operation of the microgrid. This reduces the sensitivity of the
protection devices.

10. For the detection of islanding, the set point for voltage relays is:
a) OVR-1.05pu; UVR-0.95
b) OVR-1.1pu; UVR-0.9
c) OVR-1.1pu; UVR-0.88
d) OVR-1.2pu; UVR-0.8

Reason: Set point for voltage relays-OVR-1.1pu; UVR-0.88.

Week 6: Assignment 6 Solution
1) For which of the conditions would the decision be +1?
a) Power flow direction: Upstream, Fault point: Forward, Δφ2 or Δφ1: Negative
b) Power flow direction: Upstream, Fault point: Reverse, Δφ2 or Δφ1: Positive
c) Power flow direction: Downstream, Fault point: Forward, Δφ2 or Δφ1: Positive
d) Power flow direction: Downstream, Fault point: Reverse, Δφ2 or Δφ1: Negative

Reason:

2) The lower limit for the TDS is set to ______.

a) 0.05
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) 0

Reason: The lower and upper limits for the TDS are set to 0.05 and 1, respectively.

3) IDMT characteristics are:

a) t = (0.14/((M^0.01) -1 ) )* TDS
b) t = (0.14/((M^0.01) +1 ))* TDS
c) t = (0.14/((M^0.02) -1 )) * TDS
d) t = (0.14/((M^0.02) + 1)) * TDS

Reason: IDMT Characteristics: t = (0.14/((M^0.02)-1))*TDS

4) What is the primary benefit of adaptive protection schemes in smart grids?

a) They are more economical than traditional schemes.
b) They operate independently of real-time data.
c) They perform effectively in fixed mode operations.
d) They adapt to the variability of renewable energy sources and dynamic fault conditions.

Reason: The main advantage of using adaptive protection schemes in the context of smart grids is
their ability to handle the fluctuating nature of renewable sources and changing fault conditions.

5) Variable speed drive loads are the ______ type of loads.

a) Constant current
b) Constant impedance
c) Constant Power
d) ZIP load
Solution 5: Variable speed drive loads are the constant power type of loads.
6) The energy storage level of a super-capacitor is represented by ________
a) Charging current
b) VA
c) Redox-flow
d) Terminal voltage
Solution 6: The energy storage level of a super-capacitor is represented by the
terminal voltage.
7) What are the key deciding features of a Battery Storage System?
a) Charging and discharging time
b) Minimum no. of storage cycles
c) Minimum storage period
d) All of the these
Solution 7: all are correct.

8) The energy capacity of a battery is measured in ______

a) kWh
b) Ah
c) Vah
d) None of the above
Solution 8: The capacity of a battery is measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-
hours (mAh) for smaller batteries. It indicates the total charge a battery can deliver over time.
For energy capacity, it is often expressed in watt-hours (Wh) or (kWh for higher capacity
battery), and calculated as:
Energy (Wh) = Capacity (Ah) × Voltage (V)
9) The anode catalyst usually made up of
a) Fine silver powder
b) Fine platinum powder
c) Fine gold powder
d) None of these
Solution 9: The anode catalyst usually made up of fine platinum powder.

10) Which of the following states the DC grid's importance over the AC grid?
I. Relatively easier frequency and VAr control
II. Absence of reactive power control
III. Reduced power congestion
IV. Reduced system losses
a) I, II, and III
b) II, III, and IV
c) I, III, and IV
d) I, II, and IV
Solution 10: The absence of reactive power control, reduced power congestion, and
reduced system losses state the DC grid's importance over the AC grid.
Assignment-VII Solution
1. What do you mean by 7% droop in local hierarchical control?
I. A 7% deviation in nominal frequency causes a 100% change in output power
II. A 7% deviation in output power causes a 100% change in nominal frequency
III. A 70% deviation in nominal frequency causes a 1000% change in output power
IV. A 70% deviation in output power causes a 1000% change in nominal frequency
a) I and III
b) II and IV
c) I, II, III, and IV
d) None of the above

Solution 1: A 7% droop in local hierarchical control means a 7% or 70% deviation

in nominal frequency causes a 100% or 1000% change in output power,
respectively.

2. Which one is the type of advanced droop control technique?

a) Droop control
b) Power line signaling
c) Voltage leveling
d) Virtual resistance-based droop control

Solution 2: Virtual resistance-based droop control is a type of advanced droop

control technique.

3. Which one of the following statements is correct

I. A hybrid storage system combines a battery with its energy management system
and ultracapacitors.
II. The ultracapacitor is a Low energy and high-power density device.
a) Only I
b) Only II
c) Both
d) None

Solution 3: Both statements are correct. A hybrid storage system combines a

battery with its energy management system and ultracapacitors. The
ultracapacitor is a Low energy and high-power density device.

4. Which of the following is not true in the context of global hierarchical control?
a) It facilitates an economically optimal operation.
b) It is the slowest control in the hierarchy.
c) It is a decentralized control.
d) Global control manages the power flow between the given MG and others.
Solution 4: Global hierarchical control is a centralized control.
5. Which of the following are the operating mode/s of a grid?
a) Grid-connected
b) Islanded
c) Both
d) None

Solution 5: Grid-connected and Islanded are the operating modes of a grid.

6. What are the future research areas of hybrid microgrids?

a) Communication systems
b) Power management
c) Economic concerns
d) All of the above

Solution 6: All of the above are among the future research areas of hybrid
microgrids.

7. The microgrid which contains DGs, loads, and storage can be?
a) AC microgrid only
b) DC microgrid only
c) Both AC and DC microgrid
d) None

Solution 7: Both AC and DC microgrids contains DGs, loads and may be storage
system.

8. Which of the following is a type of intelligent control technique?

a) Virtual impedance method
b) Angle droop control
c) multi agent based Controllers
d) All of the above

Solution 8: Multi-agent-based Controllers are a type of intelligent control

technique.
9. _________ is a type of decentralized microgrid control.
a) High potential difference
b) DC bus signalling
c) Self-discharge
d) None of the above

Solution 9: DC bus signalling is a type of decentralized microgrid control.

10. What is the major drawback of voltage-level signalling?

a) The number of sources in the system is restricted
b) It is a nonlinear form of voltage droop.
c) Significant voltage deviations are permitted.
d) None of the above

Solution 10: The major drawback of voltage-level signalling is the restricted

number of sources in the system.
Assignment-VIII
1. Which one of the following statements is/are correct?
I. PMU installation is limited by economic and infrastructure constraints.
II. Critical buses, generator buses, and tie-line buses are prioritized for close
monitoring.
a) Only I
b) Only II
c) Both
d) None

Solution 1: Both are correct in the context of optimal PMU placement purposes.

2. Which one of the following statements is correct?

III. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is robust, adaptable, and takes less execution time.
IV. Binary linear programming solves a system of linear equalities or inequalities in
binary unknowns (0 or 1).
a) Only I
b) Only II
c) Both
d) None

Solution 2: Binary linear programming solves a system of linear equalities or

inequalities in binary unknowns (0 or 1).

3. What are the disadvantages of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS)?

a) Cyber attacks
b) Network congestion.
c) Malicious control effects
d) All of the above

Solution 3: Cyber-attacks, network congestion, and malicious control effects are

the disadvantages of a Cyber-Physical System (CPS).

4. Which of the following is an indication of the real‐time balance between supply and
demand in a power system?
a) Frequency
b) Real Power
c) Voltage
d) All of the above

Solution 4: Frequency indicates the real‐time balance between supply and demand
in the power system.
5. Match the following concerning Frequency: An Essential Reliability Support (ERS)
Service
1. Inertia I. Response time is in order of cycles
2. Primary frequency response II. Response time is in order of seconds
3. Secondary frequency response III. Response time in order of minutes
IV. Synchronous machines
V. Significant Communication Infrastructure

a) 1 – I, IV, 2 – II, V, 3 – III, V

b) 1 – I, IV, 2 – II, 3 – III, V
c) 1 – II, IV, 2 – I, 3 – III, V
d) 1 – I, 2 – II, IV, 3 – III, V

Solution 5: Inertia - Response time is in order of cycles, Synchronous machines;

Primary frequency response - Response time is in order of seconds; Secondary
frequency response - Response time in order of minutes, Significant
Communication Infrastructure.

6. Which of the following statements is correct?

I. PV array provides inertia and active power control support
II. PV array provides inertia but not active power control support
III. PV array provides active power control support but not inertia
IV. PV array provides neither inertia nor active power control support
a) I
b) II
c) III
d) IV

Solution 6: The PV array provides active power control support but not inertia.

7. What is/are the different demand-side management strategies?

a) Peak reduction
b) Flexible load
c) Load growth.
d) All of the above

Solution 7: Peak reduction, flexible load, and load growth are the different
Demand Side Management (DSM) strategies.

8. Percentage of reduction in inertia constant region wise given. Choose the correct
option.
a) EU-25%
b) Asia-7%
c) USA-15%
d) South America – 10%

Solution 8: EU has 25% reduction in inertia constant and is the highest among
all the options.

9. What is not true for a Cyber-physical system?

a) Two-way flow of information and electricity.
b) Efficient, safe, and secure operation for the power grid.
c) Flexible, coordinated operation based on global system variables.
d) It does not have communication latencies.
Solution 9: Cyber-physical systems have communication latencies.

10. Followings are the list of generations. Which generation do not have both inertia and
active power control capability for grid stability?
a) Battery Storage
b) PV array
c) DFIG wind turbine generator
d) Conventional synchronous generation
Solution 10: PV array does not have both the inertia and active power control
capability for grid stability.
Assignment-IX
1. Which one is correct in the MPPT mode of a solar cell?
a) Voc > Vmp and Imp > Isc
b) Voc < Vmp and Imp < Isc
c) Voc > Vmp and Imp < Isc
d) Voc < Vmp and Imp > Isc

Solution 1: For the MPPT mode of a solar cell, Voc > Vmp and Imp < Isc.

2. What is the purpose of PLL in solar inverter control?

a) Tracking grid voltage magnitude and phase angle
b) Tracking grid voltage magnitude
c) Tracking grid voltage phase angle
d) Tracking grid frequency

Solution 2: The purpose of PLL in solar inverter control is to track grid voltage
magnitude and phase angle.

3. DFIG is a __________ type of machine.

a) Squirrel Cage Induction
b) Slip Ring Induction
c) Both Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring Induction
d) None of the above

Solution 3: DFIG is a slip ring induction type of machine.

4. A private entity has taken a contract from the government to establish a hybrid
microgrid that should continuously operate in grid-connected mode. Which of the
following configurations of microgrid is economical as well as efficient?
a) DC-coupled hybrid microgrid
b) AC-coupled hybrid microgrid
c) AC-DC coupled hybrid microgrid
d) Both DC-coupled hybrid microgrid and AC-DC coupled hybrid microgrid
Solution 4: The AC-coupled hybrid microgrid is economical and efficient
compared to other configurations due to its ease of operation and the connection
requirements of the study.

5. Select the correct statement.

a) Internal resistance is a temporary reason for cell imbalances
b) Cell-to-cell is a passive method of cell balancing
c) A shunt resistor is an active method of cell balancing
d) All are incorrect

Solution 5: The a), b), and c) statements are incorrect.

6. Which of the following is not an EV charging standard?
a) ISO 15118-1/2/3
b) ISO 11898-2
c) IEC 62840
d) None of the above

Solution 6: All are related to EV charging standards.

7. IEC 62840 standard type is related to _________

a) EV interface
b) Communication
c) Conductive charging
d) Battery swapping

Solution 7: The IEC 62840 standard type is related to battery swapping.

8. The terminal voltage of a battery decreases with ______ while being charged.
a) Increasing charging rate
b) Increasing state of charge
c) Increasing temperature
d) All of the above

Solution 8: The terminal voltage of a battery decreases with increasing

temperature while being charged.

9. The interlinking converter works on the principle of _________

a) Equalizing DC side p.u. voltage with AC side p.u. frequency.
b) Equalizing DC side p.u. voltage with AC side p.u. voltage.
c) Equalizing DC side p.u. voltage angle with AC side p.u. voltage angle.
d) None of the above

Solution 9: The interlinking converter works on the principle of equalizing DC

side p.u. voltage with AC side p.u. frequency.

10. What is/are the reason for cell imbalance?

a) Leakage and self-discharge currents
b) Internal resistance
c) Uneven temperatures
d) All of the above

Solution 10: All of the above options are responsible for the cell imbalance in the
battery management system
Assignment-X

1. ________ transformation converts abc to dq0 reference frame.

a) Park
b) Clarke
c) Inverse Clarke
d) Inverse Park

Solution 1: Park’s transformation converts abc to dq0 reference frame

2. Identify the correct statements.

a) An under-excited synchronous generator injects reactive power into the system.
b) An overexcited synchronous generator injects reactive power into the system.
c) Normally excited synchronous generator operates at a leading power factor
d) All are correct

Solution 2: An overexcited synchronous generator injects reactive power into the

system.

3. Identify the correct statements.

a) The battery and supercapacitor are connected to an Isolated DC microgrid through
a unidirectional buck-boost converter.
b) The battery is connected to an Isolated DC microgrid through a bidirectional
buck-boost converter, not a supercapacitor.
c) The battery and supercapacitor are connected to an Isolated DC microgrid
through a bidirectional buck-boost converter.
d) Neither a battery nor a supercapacitor can be connected to an isolated DC
microgrid.

Solution 3: A bidirectional buck-boost converter connects the battery and

supercapacitor to an Isolated DC microgrid.

4. What is not true in the case of the Isolated mode of operation in the AC microgrid?
a) Grid is not available.
b) The PV will always operate in MPPT condition.
c) Battery either charge/discharge based on the reference command.
d) None of the above

Solution 4: PV may/may not operate in MPPT condition.

5. An OLTC is connected between nodes 1 and 2, regulating the voltage at node 2 w.r.t.
node 1. The voltage at node 1 is 1 p.u., and the tap position of OLTC is -10. Compute
the voltage at node 2.
a) 1.0625
b) 0.9375
c) -10
d) 10

Solution 5: V2 = V1*(1+0.00625*tap) = 1.0*(1 – 0.00625*10) = 0.9375

6. In the steady-state operation of the transmission grid, the voltage magnitudes are
regulated in the range of _______ p.u.
a) [0.9, 1.05] p.u.
b) [0.95, 1.05] p.u.
c) [0.95, 1.1] p.u.
d) [0.9, 1.1] p.u.

Solution 6: In the steady-state operation of the transmission grid, the voltage

magnitudes are regulated in the range of [0.9, 1.1] p.u.

7. What is not true in the context of parallel inverter operations?

a) In renewable energy applications, inverters are connected in parallel mainly to
increase the generation capacity.
b) Most of the PV and wind plants consist of parallel-operated identical inverters
Power sources.
c) In grid-connected mode, all the inverters act as parallel connected current sources.
d) None
Solution 7: All are correct.

8. Select the correct statement in the context of multi-parallel inverters

a) Common and interactive currents will be unstable if the poles of their characteristic
equations lie in the right half of the s-plane.
b) The interactive currents are the ones that flow into the grid.
c) The problem of interactive and common resonance occurs in L-filtered inverters
due to their first-order nature.
d) All are incorrect

Solution 8: Common and interactive currents will be unstable if the poles of their
characteristic equations lie in the right half of the s-plane.

9. Select the correct statement.

a) Nonlinear loads induce harmonics in the system
b) Harmonics can cause interference with telecommunication lines
c) DVR is a power quality mitigation technique.
d) All are correct
Solution 9: The nonlinear loads induce harmonics in the system. Harmonics may
cause interference with telecommunication lines. DVR is a power quality
mitigation technique.

10. For an inverter with an LCL filter to be stable, it is required to ensure the stability of
________
a) Interactive and common currents
b) Interactive currents
c) Common currents
d) Inverter with an LCL filter is always stable.

Solution 10: For an inverter with an LCL filter to be stable, it is required to ensure
the stability of interactive and common currents.
Assignment-XI

1. Statement-A) A bi-directional DC-DC converter can connect PV panels to a

conventional three-phase grid.
Statement-B) Ultracapacitors are connected to a DC microgrid using an AC/DC
bidirectional converter.
a) Statement A is true, and B is false.
b) Statement B is true, and A is false.
c) Both are true.
d) Both are false.

Solution 1: Both statements are false. A bi-directional DC-DC converter can not
connect PV panels to a conventional three-phase AC grid. Ultracapacitors can not
be connected to a DC microgrid using an AC/DC bidirectional converter.

2. What are the main features of the power flow control strategy in energy management
systems?
a) Peak load reduction.
b) Effective control and management.
c) Increase the life span of the storage system.
d) All of the above.

Solution 2: Peak load reduction, effective control and management, and the
increased life span of the storage system are a few of the main features of the power
flow control strategy in energy management systems.

3. Identify the correct statements.

a) In PHIL applications, the control signals are of high voltage level.
b) In CHIL applications, the control signals are of low voltage level.
c) In PHIL applications, the complexity of the circuit is less compared to that of the
CHIL applications.
d) None of the above statements is correct.
Solution 3: In CHIL applications, the control signals are of low voltage level.
4. Renewable generation is in the top interest of the country due to?
a) Increase in per capita energy consumption.
b) Deficiency of Fossil fuels.
c) Both of them
d) None

Solution 4: Both the Increase in per capita energy consumption and the
Deficiency of Fossil fuels are the top priorities as far as renewable energy
generation is concerned.
5. The transmission losses in the Indian Power system as of August 2013 account for ____
% of total power generation.
a) ~2.4
b) ~2.0
c) ~4.1
d) ~5.1

Solution 5: The transmission losses in the Indian Power system as of August 2013
account for 2.403 GW, which is nearly 2% of total power generation at that time.

6. What is/are the challenges of AC-DC load flow analysis?

a) Requires proper modeling of various types of power converters in the load flow
equations.
b) Modeling of various types of distributed generations (PV Systems, Geothermal,
Wind Generators, Hydropower, etc.) is difficult.
c) Requires modeling of storage and various DC loads.
d) All of the above

Solution 6: All are correct.

7. What are the different types of buses in AC-DC systems?
a) Slack bus, PQ bus, PV bus, DC PQ bus
b) Reference bus, PQ bus, DC PV bus, DC P bus
c) Reference bus, DC PV bus, PQ bus, DC V bus
d) Reference bus, DC P bus, PV bus, PQ bus, DC V bus

Solution 7: Reference bus, DC P bus, PV bus, PQ bus, and DC V bus are the
different types of buses in AC-DC systems.

8. A) AC Load flow studies refer to the transient state analysis of the power system
computing voltages and angles at each bus.
B) AC Load flow studies compute voltages and angles at each bus.
a) A is true, and B is false.
b) A is false, and B is true.
c) Both A and B are true.
d) Both A and B are false.

Solution 8: Statement A is false, and B is true. AC Load flow studies refer to the
steady state analysis of the power system. It computes voltages and angles at each
bus.

9. A) The transmission system has a high X/R ratio.

B) The distribution system has a low X/R ratio.
a) A is true, and B is false.
b) A is false, and B is true.
c) Both A and B are true.
d) Both A and B are false.

Solution 9: The transmission system has a high X/R ratio, whereas the distribution
system has a high R/X ratio.

10. Select the correct statement.

a) The AC-DC distribution system is more complex than a pure AC distribution
system.
b) The AC-DC distribution system has fewer elements.
c) Available load flow methods for transmission systems can also be applied to AC-
DC distribution systems.
d) All are correct

Solution 10: The AC-DC distribution system is more complex than a pure AC
distribution system.
Assignment-XII
1. What is/are the important elements of a Power Hardware in loop setup?
a) Power amplifier
b) GTAO card
c) Voltage/current sensors
d) All of the above

Solution 1: All are required. Refer week 12 lectures.

2. Match the following

I. DFIG 1. Field programmable gate arrays
II. RTDS 2. Hardware in loop
III. PHIL 3. Real time device simulator
IV. FPGA 4. Power hardware in loop
V. HIL 5. Doubly fed induction generator
6. Real time digital simulator
a) I-5, II-3, III-4, IV-1, V-2
b) I-5, II-6, III-2, IV-1, V-4
c) I-5, II-6, III-4, IV-1, V-2
d) I-5, II-6, III-2, IV-1, V-2

Solution 2: DFIG is a doubly-fed induction generator. RTDS stands for real-time

digital simulator. PHIL is power hardware in loop. FPGA stands for field
programmable gate arrays. HIL is hardware in loop.

3. Identify the correct statements.

a) Maximum solar power injection during off-peak load hours may result in
undervoltage conditions.
b) Peak load hours with little or no solar power may result in undervoltage
conditions.
c) Reverse power flow is not possible in active distribution networks (ADNs).
d) All of the above statements are incorrect.

Solution 3: Peak load hours with little or no solar power may result in
undervoltage conditions.

4. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has been proven to be an effective solution for
_____
a) Voltage control
b) Flattening of load curve
c) Reduction in power losses
d) All of the above
Solution 4: Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has proven to be an effective
solution for voltage control, flattening load curves, and reducing power losses.

5. What are the smart grid R&D areas under ICT and cyber security?
a) Seamless grid operation involving transmission and distribution system operators
b) Reliable wired and wireless communication technologies
c) Coordination and control of multiple converters
d) All of the above

Solution 5: The smart grid R&D areas under ICT and cyber security are reliable
wired and wireless communication technologies.

6. What are the primary goals of the Indian Smart Grid pilot projects in the distribution
system?
a) Incorporating Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI)
b) Incorporating Outage Management System (OMS)
c) Incorporating Peak load Management (PLM)
d) All of the above

Solution 6: AMI, OMS, and PLM are the primary goals of the Indian Smart Grid
pilot projects in the distribution system.

7. What is/are the probable causes of errors during PHIL experiments?

a) Accuracy of measuring sensors and their related scaling factors.
b) Scaling factors associated with GTAO and GTAI of RTDS.
c) Both of them
d) None

Solution 7: Grid support, stability, flexibility, and reliability are the main features
of DC Microgrid.

8. The excess load demand in Active Distribution Networks (ADN) results in _____
a) Voltage sag and reverse power flow
b) Voltage rise and reverse power flow
c) Voltage sag only
d) Voltage rise only

Solution 8: The excess load demand in Active Distribution Networks (ADN) results
in voltage sag.

9. What is /are the main objectives of IIT Kanpur Smart City?

a) Demonstration of future capabilities of Smart city
b) Renewable energy integration in the form of Grid-connected PV.
c) Advanced metering Infrastructure
d) All of the above

Solution 9: All are correct.

10. Power flow control of DC Microgrid falls in _______ layer of control.

a) Primary
b) Secondary
c) Tertiary
d) Zero-level

Solution 10: Power flow control of the DC Microgrid falls in the tertiary layer of
control.