Register No.

Name :

Subject : ELECTRICAL MACHINES LAB– I (U23EEP304)

Branch : ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Year / Semester : SECOND YEAR / THIRD SEMESTER

Certificate
Certified that this is the bonafide record of Practical Work done by the above
student in the Electrical Machines lab - I (U23EEP304) during the academic
year 2024 – 2025.

Staff in-Charge Head of the Department

Submitted for the university practical examination held on ________________

Internal examiner External examiner

CONTENTS
Ex. Page
Date Title of the Experiment Marks Signature
No. No.
DC MACHINES

1. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

2.(a) LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

2.(b) LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT

3. MOTOR: FIELD CONTROL,
ARMATURE CONTROL
OCC & LOAD TEST ON SEPERATELY
4.(a)
EXCITED DC GENERATOR
OCC & LOAD TEST ON SELF
4.(b)
EXCITED DC GENERATOR
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES
5.
GENERATOR
6. SWINBURNE’S TEST
ELECTRICAL BRAKING IN DC
7.
SHUNT MOTOR
ASSEMBLING AND TESTING OF DC
8.
MACHINES
HOPKINSON’S TEST ON DC
9.
MACHINES
TRANSFORMERS
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
10.
TRANSFORMER
O.C AND S.C TESTS ON
11.
SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE-
12.
PHASE TRANSFORMER
LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE
13.
TRANSFORMER
O.C AND S.C TESTS ON THREE
14.
PHASE TRANSFORMER
GENERAL GUIDELINES AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS

DO’S AND DON’TS IN THE LAB

DO’s

1. Proper dress code has to be maintained while entering the Lab. (Boys Tucked in and shoes, girls with
overcoat and shoes)
2. Students should have observation and record completed in all aspects.
3. Correct specifications of the machine/equipment have to be mentioned in the circuit diagram.
4. Student should be aware of operating machine/equipment.
5. Students should be at their concerned experiment table.
6. Student should follow the indent procedure to receive and return the equipment’s from the Lab Store
Room.
7. After completing the connections, Students should verify the circuits with the help of Staff In-charge.
8. The experiment reading must be shown to the Staff In-Charge for verification.
9. Students must ensure that all switches are in the OFF position and all the connections are removed after
completing the experiments.
10. All connecting wires and stools should be placed in the respective position.

DON’Ts

1. Don’t come late to the Lab.

2. Don’t enter into the Lab with Golden rings, bracelets and bangles.
3. Don’t connect or remove the connections with power ON.
4. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff In-Charge.
5. Don’t switch OFF the machine with load.
6. Don’t involve in unnecessary activities in the lab.
7. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Staff In-Charge.
COLLEGE VISION AND MISSION

Vision
To be globally recognized for excellence in quality education, innovation and research for the
transformation of lives to serve the society.

Mission
M1: Quality Education:
To provide comprehensive academic system that amalgamates the cutting-edge technologies
with best practices.

M2: Research and Innovation:

To foster value-based research and innovation in collaboration with industries and institutions
globally for creating intellectuals with new avenues.

M3: Employability and Entrepreneurship:

To inculcate the employability and entrepreneurial skills through value and skill-based
training.

M4: Ethical Values:

To instill deep sense of human values by blending societal righteousness with academic
Professionalism for the growth of society.

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

Vision
To promote proficiency in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering by creating a
stimulating environment for research, innovation and entrepreneurship
Mission
M1: Quality Education:
To impart high quality technical education with problem solving capabilities by innovative
pedagogy in emerging technologies.
M2: Industrial and Societal Needs:
To cater the dynamic needs of the industry and society by strengthening industry-
institute interaction.
M3: Research and Innovation:
To nurture the spirit of research attitude by carrying out innovative technologies
pragmatically.
M4: Placement and Entrepreneurship:
To inculcate the professionalism in career by advancing synergetic skills to compete in
the corporate world.
PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs)

PO1: Engineering knowledge:

Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an engineering
specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: Problem analysis:
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
PO3: Design/development of solutions:
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or processes that
meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems:
Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5: Modern tool usage:
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
PO6: The engineer and society:
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and
cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability:
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
PO8: Ethics:
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
PO9: Individual and team work:
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and in
multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: Communication:
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering community and with
society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11: Project management and finance:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management principles and apply
these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments.
PO12: Life-long learning:
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-long
learning in the broadest context of technological change
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: Professional Knowledge:

To possess strong educational foundation in Electrical and Electronics Engineering to

attain successful career with professional responsibility

PEO2: Innovative Skills:

To enrich the skills to design and develop innovative solutions for engineering problems in a
multidisciplinary environment

PEO3: Ethics:

To actively embrace leadership qualities for achieving professional goals with ethical values

PEO4: Adaptability:

To enhance intellectual competency along with technical skills by adapting to the

current trends through eternal learning.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

PSO1: Core Proficiency:

Utilize the engineering core knowledge to identify, formulate, design, and investigate
the complex engineering problems of Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Power
Systems.

PSO2: Cutting Edge Technologies:

Explore the new cutting edge technologies in the field of Electric Vehicle, Automation,
Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Renewable Energy to compete in global market

PSO3: Design and Evolution:

Capability to comprehend the technological advancements with the usage of modern design
tools for analyzing and designing systems to confront the rapid pace of industrial innovations.
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC series motor and obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Tachometer
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The drop in speed with increased load is much prominent in series motor than in a shunt motor
hence a series motor is not suitable for application requiring a substantially constant speed.

For a given current input a starting torque developed by a series motor is greater than that
developed by a shunt motor. Hence series motors are used where huge starting torques is
necessary that means for cranes and traction purpose. In addition to huge starting torque there is
another unique characteristic of series motor which makes this especially desirable for traction
work that means when a load comes on a series motor it response by decreasing its speed and
supplies the increased torque with a small increase in current.

On the other hand, a shunt motor under the same condition would hold its speed nearly constant
and would supply the required increased torque with a large increase of input current.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor = rated current *1.25

FORMULA USED:
Circumference of the Disc = 2 π r
Radius = Circumference of the Disc / 2π
Torque τ = 9.81 x R x (S1 ~ S2) N-m

Input Power Wi = Vi Ii Watts

2NT
Output Power, Wo = Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency = 100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5kg).
2. Check the correct fuse ratings.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Under no circumstances, the motor should be unloaded fully during operation.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum throughout the
experiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper polarities.
Tabulation:

Efficiency =
Spring balance Torque Input Output (Output
Load Load Reading
Speed = 9.81*(S1- power = power = power /
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) S2)*Radius VL*IL 2 π NT/60 Input
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2 N-M Watts Watts Power)*
Kg Kg 100 %

5
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that some load is applied to the brake drum initially (S1=S2=5Kg).
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST Switch.
4. Motor is started using the two point starter.
5. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring balance are noted.
6. The load is then gradually increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated load.
7. Decrease the load on the brake drum (until S1=S2=5Kg).
8. The motor is switched off using the DPST switch.

GRAPHS:

1. Output power Vs efficiency

2. Output Power Vs torque
3. Output power Vs Speed
4. Speed Vs Torque
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =
Load current IL =
Speed N =
Spring Balance reading S1 =
S2 =

Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*(S1-S2) N-M.

Input power =VI*I 1 Watts.

Output power = (2ΠNT)/60 Watts.

Efficiency ƞ% = ((Output power/Input power)) *100

MODEL GRAPH

Electrical characteristics Mechanical Characteristics

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Why a DC series motor should not be started without load?

A series motor should never be started without some mechanical load otherwise it may
develop excessive speed and it may damage the motor.
2. Why a DC series motor has a high starting torque?
The torque of dc motor mainly depends on armature current and flux. For a dc shunt motor,
flux is nearly a constant but for dc series motor the flux is mainly dependent on armature
current. So torque of dc series motor is now dependent on square of armature current. Hence
it has very high starting torque.
3. Compare the resistance of the field windings of DC shunt and series motor?
Series field winding has less resistance while the shunt field winding has high resistance.
4. What are applications of DC series motor?
Traction work
Electric locomotives
Trolley, cars
Cranes and hoists
5. Comment the speed-torque characteristics of a DC series motor.
The speed of a DC series motor is inversely proportional to torque developed by the motor.
When the speed is high torque is low and vice versa.
6. What is a DC series motor?
When the dc machine has the field coil in series with the armature we call the dc machine as
a dc series machine.
7. Difference between series and shunt motors.
S.No Series motor Shunt motor
1. Windings are connected in series Windings are connected in parallel
2. No load test is not applicable No load test is applicable
3. Speed, flux and current are Speed, flux and current are
varying constant

8. In series motor, we are using 2 – point starter why not 3 – point starter.
Because in series motor armature winding and series winding are connected in series and two
points only available (L – Line and A – Armature). So, two-point starter is used.

RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC series motor are drawn.

INFERENCE:
I inferred that the voltage and current drawn by the motor under different loads helps in
assessing the electrical requirements and ensuring that the motor operates within safe limits.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:
AIM:

To conduct load test on D.C motor and obtain performance characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The shunt motor has a definite no-load speed hence it does not run away when load is
suddenly thrown off provided the field circuit remains closed. The drop in speed from no-
load to full load is small hence this motor is usual referred to a constant speed motor.

The efficiency curve is usually of the same shape for all electric motors and generators. The
shape of efficiency curve and the point of maximum efficiency can be varied considerably by
the designer, though it is advantageous to have an efficiency curve which is fairly flat. So that
there is little change in efficiency between load and 25% overload and to have the maximum
efficiency as near to the full load as possible.

From the curves it is observed that is certain value of current is required even when output is
zero. The motor input under no-load conditions goes to meet the various losses, occurring
within the machine.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor = rated current *1.25

FORMULA USED:

Circumference of the Disc = 2 π r

Radius = Circumference of the Disc / 2π

Torque τ = 9.81 x R x (S1 ~ S2) N-m

Input Power Wi = Vi Ii Watts

2NT
Output Power, Wo = Watts
60
Output Power
Percentage Efficiency = 100
Input Power

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Ensure that there is no load on the brake drum initially.

2. Check for correct fuse rating.
3. Ensure that there are no loose connections.
4. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
5. The motor should be cooled by circulating water in the brake drum throughout the
experiment.
6. It is ensured that the MC (Moving Coil) meters are connected with proper polarities.
Tabulation:

Efficiency
Spring balance Torque Input Output = (Output
Load Load Reading
Speed = 9.81*(S1- power = power = power /
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) S2)*Radius VL*IL 2 π NT/60 Input
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2 N-M Watts Watts Power)*
Kg Kg 100 %

5
PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Ensure that no load is applied to the brake drum and the field rheostat is kept in minimum
resistive position initially.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch, motor is started using a 3 – point
starter.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the motor run at the rated speed.
5. At no load, the readings of ammeter, voltmeter, tachometer and spring balance readings are
noted.
6. The load is then increased in steps and the readings are noted up to rated current. The load on
the brake drum is released fully to no load condition. The field rheostat is taken to original
resistive position .
7. The supply to the motor is switched off by opening the DPST switch.
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =
Load current IL =
Speed N =
Spring Balance reading S1 =
S2 =

Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*(S1 –S2) N.M

=
=

Input power =VI*I1 Watts.

=

Output power = (2*Π*N*T)/60 Watts

=

Efficiency ƞ% = (Output power/Input power) *100

=

=
MODEL GRAPH

Electrical Characteristics Mechanical Characteristics

GRAPHS:

1. Output power Vs efficiency

2. Output power Vs torque
3. Output power Vs speed
4. Speed Vs Torque

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of motor?

When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the
conductor, the conductor experiences a force perpendicular to itself and to the external
magnetic field.
2. Define lenz law.
The law that whenever there is an induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor, it is
always in such a direction that the current it would produce would oppose the change which
causes the induced emf.
3. Why should the field rheostat be kept in minimum position?
It is kept at minimum position to produce more torque which is required for starting a motor.
4. What is the loading arrangement used in a DC motor?
Brake type of load
5. How can the direction of rotation of a DC motor be reversed?
The direction of rotation of a DC motor (shunt, series or compound) can be reversed by
changing the polarity of either the armature coil or the field coil.
6. What are the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a DC shunt motor?
Mechanical characteristics can be drawn between speed and torque.
Electrical characteristics are
a. Output power Vs speed
b. Output power Vs efficiency
c. Output power Vs input power
d. Output power Vs line current
e. Output power Vs torque
7. Why the efficiency of the generator is greater than that of the motor? Why?
In a generator, the mechanical losses are supplied by prime mover. But in case of a motor, the
motor has to meet the mechanical losses, so the efficiency of generator is greater.
8. Define Fleming left hand rule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of left hand are held so that these fingers are mutually
perpendicular to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of magnetic field, middle
finger gives the direction of the current and thumb gives the direction of the force
experienced by the conductor.
9. What are the applications of DC shunt motor?
Lathes
Centrifugal pumps
Blowers and machine tools
Reciprocating pumps
10. Define back emf.
When the motor armature rotates, the conductors also rotate and hence cut the flux. By
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf is induced in them, which is in opposition to
applied voltage (lenz law). Because of its opposing direction, it is referred to as counter emf
or back emf
11. Why You Need Back EMF in DC Motor?
The back emf controls (or) regulates current. This means it is responsible for the amount of
electricity coming from the motor. Without a back emf, the motor would simply always send
out maximum power, which would easily overload lower or even medium powered
appliances.
12. What is a DC shunt motor and from where we are getting DC for the input supply?
The shunt wound dc motor falls under the category of self-excited dc motors, where the field
windings are shunted to or are connected in parallel to the armature winding of the motor.
And we are getting DC for the input supply from rectifier panel
RESULT:

Thus, the performance and load characteristics of a DC shunt motor are drawn.

INFERENCE:
I inferred the DC shunt motor shows that its speed remains nearly constant as the load
increases, while the torque increases linearly with the load and the current slightly
increases.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction of
15
practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR
DATE:
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC Compound motor and obtain performance characteristics
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
The compound motor consists of part of the field winding connected in series and part
of the field winding connected in parallel with armature. It is further classified as long shunt
compound and short shunt compound motor.
In long shunt type, the shunt field winding is connected across the combination of
armature and the series field winding
In short shunt type, the shunt field is connected purely in parallel with armature and
the series field is connected in series with this combination.
Compound motor characteristics basically depends on the fact whether the motor is
cumulatively compound or differential compound. All the characteristics of the compound
motor are the combination of the shunt and series characteristic.
Cumulative compound motor is capable of developing large amount of torque at low speeds
just like series motor. However, it is not having a disadvantages of series motor even at light
or no load. The shunt field winding produces the definite flux and series flux helps the shunt
field flux to increase the total flux level.
So cumulative compound motor can run at reasonable speed and will not run with
dangerously high speed like series motor, on light or no-load condition.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC Motor = rated current *1.25

FORMULAE:

Circumference of the Disc = 2πr

Radius, r = Circumference of the Disc / 2π

Torque T = (S1 ~ S2) x R x 9.81 N-M

Input Power Pi = VLIL Watts

2πNT
Output Power Po = ------------ Watts
60

Output Power
Efficiency η % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
Tabulation:

Efficiency
Spring balance Torque Input Output = (Output
Load Load Reading
Speed = 9.81*(S1- power = power = power /
Sl. No voltage current
N(RPM) S2)*Radius VL*IL 2 π NT/60 Input
VL(V) IL(A)
S1 S2 N-M Watts Watts Power)*
Kg Kg 100 %

5
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is closed and
starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance
readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat move to minimum position, then DPST
switch is opened.
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load voltage VL =
Load current IL =
Speed N =
Spring Balance reading S1 =
S2 =
Torque developed = 9.81*Radius*(S1-S2) N-M
=
=

Input power =VI*Ii Watts

=
=

Output power = (2*Π*N*T)/60 Watts

=

Efficiency ƞ = (Output power/Input power) *100

=
=
MODEL GRAPHS:
Electrical Characteristics Mechanical Characteristics
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1.What are the types of DC compound motor according to connection?

i). Cumulative Compound DC Motor
ii). Differential compound dc motor
2.What is cumulative compound DC motor?
When the shunt field flux assists the main field flux, produced by the main field connected in series to the
armature winding then it’s called cumulative compound dc motor.
φtotal = φseries + φshunt
3.What is differential compound motor?
In case of a differentially compounded self-excited dc motor i.e. differential compound dc motor, the
arrangement of shunt and series winding is such that the field flux produced by the shunt field winding
diminishes the effect of flux by the main series field winding.
φtotal = φseries – φshunt
4.Applications of DC compound motors?
Rolling mills and other loads requiring large momentary toques.
5.Identify the 4 – point starter variables with expansion?
A 4-point starter as the name suggests has 4 main operational points, namely
‘L’ Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)
‘A’ Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature winding.)
‘F’ Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.)
Like in the case of the 3-point starter, and in addition to it there is
A 4th point N. (Connected to the No Voltage Coil)
6.What are the types of DC compound motor?
The compound wound dc motor can further be subdivided into 2 major types on the basis of its field
winding connection with respect to the armature winding, and they are:
(i)Long shunt compound wound dc motor
(ii)Short shunt compound motor
The excitation of compound wound dc motor can be of two types depending on the nature of compounding.
(i)Cumulative Compound DC Motor
(ii)Differential Compound DC motor

7.What type of connection used in the circuit?

Long shunt compound wound dc motor
RESULT:
Thus, load test on DC compound motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.
INFERENCE:
A load test on a DC compound motor indicates that its speed decreases moderately with increasing load,
combining characteristics of both shunt and series motors, providing a stable speed under varying loads with
enhanced starting torque.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction 15
of practical
Record Work 5

Viva 5

Total 25
EXPT NO:
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:

To control the speed of DC shunt motor by

1. Armature control method
2. Field control method

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

FLUX CONTROL METHOD

The speed of the DC motor is inversely propositional to the flux per pole, when the armature voltage is
kept constant. By decreasing the flux, the speed can be increased and vice –versa. Hence the main flux of
field control method the flux of a DC motor can be changed by changing field current with help of a shunt
field rheostat. Since shunt field current is respectively small shunt field rheostat has to carry only a small
amount of current which means I2R losses is small so that rheostat is small in size. This method is very
efficient.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

This method is used when speed below the no load speed is required. As the supply voltage is normally
constant the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat in series with the armature
circuit. As conductor resistance is increased potential difference across the armature is decreased, herby
decreasing the armature speed. For a load of constant torque speed is approximately propositional to the
potential difference across the armature.
TABULATION:

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Field Current If = 1.0A Field Current If = 0.9A

Armature Armature
S. No. Speed Speed
Voltage Voltage
N N
Va Va
(RPM) (RPM)
(Volts) (Volts)
1

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

Armature Voltage Va =220 Armature Voltage Va = 200

Field Field
S.No. Speed Speed
Current Current
N N
If If
(RPM) (RPM)
(Amps) (Amps)
1

3
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for the correct fuse ratings.

2. Ensure there are no loose connections.
3. Field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive position initially.
4. Armature resistance rheostat is kept initially at maximum resistive position.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Field rheostat is initially kept in the minimum resistive position and the armature rheostat is in the
maximum resistive position.
3. Supply is given to the motor by closing the DPST switch.
4. Motor is started using a three point starter.
5. Adjust the armature rheostat to get rated voltage.
6. In actual case adjust to about 200 V, beyond this speed will be more than 1500 rpm.
7. The field rheostat is adjusted to make the motor run at the rated speed.

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the field rheostat, set the value of field current to a particular value say If = ____ A
2. Now, by varying the armature rheostat, for various values of armature voltages, find the values of speed
and armature voltage, repeat this procedure for various values of field current.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to initial resistive position.

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

1. By varying the armature rheostat, set the value of armature voltage to a particular value say Va = ____ V.
2. Now, by varying the field rheostat, for various values of filed currents, find the values of speed and filed
current, repeat this procedure for various values of armature voltage.
3. Bring back the armature rheostat and field rheostat to the initial resistive position.
4. Switch off the DPST switch.
MODEL GRAPH

Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For speed control on DC Motor = rated current *0.25

=16*0.25
=4A

GRAPHS:

1. Armature voltage Vs speed

2. Field current Vs speed
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. How does the speed of a DC shunt motor vary with armature voltage and field current?
The speed of the shunt motor is given by
V − Ia R a
N=k
∅
From the above expression the speed is directly proportional to voltage and it is inversely to the field current.
2. What is the importance of speed control of dc motor in industrial application?
The speed control of the DC motor is important because its speed can be changed over a wide variety of
simple methods which is not possible in an AC motor.
3. Which is of two method of speed control is better? Why?
Flux control method is better and very efficient. Since Ishis relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry
only a small amount, which means I2R loss is less.
4. Why the speed of DC shunt motor is practically constant under normal load conditions?
For shunt motors ∅ is assumed constant, then N∝ Eb . asEb is also practically constant, speed is also constant.
5. Why we are using low range ammeter (less than rated current) at supply side?
Due to no load, current flow will be very low, for that 25 % of rated current is enough to perform the test. So
low range ammeters (25 % of rated current) are used.
6. What are the methods available for speed control other than these two methods?
(i) Voltage control
(ii) Multiple voltage control
(iii)Ward Leonard method
(iv) Tapping’s

RESULT:

Thus, the speed control characteristics of DC shunt motor by (i) Armature control method (ii) Field control
method are done.

INFERENCE:

Speed control of a DC shunt motor is effectively achieved by varying the field current to adjust the magnetic
flux or by changing the armature voltage, allowing for precise and stable speed regulation over a wide range.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
OCC & LOAD TEST ON SEPERATELY EXCITED DC
DATE: GENERATOR

AIM:

To draw the OCC and load characteristics of separately excited DC Generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Resistive Load
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
Due to residual magnetism in the poles some EMF is generated even when If = 0. Hence the curve starts
a little way up. The slight curvature at the lower end is due to magnetic inertia. It is seen that in the first part of
the curve is practically straight. Hence the flux and the consequently the generated EMF is directly
proportional to the exciting current. However, at the higher flux densities where it is small iron path reluctance
becomes appreciable and straight.
Field windings are connected parallel to the armature and it is called dc shunt generator. Due to residual
magnetism some initial emf and hence some current will be generated. This current while passing into the field
coils will strengthen the magnetism of poles. This will increase pole flux which will further increase the
generated emf. Increased emf and flux proceeds till equilibrium reached. This reinforcement of emf and flux
proceeds till equilibrium reached at some point.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Type :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC generator = rated current *1.25

=13.6*1.25
=17A

For Motor = rated current *1.25

=19.7*1.25
=24.6A
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for Correct Fuse Ratings.

2.Avoid loose connections.
3.The generator field rheostat is kept in maximum voltage position and motor field rheostat is
minimum resistive position.
4.Initially all switches kept at open condition and the variable resistive load should be no load
condition.

PROCEDURE:

OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS 1.
3. Motor is started using Three-point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the generator.
5. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
6. The field rheostat of generator is varied gradually and the readings of ammeter and volt meter are
noted in steps.
7. Bring the generator field rheostat and motor field rheostat to the original position and open the
DPSTS 1.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS 1.
3. Motor is started using Three-point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the generator.
5. By adjusting the field rheostat of the generator, the generator voltage is brought to the rated voltage.
6. Now the load side DPST2 is closed and load is applied gradually up to rated current.
7. The speed is maintained constant at each load.
Tabulation:
Armature Armature
Load Load Induced
Sl. current voltage
current voltage EMF (V)
No. Ia=IL Va=IaRa
IL(A) VL(V) Eg=VL+Va
(A) (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1. The readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted at each load.
2. Remove the load completely.
3. Open the load side DPST2.
4. Bring the field rheostat of generator and motor to its original position and open the DPST1.

GRAPHS:

1. Armature current Vs Generated voltage

2. Load current Vs Load voltage
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load current IL = 0.5A = I a =Ise

Load voltage VL = 18V
Armature voltage Va =Ia (Ra+ R se)
Armature resistance Ra =1.045Ω
Series field resistance R se =1.34Ω
Armature voltage Va =0.5(1.045+1.34)
Va =1.165V
Emf induced in generator Eg =VL+Va
=18 + 1.195
=19.1925

MODEL GRAPH:
Open Circuit Characteristics:

V1 XY
Critical Resistance R C =  , Critical Speed N C =  rated speed
If 2 XZ
Load Characteristics:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the principle of generator?

Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in it according to the
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
2. Define Fleming right hand rule?
The thumb, forefinger & middle finger of right hand are held so that these fingers are mutually perpendicular
to each other, then forefinger gives the direction of the lines of flux, thumb gives the direction of the relative
motion of conductor and middle finger gives the direction of the emf induced.
3. What is mean residual magnetism (or) residual flux?
The magnetic field that remains in a magnetic material (a winding core) after the removal of electric power or
the magnetizing force.
4. What is critical field resistance and critical speed?
Critical field resistance
If field resistance is more than critical resistance at start than induced emf fails to drive current through field
circuit and generator fails to excite at given speed.
Thus, we can define the critical resistance as that resistance of the field circuit at a given speed at which
generator just excites and starts voltage building while beyond this value generator fails to excite.
Critical speed
Critical speed of a generator is that speed for which the given field resistance will represent critical field
resistance. Is the speed being below the critical speed the generator would fail to excite.
5. What is prime mover?
A device supplying the turning force necessary to turn the shaft of a generator or alternator. Steam turbines or
diesel engines are the most common prime movers for AC generators.
6. Why we prefer DC shunt motor as prime mover in generator experiments why not DC series or DC
compound motor?
Because DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor. We cannot use series motor because DC series motor
cannot be operated under no load condition.
7. Why it is called separately excited generator?
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent external d.c. source (e.g., a
battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.
8. Define residual voltage?
The voltage which is induced due to residual flux (some flux stored inside the machine) is called residual
voltage.
9. How will you find residual voltage in DC separately excited generator?
In this type of generator, the field winding is supplied from separate DC source. So, if the field input supply
DPST switch is opened then there will not be any current flow in field winding and it does not produce flux.
In that case, the voltage which is induced due to residual flux (some flux stored inside the machine) is called
residual voltage.
RESULT:

Thus, the OCC and load characteristics of DC shunt generator when it is separately excited are determined.

INFERENCE:

The OCC and load test on a separately excited DC generator demonstrate that the output voltage is directly
proportional to the field current and decreases with an increase in load due to armature reaction and voltage
drop across the internal resistance.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
OCC AND LOAD TEST ON SELF EXCITED DC GENERATOR
DATE:
AIM:

To draw the OCC and load characteristics of Self Excited DC shunt Generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Resistive Load
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
A DC generator requires an excitation circuit to generate an induce voltage depending on whether excitation
circuit consumes power for the armature of the machine or from separately require power supply. Generators
may be classified as self-excited or separately excited generators respectively.
The induced emf in DC generators is given by the equation,
Eg = PфZN/60A volts.
where P,Z,A are constants the above equation are written as Eg = KфN. If the speed of the generator also
maintained constant then Eg = Kф but the flux is directly proportional to the current . Hence Eg =K2If. From
the above equation it is clear that the induced emf is directly propositional to the field current when speed
maintained constant, The plot between the induced emf and the field current is known as open circuit
characteristics of the DC generator.
The induced emf when the field current is zero is known as residual voltage. This emf is due to the presence
of a small amount of flux detained. In the field poles of the generator called residual flux. Once the OCC is
obtained parameters such as critical field resistance, critical speed and the maximum voltage to which the
machine can build up can be determined. If required the OCC at a different speed can also be obtained.
Critical speed is minimum speed below which the generator shunt fails to excite.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating for load test:

For load test on DC generator = rated current *1.25

=16*1.25
=20A

For Motor = rated current *1.25

=19*1.25
=23.75A

Calculation of Fuse Rating for OCC test:

For OCC test on DC generator = rated current *0.25

=16*0.25
=4A

For Motor = rated current *1.25

=19*0.25
=4.75A
A DC generator works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic induction, which says that,
“Whenever a conductor is moved in magnetic field, an EMF is generated in it”.
“The magnitude of induction EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux”. The voltage equation
for a DC shunt generator is given; by
VL=Eg – IaRa;
Under No Load Condition; Since Ia,Is negligibly small, From the above equation, the terminal voltage (VL),
Is the no; load induced EMF (Eg), as the load on the generator increases, the load current and hence the
armature current increases due to armature reaction the induced EMF in the armature decreases.
Also increased armature current causes increase in IaRa drop. Hence the terminal voltage decreases with
increase load. The plot between the terminal voltage (VL) and load current (IL) is known as the external of
load characteristics. The plot between the induced EMF (Eg) and the armature current (Ia) is known as the
internal or total characteristics. The type of graph of internal and external characteristics is shown in model
graph.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Remove the fuse carriers before wiring and start wiring as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position and generator field rheostat at maximum
resistive position.
3. The SPST switch is kept open at the time of starting the experiment.
4. As the no-load test is conducting the required fuse ratings are 20% of motor rated current.
5. Replace the fuse carriers with appropriate fuse wires after the circuit connections are checked by the staff-in-
charge.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS 1.
3. Motor is started using Three-point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the generator.
5. Note residual voltage before closing the SPST switch.
6. The voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
7. The field rheostat of generator is varied gradually and the readings of ammeter and volt meter are noted in
steps.
8. Bring the generator field rheostat and motor field rheostat to the original position and open the DPSTS 1.
TABULATION:

OCC CHARACTERISTICS:

open circuit voltage Field current

Sl. No.
V0(v) If(A)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

Armature Armature Induced

Load Load Field
current voltage EMF Eg =
Sl. No. current voltage current
Ia = If + IL Va = IaRa VL + Va
IL(A) VL(V) If(A)
(A) (V) (V)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

MODEL CALCULATION FOR OCC CHARACTERIZES:

Critical field Resistance = V1/If2

= 70/0.1
Rc= 700Ω

Critical Speed RN = (XY/XZ)*1500

= (6/12)*1500
= 750RPM
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is given to motor by enclosing DPSTS 1.
3. Motor is started using Three-point Starter.
4. The field Rheostat of motor is varied to make the motor run at rated speed of the generator.

5. Now the load side DPST2 is closed and load is applied gradually upto rated current.
6. The speed is maintained constant at each load.
7. The readings of ammeter and voltmeter are noted at each load.
8. Remove the load completely.
9. Open the load side DPST2.
10. Bring the field rheostat of generator and motor to its original position and open the DPST1.

GRAPHS:
1. Field current Vs Generated voltage
2. Load current Vs Load voltag

MODEL CALCULATION FOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS:

Load current IL =
Load voltage VL =
Field current If =
Armature current If+IL =3.6+0.76 =4.36A
Emf induced in generator Eg =VL + (Ia*Ra)
=210 + (1.103*4.36)
=210.85 V
MODEL GRAPH:
Open Circuit Characteristics:

V1 XY
Critical Resistance R C =  , Critical Speed N C =  rated speed
If 2 XZ

Load characteristics:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is self – excited generator?

Self-excited generators are those whose field magnets are energized by the current produced by the generator
themselves.
2. What are the types of self – excited generator?
Based on the type of armature connection the self-excited generators are classified into 3 types
(i) Shunt wound
(ii) Series wound
(iii) Compound wound
3. What is the purpose of SPST switch in DC shunt generator?
To find residual voltage.
4. How will you find residual voltage in DC series generator?
Thus by making SPST switch open, there will not be any current flow in field winding and it does not
produce flux.In that case, the voltage which is induced due to residual flux (some flux stored inside the
machine) is called residual voltage.
5. What is mean by excitation?
The process of generating a magnetic field by means of an electric current is called excitation.
6. What is the purpose of motor field rheostat in the circuit?
To adjust the motor speed as required (rated speed).
By adjusting the field rheostat, we can change the field current and correspondingly flux changes. As speed
(N) inversely proportional to flux (∅), we can vary speed as required.
1
N=k
∅
7. What is the purpose of generator field rheostat in the circuit?
To vary the field current of generator (Initial to maximum excitation current).
To perform OCC test in generator, we need to increase the field current and correspondingly flux increases.
Due to that generated emf will be increased.
As Generated emf (E) directly proportional speed (N) and flux (∅).
E α NΦ (speed (N) – constant)
RESULT:

Thus, the OCC and load characteristics of DC shunt generator when it is separately excited are determined.

INFERENCE:

The OCC and load test on a separately excited DC generator demonstrate that the output voltage is directly
proportional to the field current and decreases with an increase in load due to armature reaction and voltage
drop across the internal resistance.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES GENERATOR
DATE:
AIM:
To conduct the load test on the D.C. Series Generator and hence to plot the load characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter
2 Ammeter
3 Rheostat
4 Tachometer
5 Resistive Load
6 Connecting wires

THEORY:

In a D.C. series generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding. In this case the
armature current flows through the field winding as well as the load. Since the armature winding and the field
winding are in series, the armature current is the same as the field current. The field winding has a smaller
number of turns of thick wire and hence its resistance is low.
Ia = Ise = IL
The load characteristics of a D.C. series generator are plotted with the load current (IL) on the X-axis and the
Voltage (V) on the Y-axis. As in the case of the D.C. shunt generator there are two types of load
characteristics:
1. Internal characteristics – Induced emf E vs Load current IL. Here the drop is due to armature reaction.
2. External characteristics – Terminal Voltage V vs Load current IL. Here the drop is due to armature and
series field resistance.

The voltage equation of a D.C. series generator is given by

V = E – Ia*(Ra + Rse)
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Type :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For load test on DC generator = rated current *1.25

=13.6*1.25
=17A

For Motor = rated current *1.25

=19.7*1.25
=24.6A

TABULATION FOR LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

Load Load Armature current Armature voltage Induced EMF

Sl. No. current voltage Ia=Ise=IL Va=Ia(Ra+Rse) Eg=VL+Va
IL(A) VL(V) (A) (V) (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The load characteristics are shown in the model graph. It will be noticed that a series generator has rising
voltage characteristic i.e. with increase in load, its voltage is also increased, but it is seen that at high loads,
the voltage starts decreasing due to excessive demagnetizing effects of armature reaction.

LOAD TEST:
In fact, terminal voltage startsdecreasing as load current is increased as shown by the dotted curve and for a
particular high value of load current the terminal voltage is reduced to zero.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The Starter handle should be kept in OFF position at the time of switching ON the supply to the DC motor.
2. The field rheostat of the DC shunt motor (prime mover) should be kept in the minimum resistance
position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. The DC supply is switched ON and the DC shunt motor (prime mover) is started using the 3-point starter.

3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat and the same is checked with the help
of a tachometer.

4. The load DPST is now closed and the loading rheostat is switched on in steps and at each step the motor
speed is maintained constant by adjusting the motor field rheostat and then the terminal voltage (VL) and the
load current (IL) are noted down.

5. The procedure is continued until the load current is equal to 120% of the rated current of the generator.

6. After the experiment is completed the load on the generator is gradually decreased to minimum and then
the main supply is switched OFF.
MODEL CALCULATION:

Load current IL = 0.5A = Ia =Ise

Load voltage VL = 18V
Armature voltage Va =Ia( Ra+ Rse )
Armature resistance Ra =1.045Ω
Series field resistance Rse =1.34Ω
Armature voltage Va =0.5( 1.045+1.34)
Va =1.165V
Induced EMF Eg =VL+Va
=18 + 1.195
=19.1925
MODEL GRAPH:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is a DC series generator?

In DC series generator the field winding is connected in series with the armature.
2. What are the factors on which the generated emf in a DC generator depends?
DC generator output voltage is dependent mainly on two factors: (1) armature speed (N)and (2) magnetic
field strength (Φ). In order to change the generator output, one of these two factors must be varied.
E α NΦ
3. Why is value of the series field resistance low?
In case of DC series motor field winding is connected in series with the armature. So, the resistance of field
winding should be small in order to carry full armature current and hence it less number of turns of thick
cross section wire.
4. Why OCC test is not separately applicable for DC series generator?
The OCC test is not applicable for DC series generator because the DC series generator never be operated
under no load condition.
5. How will you find residual voltage in DC series generator?
Under no load condition, there will not be any current flow in field winding and it does not produce flux.In
that case, the voltage which is induced due to residual flux (some flux stored inside the machine) is called
residual voltage.

RESULT:

The load test on the DC series generator has been conducted and the load characteristics have been plotted.

INFERENCE:

A load test on a DC series generator reveals that the output voltage increases with increasing load until it
reaches a maximum point due to the cumulative compounding effect, but then declines if the load increases
further because of armature reaction and saturation.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
SWINBURNE’S TEST
DATE:
AIM:

To predetermine the efficiency of a DC shunt machine by conducting the Swinburne’s Test

1. as a motor
2. as a generator

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Rheostat

4 Tachometer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

In this method the losses are measured separately and from their knowledge efficiency at any desired load
can be predetermined. Hence the only running test needed is the no load test. This test is applicable to the
machine in which flux is practically constant i.e shunt wound and compound wound machines. The machine
is to run as a motor at its rated voltage. The speed is adjusted to rated speed with help of shunt field
regulator. The no load current and field current are measured using ammeters.

This test is convenient and economical because power required to test a large machine is small i.e. only
input power is required. The efficiency can be predetermined at any load because constant losses are known.
In this test we are not taking into account the change in iron loss from no-load to full load. In this test it is
impossible to know that whether commutation would be satisfactory at full load and whether temperature
rise would be within specified limits.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :

Calculation of Fuse Rating:

For no load test on DC Motor = rated current *0.25

=16*0.25
=4A
FORMULA USED:

Constant Losses Wc = VI0 – (I0 – Ish)2 Ra Watts

As a Motor:
Input power = VLIL Watts
Ia =IL – If Amps
Armature Cu loss = Ia2 Ra Watts
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
Output power = Input – Total loss Watts
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100
As a Generator:
Ia =IL + If Amps
Armature Cu loss = Ia2 Ra Watts
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
Output power = VLIL Watts
Input power = Output + Total loss Watts
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100
TABULATION:

MOTOR ON NO LOAD:

No load No load Field

Armature current Speed (N)
voltage current current
Ia = I0– If Amps RPM
V0 Volts I0 Amps If Amps

PREDETERMINATION OF LOSSES AND EFFICEINCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS:

AS A MOTOR:

Load Load Armature Copper Total Input Output

Voltage Current Current losses losses Power Power Efficiency
S.No VL IL Ia = IL – If Ia Ra
2 Wi + Wc VL IL I/P - losses η%
Volts Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts Watts
1
2
3
4
5

AS A GENERATOR:

Load Load Armature Copper Total Output

Input Power
Voltage Current Current losses losses Power Efficiency
S.NO. O/P +losses
VL IL Ia = IL + If Ia2 Ra Wi+ Wc VL IL η%
Watts
Volts Amps Amps Watts Watts Watts
1
2
3
4
5
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. The starter handle must be kept in OFF position before switching ON the supply.
3. The motor must be started at no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is switched ON by closing the DPST switch.
3. The field rheostat is adjusted till the motor attains its rated speed.
4. The readings of the ammeters and voltmeter are noted under no load conditions.
5. The rheostat is brought back to the minimum resistive position and the supply is switched OFF.
6. The DC resistance of the armature is determined using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
CONSTANT LOSSES:
Wc= V*Io – (I0 – IF)2*RA
=220(3) – (2.1)2*0.98
=655.67 W

AS GENERATOR:
Load voltage VL=220V
Load Current IL=3.2A
Armature Cu loss = Ia2 Ra Watts
=(4.18)2*0.98
= 17.12
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
= 672.72
Output power = VLIL Watts
=704
Input power = Output + Total loss Watts
=1376W
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100
=51.13%

AS MOTOR:
Load voltage VL=220V
Load Current IL=16A
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts
= 879.04
Input power = VLIL Watts
=3520w
Output power = Input power - Total loss Watts
=2640.9w
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100
=75.62
GRAPHS:
1. Output power Vs efficiency (as a motor)
2. Output power Vs efficiency (as a generator)
MODEL GRAPH
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of Swinburne’s test?

This is indirect method of testing d.c. motors in which flux remains practically constant i.e. specially in case
of shunt and compound motors. Without actually loading the motor the losses and hence efficiency at
different loads can be found out. In this method the efficiency of a dc machines working as a motor or
generator can be predetermined.
2. What are the constant losses in a DC machine?
The losses in a machine which remain constant at all loads are known as constant losses. The constant losses
in a d.c. machine are:
(a) iron losses
(b) mechanical losses
(c) shunt field losses
3. Why is the indirect method preferred to the direct loading test?
The indirect method is preferred than direct method because with no load reading the efficiency of the motor
is predetermined.
4. The efficiency of a DC machine is generally higher when it works as a generator than when it
works as a motor. Is this statement true or false? Justify your answer with proper reasons.
In a generator, the mechanical losses are supplied by prime mover. But in case of a motor, the motor has to
meet the mechanical losses, so the efficiency of generator is greater.

RESULT:

Thus the Swinburne’s test (no load test) was conducted and the following efficiency was predetermined at
different loads:
1. Efficiency as motor
2. Efficiency as generator.

INFERENCE:

Swinburne’s test on a DC machine provides an efficient and indirect method to estimate its efficiency and
losses under various loads by operating it as a motor under no-load conditions, making it suitable for
determining the performance without actually loading the machine.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
Circuit Diagram:
EXPT NO:
BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:

Aim:
To obtain the performance characteristics of D.C Shunt Motor by direct loading.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
2 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1
3 Rheostat 400Ω/1.7A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-9999)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Required Some

Precautions:

1. Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.

2. Starter arm must be in OFF position.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Observing the precautions switch ON 220V D.C supply.
3. Start the motor with the help of the starter.
4. By adjusting the motor field rheostat bring the motor to its rated speed.
5. Now load the motor in steps to its full load and note down all the meter readings.
6. Observing the precautions switch OFF the supply.
Tabular Column:

Spring Balance
S. VL IL N Torque Input Output ŋ (%)
Reading
No. (V) (A) (rpm) (N-m) (kW) (kW)
S1 S2 S1-S2
1
2
3
4
5
6

Formulae:
Torque = 9.81 X (S1-S2) X R N-m
Input = VL IL kW
Output = (2∏N)τ/60 kW

Efficiency = ŋ % = (Output/Input) X 100

Model Graph:
Theoretical Calculations

.
Viva questions

1)What is no load current of Dc shunt motor?

No-load current: The current drawn by the motor when it's running without a load, typically 5-10% of
the rated current.

2)How the Direction of a motor can be reversed?

Reversing direction: By reversing the polarity of the supply voltage or by changing the connections of
the field winding, the motor's rotation direction changes.

3)What is Back emf or counter EMF?

Back EMF (Counter EMF): The voltage generated by the motor's rotation, opposing the supply
voltage, proportional to speed and flux.

4)Why the Shunt motor is called a constant speed motor?

Constant speed motor: The shunt motor maintains a constant speed despite changes in load due to the
constant field flux and armature resistance.

5)What are the applications of DC shunt motor?

Applications: Fans, centrifugal pumps, conveyor belts, and other applications requiring constant
speed

6)What is purpose of starter?

Starter purpose: To gradually increase the voltage applied to the motor to prevent sudden jerks or
damage.

7)What meant by the DPDTS?

DPDTS: Double Pole Double Throw Switch, used for reversing the motor direction.

8)What is the output power the dc motor?

Output power: The product of torque and speed, measured in watts (W).

9)What is speed regulation of DC motor?

Speed regulation: The ability of the motor to maintain a constant speed despite changes in load,
expressed as a percentage.

10)Explain principle of operation of DC motor?

Principle of operation: Based on electromagnetic induction, where a current-carrying conductor

generates a force in a magnetic field.
11) Why shunt motor field winding has more no of turns?

Field winding turns: More turns are required to produce a stronger magnetic field, necessary for the
shunt motor's operation.

12) What happens when DC motor is connected across AC supply?

DC motor on AC supply: The motor will not operate efficiently, may overheat or burn out due to the
constantly changing polarity of the AC supply.

RESULT:

The brake test on a DC shunt motor shows that the output power and efficiency are determined from
the measured braking force and speed, confirming the motor's ability to maintain a nearly constant
speed while delivering high torque under load

INFERENCE :

A brake test on a DC shunt motor directly measures the output torque and mechanical power by
applying a braking load, highlighting the motor's performance characteristics and efficiency under
actual load conditions.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
Assemble of DC machine

Step 2 : Insertion of Rotor into stationary part:

EXPT NO:
Assembling and Testing of DC machines
DATE:
AIM :

To dismantle and assemble a DC machine and identify parts with testing of DC supply.

THEORY:

DC Electric Motors are used in applications from a small, special purpose apparatus to those driving
large-scale industrial machinery. The most common type of DC Electric Motor used in Industry is the
Shunt Motor. A Shunt DC Motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt with
the common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation even as the load varies,
but does not have the starting torque of a series DC Motor.

PROCEDURE :

1. Collect materials
2. Dismantle dc motor using collected tools
3. Identify the parts of dc machine
4. Assemble the machine

Dismantle
Always remember these points, when you are starting to dismantling of a motor.

1. First of all, remove the pully of motor on the shaft, also remove the fan cover and then open the
fan, which is screwed on the shaft of motor for cooling purpose.
2. The shaft or pully of the motor is always in front of your eyes and then you mark a line on the
covers and on the yoke. The advantage of this line is that, when you closing the motor you easily
meet these mark points and close the motor cover.
3. Open the nut-bolts or screws of the end-covers of the motor by using spanner or screw driver.
Two screw drivers are inserted in motor cover and apply a little pressure internally as a result the
cover of the motor is easily opened.
5. After that, the rotor of the motor is easily come out.
4. The back side and cover of the motor are removed, by using the method, which are mentioned in
point (4).
5. The bearings of the motor are dip into kerosene oil and then apply the grease into the bearings.
6. Clean the stator of the motor carefully.
Assemble:
1. First of all, the end cover of the motor is screwed with the yoke.
2. Enter the rotor of the motor in stator.
3. Fit the rotor in exact position in stator and then screwed the front cover of the motor.
4. The cooling fan of the motor is screwed on the shaft.
5. In last, tight the cover of the cooling fan with the yoke of the motor.

Rotor windings and commutator

Result :
Dismantled , assembled and identified the parts of the DC machines and tested with the DC supply.

INFERENCE:
Assembling and testing of DC machines involves meticulous construction to ensure proper alignment
of components and rigorous testing to verify performance characteristics such as efficiency, torque,
and voltage regulation under varying loads.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
HOPKINSON’S TEST ON DC MACHINES
DATE:

AIM:

To conduct Hopkinson’s test on a pair of identical DC machines to pre-determine the efficiency of

the machine as generator and as motor.

APPARATUS REQUUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Range Type Qty

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Tachometer
4 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

In this method full load test can be carried out on two shunt machines without wasting their outputs.
The two machines are mechanically coupled and adjusted so that one of them runs as a motor and the other
runs as a generator. The mechanical output of the motor drives the generator and the electrical output of the
generator drives the motor. Due to losses the generator output is not sufficient to drive the motor and vice
versa. The motor is started with no load. Then the field of one is weakened and the other is strengthened so
that the former runs as motor and the latter as generator.

Initially the SPST switch is kept open. The field is adjusted so that the motor runs at rated speed.
The voltage is adjusted by the field regulator until the voltmeter reads zero indicating that the voltage is
same in polarity and magnitude as that of main supply. Then the switch is closed to parallel the machines.
By adjusting the respective field regulators any load can be thrown on the machine. Generator current I1 can
be adjusted to any desired value by increasing the excitation of generator or by reducing the excitation of
motor.
Name plate details of DC Motor:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Excitation current :

Name plate details of DC Generator:

Capacity :
Voltage :
Current :
Speed :
Excitation current :

CALCULATION OF FUSE RATING:

For DC generator = rated current *1.25

=19*1.25
=25A

For DC Motor = rated current *1.25

=16*1.25
=20A
MODEL GRAPH:
The power required for this test is very small when compared to the full load power of two machines.
As machines are tested under full load conditions the temperature rise and commutation quantities are
observed.

FORMULA USED:
1) Motor armature copper loss = I2AMRAM
2) Generator armature copper loss = I2AG RAG
3) Power drawn from the supply= V * IL
4) Let us assume that the stray losses will be same for both the machines.
Stray loss / machine, Wsm = WSG = stray loss / 2

The shunt copper loss in generator

2) Wcug = V1*Ifg
3) Wcum= V1*Ifm
4) Constant loss (m)=Wconst.m=Wsm+Wcum
5) Wconst.G=WsG+Wcu.G
6) To determine the efficiency of generator
7) Output Power =VL*Ia.G
8) Input Power = Wconst.gm + Wcu.g + Output Power
9) = output / input × 100%

To determine the  for motor:

1) Input power = VL(Iam + IL)

2) Output Power = Input Power – losses
3) Output = Input – Wconstm- Wcum
4) η= output / input * 100%
Tabular column:

Motor Generator
Terminal Terminal Field Field Armature Armature
current Voltage current current current current
IL(A) VL(V) IFM(A) IFG(A) IAM(A) IAG(A)
Output input Output Input
Loss Efficiency Loss Efficiency
power power power power

Armature resistance Ra
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The SPST is closed only when the voltmeter across it reads zero.
2. The motor field rheostat & generator field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistive & maximum
voltage position.

PROCEDURE:
3. Connectional are given as per the circuit diagram.
4. Initially all switches are kept open.
5. The motor field rheostat is kept at minimum resistive position & generator field rheostat is kept at
maximum voltage position.
6. The motor is brought to rated speed by varying the motor field resistance.
7. The generator terminal voltage is increased using the generator field rheostat till the voltmeter across the
SPST switch reads 0.
8. Interchange generator arm connections if the voltmeter V2 reads double the rated voltage.
9. Close the SPST switch. When the voltmeter across it reads zero.
10. Now the motor & generator are paralleled.
11. Note down the voltage V1 of the motor, field current and armature current.
12. The armature resistance of both machines is determined separately.

GRAPHS:

1. Output VS Efficiency (of generator)

2. Output VS Efficiency (of motor)

MODEL CALCULATION:

Load current IL = 5.8A

Load voltage VL =116V
Motor Field current =1.04A
Generator field current =1.04A
Motor armature current =10A
Generator Field current =14.2A
Armature resistance =1.103Ω

Motor:
Constant losses Wc =V*IL-[IAG2*RA + V*IFG+IAM2*RA+ V*IFM]
=(16*5.8)-623.4
=98.40
Stray losses = Wc/2
WSM = WSG =49.40
Motor total losses =WSM+ IAM2*RA + V*IFM
=392.4W
Input power = V*IL
=672.8
Output power =Input power - Losses
=672.8 – 392.4
=280.3W
Efficiency ƞ = (output power/Input power)*100
= (380.3/672.8)*100
=41.2%

Generator:
Generator total losses =WSM+ IAG2*RA + V*IFG
=280.3W
Output power = V*IFG
=1160W
Input power =output power - Losses
=280.3 + 1160
=1440.3W
Efficiency ƞ% = (output power/Input power)*100
=(1160/1440.3)*100
=80.53%

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of Hopkinson’s test and whether it is direct method or indirect method?
The efficiency can be predetermined by consuming very low supply (which requires to account for
losses).
This is a regenerative test in which two identical DC shunt machines are coupled mechanically and
tested simultaneously. One of the machines is run as generators while the other as motor supplied
by the generator.
It is an indirect test.
2. What are the advantages of Hopkinson’s test?
Advantages of Hopkinson's Test
1. This test requires very small power compared to full-load power of the motor-generator coupled
system. That is why it is economical.
2. Temperature rise and commutation can be observed and maintained in the limit because this test
is done under full load condition.
3. Change in iron loss due to flux distortion can be taken into account due to the advantage of its
full load condition.
3. Why the adjustments are done in the field rheostat of generator and motor?
The field is adjusted so that the motor runs at rated speed. The voltage is adjusted by the field
regulator until the voltmeter reads zero indicating that the voltage is same in polarity and magnitude
as that of main supply. Then the switch is closed to parallel the machines. By adjusting the
respective field regulators any load can be thrown on the machine.
4. If the voltmeter across the SPST switch reads zero what does it indicate?
Initially the SPST switch is kept open. The voltage is adjusted by the field regulator until the
voltmeter reads zero indicating that the voltage is same in polarity and magnitude as that of main
supply. Then the switch is closed to parallel the machines.

RESULT:

Thus the Hopkinson’s test was conducted and the performance curve drawn.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:
AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to obtain percentage regulation and efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 Stepdown Transformer
5 Auto Transformer
6 Resistive load
7 Connecting Wires

FORMULA USED:

Output power
% Efficiency η = X 100
Input power

VNL – V FL
% Regulation = X 100
VFL
Where,

VNL – No load voltage

VFL – Load Voltage

Input Power = Wattmeter Reading (W1)

Output Power = V2 × I2 cosΦ
THEORY:

When the secondary is loaded the secondary current I2 is setup. The magnitude and phase of I2 with
respect to V2 is determined by the characteristics of the load. The secondary current sets up its own
mmf and hence its own flux ф2 which is in opposition to main primary flux ф which is due to I0 the
secondary ampere turns N2*I2 are known as demagnetizing ampere turns .The opposing secondary
flux I2 weakens the primary flux ф momentary. Hence primary back Emf E1 tends to be reduced. For
a moment V1 gain the upper hand over E1 and hence causes more current to flow in primary.

Let the additional primary current be I2 .It is known as load component of primary current. This
current is antiphase with I21 the additional primary mmf N1*I2 sets up its own flux ф21 which is in
opposite to ф2 and is equal to its magnitude. Hence the two cancel each other out. So the magnetic
effects of secondary current I2 are immediately neutralized by the additional primary current
I21.Hence whatever the load conditions be, the net flux passing through core is approximately the
same as no-load.
Tabulation :

Primary Wattmeter W1 Secondary Input Output

Primary MF = Secondary %
voltage current power power % Efficiency
S.No. current I1 Voltage V2 Voltage
V1 I2 (W) (W) (ή)
(A) (Volts) Regulation
(Volts) (A)
Obs Act

101
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

2. Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to minimum position.
3. Initially load should be in off condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram

2. Close the DPST switch
3. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached
4. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter and secondary voltmeter,
ammeter.
5. Apply load in steps and note down the corresponding reading till the rated current is reached.
6. After taking reading, gradually reduce the load and brought back the autotransformer to its minimum
position and then switch off the DPST switch.

94
Model Calculation:

95
MODEL GRAPH:

GRAPHS:

1. Load Current Vs % Efficiency

2. Load Current Vs % Voltage Regulation

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of transformer?
Transformer is a static device by which electric power is transformed from one circuit to another
circuit without any change in frequency. It is based on the Faradays laws of electromagnetic
induction.
2. What is the purpose of load test on transformer?
The purpose of load test of a transformer is used to find the efficiency and percentage regulation of a
transformer.
3. What are the types of transformer?
Based on the type of core arrangement
i. core type
ii. Shell type
iii. Spiral wound
Based on type of cooling arrangement
i. oil filled self cooled
ii. Oil filled water cooled
iii. Air blast type

96
Based on transformation ratio
i. step up and
ii. Step down
4. Why transformer rating is specified as kVA not in kW?
In transformer, core loss depends on voltage (V) and copper loss depends on current (A).The total
transformer loss depends on volt ampere (VA) and not on phase angle between voltage and current
i.e. it is independent of load power factor. That is why transformer rating is specified in kVA not in
kW.
5. Define Ideal Transformer?
An ideal transformer is one that has,
(i). No winding resistance
(ii). No leakage flux
(iii). No Iron loss (Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss)
6. What are faradays laws of electromagnetic induction?
Faraday’s First Law
Whenever the conductor cuts the flux or flux cuts the conductor, an emf is induced.
Faraday’s Second Law
It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages
with the coil. The flux linkages of the coil is the product of number of turns in the coil and flux
associated with the coil.
7. How can identify primary and secondary in transformer?
The terminal which is given to input supply is called primary and which is connected to load or other
side is called secondary.
8. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer?
When Copper loss is equal to Iron loss we will get maximum efficiency in a transformer.
9. What type of load is used for conducting load test on transformers?
Variable resistive type load
10. What is auto transformer?
Auto transformer is kind of electrical transformer where primary and secondary shares same
common single winding.
11. What is the use of auto transformer?
The autotransformer is used to increase the voltage or current to get the exact rated voltage.
12. List out the applications of a transformer.
➢ It can rise or lower the level of Voltage or Current in an AC circuit.
➢ It can increase or decrease the value of capacitor, an inductor or resistance in an AC circuit.
➢ It can be used to prevent DC from passing from one circuit to the other.
➢ It can isolate two circuits electrically.

97
RESULT:

Thus, the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective graphs were plotted.

INFERENCE:
A load test on a single-phase transformer demonstrates its ability to maintain stable voltage
transformation ratio and efficiency under varying load conditions, ensuring reliable performance in
electrical power distribution.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva
5
Total 25

98
99
100
EXPT NO:
OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON
DATE: SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:

To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer by conducting open circuit test and short
circuit test and to draw equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter

4 Step Down Transformer

5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

FORMULAE:
R0 =V1/IW
X0 = V1 /Iμ
IW = I0 cosф0
Iμ = I0sinф0
Z01 = VSC/ISC
R01=WSC/ISC2
X01 = √ Z012-R012

ISC (R01 cosф0 – X01 sinф0)

% Regulation at lead = ___________________________ X 100
V1

ISC (R01cosф0 + X01sin ф0 )

% Regulation at lag = ___________________________ X 100
V1
2
cu losses = WSC * X Where X = Load
Output power = KVA*1000*X *PF watts

101
Input power = Output power + Losses

Output power
% Efficiency = ____________ X 100
Input power

THEORY:

The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load current I0. This is
helpful in finding X0 and R0.

One winding of the transformer whichever is convenient but usually HV winding is kept open and the
other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W, voltmeter and ammeter
A are connected in the present case. With normal voltage applied to the primary normal flux will be set
up in the cores hence normal iron losses will occur which are recorded by the wattmeter. As the primary
no load current Io is small. Cu loss is negligibly small in primary. Hence the wattmeter reading represents
the core loss under no load conditions.

It should be noted that since I0 is very small, the pressure coils of wattmeter and the voltmeter are
connected such that the current in these do not pass through the current coil of wattmeter.

102
103
Calculation of Rated current on Low voltage and High voltage:
P
Rated current low voltage side (I1) =
V1Cos( 1 )

P
Rated current on high voltage side (I2) =
V2 Cos( 2 )

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.
2. Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to minimum voltage position.

PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the
experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated voltage to the Primary winding by
using Variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in
Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro and Xo from the readings.
Short Circuit Test:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting the
experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated Current to the Primary winding
by using Variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down in
Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro1 and Xo1 from the readings.

104
TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Wattmeter Reading
(MF = )
VO IO
Volts Amps Actual
Observed
WO x MF
WO
Watts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Wattmeter Reading
(MF = )
VSC ISC
Actual
Volts Amps Observed
WSC x MF
WSC
Watts

105
106
Tabulation :

Output Power Input power % Efficiency % Regulation

Core Copper
Load Total
S.No. Loss Loss
X Losses
Wo(W) X2*Wsc
0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1
Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity

107
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

MODEL GRAPH

108
GRAPHS:

% Regulation Vs Load current

% Efficiency Vs Load current

109
MODEL CALCULATION:

From open circuit test:

Open circuit voltage V0 = 115V
Open circuit Current I0 =1.5 A
Open circuit power W0 =46W

No load power factor Cos(Ø0) =W0/(V0*I0)

=46/(115*1.5)
=0.266
Ø0 =Cos-1(0.266)
=74.53
Sin(Ø0) =0.963

Magnetizing current component Im = I0*Sin(Ø0)

=1.5*0.963
=1.444A
Loss current component Iw =I0*Cos(Ø0)
=1.5*0.266
=0.339A
No load parameters R0 =V0/ Iw
=115/0.339
=288.2Ω
X0 =V0/ Im
=115/1.444
=79.86Ω
From Short circuit test:
R01 =WSC/ ISC2
R01 =110/(13)2
=0.65
Z01 =VSC/IS C
=15/13
Z01 =1.15
X01 =(Z012 - R012)
X01 =0.948
R02 =K2R01
X02 =K2X01
R02 =(0.5)2 *0.65
X02 =(0.5)2*0.948
R02 =0.1652

110
X02 =0.23
Cu Losses =I22R02
Cu Losses =0.176W

Total Losses =W0+Wcu

=46.17W

CALCULATION OF OUTPUT POWER:

Power factor 0.8 Pout =

=
Power factor 0.6 Pout =
=
Power factor unity Pout =
=

CALCULATION OF INPUT POWER:

Input Power = Output power +Losses

Power factor 0.8 Pinput =

=

Power factor 0.6 Pinput =

=

Power factor unity Pinput =

=

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency = (Output Power/Input Power) *100

Power factor 0.8 ƞ(0.8) =

=

Power factor 0.6 ƞ(0.6) =

=

Power factor unit ƞ(unity) =

=

111
CALCULATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION:

% REGULATION=ISC*(R02*Cos() ±X02 *sin())/V2 *100

Power factor 0.6 lagging %R =.256 ((0.1625 *0.6)-(0.23*0.8))/115 *100

=-0.0059%

Power factor 0.8 lagging %R =0.256((0.1625*0.8)-(0.23*0.6))/115 *100

=0.-0.001%

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of OC and SC test?

The purpose of OC test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load current which is
helpful in finding out RO and XO.The purpose of SC test is to determine full load loss or
copper loss.
2. What are the necessary tests to determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer?
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
3. What are the components of no load current?
i. Active or working or iron loss component
It mainly supplies the iron loss plus small quantity of primary Cu loss.
Iw = Io cos ∅0
ii. Magnetizing component
It is used to maintain the flux.
Iμ = Io sin ∅0
4. Why HV side is open circuited and LV side short circuited?
If HV winding is short circuited, more current will flow through the HV side.
So in order to reduce the risk LV side is short circuited.
5. Why LPF meters is used in OC test and UPF meters in SC test?
In OC test the core losses are determined which the losses in the induction coil. Since the
inductive circuit is involved, current lags the voltage and hence the power factor is low.
In SC test the power factor is unity because the copper losses are determined which is purely
resistive. Hence UPF is used in SC test.
6. Compare UPF and LPF meters.
A circuit with UPF has equal real and apparent power so the current remains in phase with V,
i.e. purely resistive circuit in which the current lags V by an angle∅ . True power is less than
apparent power.
7. If DC supply s given to transformer what will happen to transformer?

112
The transformer will have no output. This is because a transformer works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which requires a voltage source that changes with time. Since a dc
supply is unidirectional, the transformer cannot work and secondary winding gets burned.
8. Define eddy current loss and hysteresis loss and how to minimize it?
Eddy current losses are caused due to conduction of core and are reduced by laminating the
core. Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization and depends on core. In general this
loss increases as frequency is increased. These losses are minimized by choosing silicon steel
material.
9. Why OC test conducted on LV side?
Generally open circuit test is performed on the low voltage sidenot on high voltage side.
Because on low voltage side, we can apply that low voltage very easily whereas on high
voltage side, we need a large power source in order to apply full voltage. This is because if
the measurements are made on HV side then voltage applied must be large and the current
would be unsuitably small, for which the high voltage sources may not be readily available
and at the same time the instrument ranges required should be very high, Also the result
obtained may not be accurate.
10. Why copper loss negligible in OC test?
As the Iron loss is a function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron
loss is maximum at rated voltage. Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary
draws only no-load current, which will have some copper loss. This no-load current is very
small and because the copper loss in the primary is proportional to the square of this current,
it is negligible. There is no copper loss in the secondary because there is no secondary
current.
11. Why SC test conducted on HV side?
In short circuit test, the low voltage winding is short circuited and the measurements are
made on the high voltage winding side. This is because if the test is performed on the L.V
side, the current will be suitably large for which the instruments used should be of very high
ranges. Moreover instruments of such high ranges and the auto-transformer capable of
handling such high currents may not be readily available and unwanted.
In short circuit test, we will test on high voltage side by keeping Low voltage side
being short circuit because high voltage side needs less current than low voltage side.
12. Why core loss negligible in SC test?
In short circuit test we apply rated current with the LV side shorted. Because of short circuit,
the applied voltage will be very low to get rated current. Iron loss depends on the applied
voltage. So it is neglected.

113
RESULT:
Thus, the efficiency and regulation of a transformer were predetermined by conducting open
circuit test and short circuit test and the equivalent circuit were drawn.

INFERENCE:
Open circuit and short circuit tests on a single-phase transformer determine its core losses,
magnetizing reactance, and impedance characteristics, crucial for efficiency estimation and
proper operation in electrical networks.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25

114
115
EXPT NO: PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
DATE:

AIM:

To operate the given two single phase Transformers in parallel and study the load
sharing between them when supplying resistive load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Resistive load
4 Auto Transformer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
The transformers are connected in parallel when the load on them is more than the rating of
the individual transformers. Several smaller units are operated in parallel which share a
common load. Thus it is avoided that the total load is supplied by single unit due to use of
parallel operation. The parallel operation is advantageous in the sense that the spare parts can
be used interchangeably and their storage is easy.
Thus two or more transformers are connected in parallel to carry common load. If a given
transformer is insufficient in capacity to deliver a particular load it may either be taken out of
the circuit and replaced with a larger unit or an additional unit may be added to the circuit by
connecting its primary side to the same source load circuit. The second unit is then said to be
operating in parallel with the first unit. For satisfactory parallel operation of transformers
there are certain conditions that must be satisfied

116
Name Plate Details:
Capacity =
Frequency =
No. of Phase =
Type of Supply =
Primary Voltage =
Secondary Voltage =

Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:

P
Primary current (I1) =
V1Cos(1 )
3000
=
230 *1
=13.04A

P
Secondary current (I2) =
V2 Cos( 2 )
3000
=
115 *1
=26.08A
Calculation of Fuse Rating:
For load test fuse rating 125%
Primary fuse rating =13.04*1.25
=16.30A

secondary fuse rating =26.08*1.25

=32.06A

117
The conditions that must be followed for satisfactory parallel operation of transformers are as
follows:
1. The supply system voltage and frequency must suit the primary windings of the transformers.
2. The transformers that are connected must have same polarity. In case of three phase
transformers the transformers should have same angular displacement and phase same
sequence.
3. The voltage ratios of primaries and secondaries of the transformers must be same.
4. The percentage impedances should be equal in magnitude and have same X/R ratio in order
to avoid circulating currents and operating at different power factors.
5. If the transformers have the different KVA ratings, the equivalent impedances should be
inversely proportional to individual KVA rating to avoid circulating currents.

FORMULA:
Total Current, IL = I1 + I2

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting.
3. The SPST switch is kept open at the time of starting the experiment.

118
Tabular column:

Sl. No. I1(A) I2(A) IL(A)

1
2
3
4
5

Model Graph:

119
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached.
4. Check whether the voltmeter across SPST switch reads zero and then close SPST switch.
5. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter& secondary voltmeter,
ammeter.
6. Apply load in steps and note down the corresponding reading till the rated current is reached.

120
121
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the need for parallel operation in single phase transformer?

➢ Load sharing
➢ For supplying a load in excess of the rating of an existing transformer, a secondary
transformer may be connected in parallel.
➢ For standby operation.
2. What are conditions for parallel operation in single phase transformer?
i) Primary windings of the transformer should be suitable for the supply system voltage and
frequency.
ii) The transformer should be properly connected with regard to polarity.
iii) The voltage rating of both transformers is identical.
iv)The percentage impedance should be equal in magnitude and have the same X/R ratio in
order to avoid circulating current and operation at different power factor.
3. What is the full form of SPST and its purpose in circuit?
Single Pole Single Throw switch and it purpose is to check for polarity in order to avoid
circulating current.
Circulating current – The current which is flowing from higher polarity (or) voltage to lower
polarity (or) voltage.
4. What will happen if one transformer does not work due to fault?
The other transformer will supply an entire power which required by load and maintain the
continuity of supply until the faulted transformer gets repaired.

122
RESULT:

Thus the parallel operation of two single phase Transformers and the load sharing
between them were studied.

INFERENCE:

Parallel operation of single-phase transformers requires matching of voltage ratios,

impedances, and phase angles to ensure balanced load sharing and reliable operation in
electrical distribution systems.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction of
15
practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25

123
124
EXPT NO:
LOAD TEST ON A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:

AIM:
To calculate the percentage efficiency and percentage voltage regulation for the given 3φ
transformer at various load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter
4 Resistive load
5 Auto Transformer
6 Connecting Wires

THEORY:
The three cores are arranged at 120o from each other. Only primary windings are show
on the cores for simplicity. The primaries are connected to the three phase supply. The
primaries carry the currents IR, IY and IB producing the fluxes ΦR, ΦY and ΦB in the individual
cores. The common leg of the cores i.e. centre leg formed carries sum of the all three fluxes.
But at any instant, in a three phase system, ĪR + ĪY + ĪB = 0, hence the sum of the three fluxes
is also zero at any instant. Hence the centre leg does not carry any flux. So if centre leg is
removed, It hardly makes any difference in the other conditions of the transformer. If it is
removed, any two legs provide the return path for the current and hence the flux in the third
leg. This is the general principle used in the design of three phase core type transformers.
The three phase transformers can be core type or shell type. The three core type single phase
transformers can be combined to get three phase core type transformers. Similarly three
single phase shell type transformers can be combined together to form a three phase shell
type transformer.

125
Name Plate Details:
Capacity =
Frequency =
No. of Phase =
Type of Supply =
Primary Voltage =
Secondary Voltage =

Calculation of Rated current on primary and secondary:

P
Primary current (I1) =
3V1Cos(1 )
3000
=
3 * 440 *1
=3.93A
P
Secondary current (I2) =
3V2 Cos( 2 )
3000
=
3 * 220 *1
=7.87A
Calculation of Fuse Rating:
For load test fuse rating 125%
Primary fuse rating =3.39*1.25
=4.91A

126
FORMULA USED:

Input Power = W1+W2 (watts)

Output Power = 3V2 I2 Cos (Watts)

Output power
% Efficiency η = X 100
Input power

VNL– VFL
% Regulation = X 100
VFL

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. There should be no load at the time of starting.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Auto transformer is adjusted for voltmeter in the primary side to read the rated voltage.
3. The output voltage corresponding to the rated primary voltage is noted. This is no load
secondary voltage. The wattmeter and ammeter readings corresponding to no load is also
noted.
4. Load is gradually increased. All meter readings are noted at each stage.
5. The above procedure is repeated till the secondary current exceeds rated current.

127
Tabulation:

Wattmeter W1 Wattmeter W2
Multiplication Multiplication V2 Input power Output power %
V1 I1 I2 %
factor = 2 factor = 2 (Volts) (W) (W) Efficiency
(V) (A) (A) Regulation
W1+W2 √𝟑 V2I2Cos(Ø2) (ή)
OBS ACT OBS ACT
(W) (W) (W) (W)

128
129
Model Calculation:

Actual reading of wattmeter 1 (W1) =MF *observed reading of wattmeter 1

=2*360
=720w
Actual reading of wattmeter 2 (W2) =MF *observed reading of wattmeter 2
=2*440
=880w
Input Power = W1+ W2
=720 + 880
=1600 W

Load voltage V2 =200V

Load Current I2 =3.1A
Output power =√3V2I2Cos(Ø2)
=√3*200*3.1 [ Cos(Ø2) = 1]
=1073.81W
output power
Efficiency (ƞ) = input power ∗ 100

1073.81
= ∗ 100
1600

= 67.1%

No Load voltage (VNL) =210V

Load Voltage (VL) =200V
VNL– VFL
% Regulation = X 100
VFL
MODEL GRAPH:


Efficiency  %

Regulation R

R
%

GRAPHS: Load current (A)

1.Load Current Vs Efficiency

2.Load Current Vs % Regulation

130
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the function of transformer?

It transforms electric power from one circuit to another circuit without any change in
frequency
2. Why the efficiency of a transformer is higher than that of motors?
Motors has moving parts so there is always a loss, but transformer has no moving parts so more
efficiency.
3. Distinguish between core type and shell type transformers?
Core type transformer
The coils are wound around the two limbs of a rectangular magnetic core.
The winding surrounds the core
Single magnetic path
Shell type transformer
The coils are wound on the central limb of a three limb core.
The core surrounds the winding
Two magnetic paths
4. What is the power formula for single phase and three phase?
Electric power is the rate of energy consumption in an electrical circuit.
For single phase (1Φ) – P = VIcosΦ
For three phase (3Φ) –P = 3 VLILcosΦIn terms of line voltage and line current
For three phase (3Φ) – P = 3VPIPcosΦ In terms of phase voltage and phase current

10. Define regulation and efficiency of the transformer?

The regulation of the transformer is defined as the reduction in magnitude of the terminal
voltage due to load, with respect to the no-load terminal voltage.
% regulation = (V2 on no-load – V2 when loaded/ V2 on no-load) × 100
Transformer efficiency ƞ= (output power/input power) × 100

131
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective graphs were
plotted.
INFERENCE:
A load test on a three-phase transformer assesses its ability to maintain balanced voltage
transformation and efficient power delivery across phases under varying loads, ensuring
reliable performance in three-phase electrical systems.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25

132
Open Circuit Test:

Short Circuit Test

133
EXPT NO: OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS ON
DATE: THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a three phase transformer by conducting open
circuit test and short circuit test and to draw equivalent circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter

2 Ammeter

3 Wattmeter

4 Auto Transformer
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY:

The purpose of this test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load current I0. This
is helpful in finding X0 and R0.

One winding of the transformer whichever is convenient but usually HV winding is kept open
and the other is connected to its supply of normal voltage and frequency. A wattmeter W,
voltmeter and ammeter A are connected in the present case. With normal voltage applied to the
primary normal flux will be set up in the cores hence normal iron losses will occur which are
recorded by the wattmeter. As the primary no load current Io is small. Cu loss is negligibly small
in primary. Hence the wattmeter reading represents the core loss under no load conditions.
It should be noted that since I0 is very small, the pressure coils of wattmeter and the
voltmeter are connected such that the current in these do not pass through the current coil of
wattmeter.

134
FORMULAE:

R0 =V1/IW

X0 = V1 /Iμ

IW = I0cosф0

Iμ = I0sinф0

Z01 = VSC/ISC

R01=WSC/ISC2
_________
X01 = √ Z012-R012

ISC (R01 cosф0 – X01 sinф0 )

% Regulation at lead = ___________________________ X 100
V1

ISC (R01cosф0 + X01sin ф0 )

% Regulation at lag = ___________________________ X 100
V1

culosses = WSC * X2 Where X = Load

Output power = KVA*1000*X *PF watts

Input power = Output power + Losses

Output power
Efficiency = ____________ X 100
Input power
Name Plate Details:
Capacity =
Frequency =
No. of Phase =
Type of Supply =
Primary Voltage =
Secondary Voltage =

135
Calculation of Rated current on Low voltage and High voltage:
P
Rated current low voltage side (I1) =
V1Cos( 1 )
5000
=
220
= 22.72A

P
Rated current on high voltage side (I2) =
V2 Cos( 2 )
5000
=
415
=12.04A

Calculation of Fuse rating for open circuit test:

For open circuit test fuse rating 25%
Primary fuse rating =Rated current of low voltage side*25%
=22.72*0.25
=5.68A

Calculation of Fuse rating for short circuit test:

For short circuit test fuse rating 125%
Primary fuse rating =Rated current of high voltage side*125%
=12.04*1.25
=15.05A

136
PRECAUTIONS:

3. The autotransformer should be kept at minimum voltage position.

4. Before switching off the supply the variac should be brought back to minimum voltage
position.

PROCEDURE:

OC TEST:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram

2. Close the DPST switch
3. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated voltage is reached
4. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
5. Adjust the Auto transformer till the ZERO voltage is reached
6. Open the DPST switch

SC TEST:

1. Connect as per the circuit diagram

2. Close the DPST switch
3. Adjust the Auto transformer till the rated CURRENT is reached
4. Note down the readings of primary voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
5. Adjust the Auto transformer till the ZERO voltage is reached
6. Open the DPST switch

137
TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

Wattmeter Reading Wattmeter Reading

(MF = 1) (MF = 1)
VO IO
Actual Actual
Volts Amps Observed Observed
WO x MF WO x MF
WO WO
Watts Watts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

Wattmeter Reading Wattmeter Reading

(MF = 1) (MF = 1)
VSC ISC
Actual Actual
Volts Amps Observed Observed
WSC x MF WSC x MF
WSC WSC
Watts Watts

138
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

MODEL GRAPH

139
Tabulation:

Output Power Input power Efficiency Regulation

Core
Load Copper Total
S.No. Loss
X Loss Losses
Wo(W)
0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1 0.6 0.8 1
Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity Lead Lag Unity

140
MODEL CALCULATION:

From open circuit load test:

Open circuit voltage V0 = 415V
Open circuit Current I0 =
Open circuit power W0 =

No load power factor Cos(Ø0) =W0/(V0*I0)

=
Ø0 =
Sin(Ø0) =

Magnetizing current component Im = I0*Sin(Ø0)

=
Loss current component Iw =I0*Cos(Ø0)
=
=
No load parameters R0 =V0/ Iw
=
=
X0 =V0/ Im
=
=
From Short circuit load test:

R01 =WSC/ ISC2

R01 =
=
Z01 =VSC/IS C
=
Z01 =
X01 =(Z012 - R012)
X01 =
R02 =K2R01
X02 =K2X01
R02 =
X02 =
R02 =
X02 =
Cu Losses =I22R02
Cu Losses =

141
Total Losses =W0+Wcu
=

CALCULATION OF OUTPUT POWER:

Power factor 0.8 Pout =

Power factor 0.6 Pout =

Power factor unity Pout =

CALCULATION OF INPUT POWER:

Input Power = Output power +Losses

Power factor 0.8 Pinput =

Power factor 0.6Pinput =

Power factor unity Pinput =

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency= (Output Power/Input Power) *100

Power factor 0.8 ƞ(0.8) =

Power factor 0.6 ƞ(0.6) =

Power factor unit ƞ(unity) =

CALCULATION OF % VOLTAGE REGULATION:

% REGULATION=ISC*(R02*Cos() ±X02 *sin())/V2 *100

Power factor 0.6 lagging %R =.

Power factor 0.8 lagging %R =

142
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the purpose of OC and SC test?

The purpose of OC test is to determine no load loss or core loss and no load current which is
helpful in finding out RO and XO.The purpose of SC test is to determine full load loss or
copper loss.
2. What are the necessary tests to determine the equivalent circuit of the transformer?
1. Open circuit test
2. Short circuit test
3. What are the components of no load current?
i. Active or working or iron loss component
It mainly supplies the iron loss plus small quantity of primary Cu loss.
Iw = Io cos ∅0
ii. Magnetizing component
It is used to maintain the flux.
Iμ = Io sin ∅0
4. Why HV side is open circuited and LV side short circuited?
If HV winding is short circuited, more current will flow through the HV side.
So in order to reduce the risk LV side is short circuited.
5. Why LPF meters is used in OC test and UPF meters in SC test?
In OC test the core losses are determined which the losses in the induction coil. Since the
inductive circuit is involved, current lags the voltage and hence the power factor is low.
In SC test the power factor is unity because the copper losses are determined which is purely
resistive. Hence UPF is used in SC test.
6. Compare UPF and LPF meters.
A circuit with UPF has equal real and apparent power so the current remains in phase with V,
i.e. purely resistive circuit in which the current lags V by an angle∅ . True power is less than
apparent power.
7. If DC supply s given to transformer what will happen to transformer?
The transformer will have no output. This is because a transformer works on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, which requires a voltage source that changes with time. Since a dc
supply is unidirectional, the transformer cannot work and secondary winding gets burned.

143
8. Define eddy current loss and hysteresis loss and how to minimize it?
Eddy current losses are caused due to conduction of core and are reduced by laminating the
core. Hysteresis loss is due to reversal of magnetization and depends on core. In general this
loss increases as frequency is increased. These losses are minimized by choosing silicon steel
material.
9. Why OC test conducted on LV side?
Generally open circuit test is performed on the low voltage side not on high voltage side.
Because on low voltage side, we can apply that low voltage very easily whereas on high
voltage side, we need a large power source in order to apply full voltage. This is because if
the measurements are made on HV side then voltage applied must be large and the current
would be unsuitably small, for which the high voltage sources may not be readily available
and at the same time the instrument ranges required should be very high, Also the result
obtained may not be accurate.
10. Why copper loss negligible in OC test?
As the Iron loss is a function of applied voltage, normal iron loss will occur. Hence the iron
loss is maximum at rated voltage. Since the secondary of the transformer is open, the primary
draws only no-load current, which will have some copper loss. This no-load current is very
small and because the copper loss in the primary is proportional to the square of this current,
it is negligible. There is no copper loss in the secondary because there is no secondary
current.
11. Why SC test conducted on HV side?
In short circuit test, the low voltage winding is short circuited and the measurements are
made on the high voltage winding side. This is because if the test is performed on the L.V
side, the current will be suitably large for which the instruments used should be of very high
ranges. Moreover instruments of such high ranges and the auto-transformer capable of
handling such high currents may not be readily available and unwanted.
In short circuit test, we will test on high voltage side by keeping Low voltage side
being short circuit because high voltage side needs less current than low voltage side.
12. Why core loss negligible in SC test?
In short circuit test we apply rated current with the LV side shorted. Because of short circuit,
the applied voltage will be very low to get rated current. Iron loss depends on the applied
voltage. So it is neglected.

144
RESULT:

Thus the efficiency and regulation of a transformer were predetermined by conducting open
circuit test and short circuit test and the equivalent circuit were drawn.
INFERENCE:
Open circuit and short circuit tests on a three-phase transformer determine its core losses,
magnetizing reactance, and impedance characteristics, crucial for efficiency estimation and
proper operation in three-phase electrical networks.

Content Max.Marks Marks

obtained
Conduction
15
of practical
Record Work 5
Viva 5
Total 25

145
146
INDIRECT QUESTIONS

1. Conduct a suitable test on the given single phase electrical machine which works on the
principle of mutual induction and determine its efficiency and regulation.
Conduct the suitable experiment on the given static single phase machine to determine the
regulation and efficiency under 1/4th, 1/2, 3/4th and full load condition.
Load test on single phase transformer

2. Conduct suitable tests to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a single phase
static machine and hence predetermine its efficiency and regulation at different loads. Also
draw the equivalent circuit.
Conduct the suitable test on the given single phase static machine to find the various circuit
parameters.
Conduct suitable test to predetermine the efficiency and regulation for a single phase static
machine at any 2 loading conditions and compare its value with load test on the same
machine.
OC and SC test on single phase transformer

3. Conduct a suitable test on the given three phase electrical machine which works on the
principle of mutual induction and determine its efficiency and regulation.
Load test on three phase transformer

4. Conduct suitable tests to determine the parameters of the equivalent circuit of a three phase
static machine and hence predetermine its efficiency and regulation at different loads. Also
draw the equivalent circuit.
OC and SC test on three phase transformer

5. Conduct the suitable experiment on the given two static single phase machine to give
efficient load sharing.
Parallel operation of two single phase transformer

6. Conduct a suitable test on the given DC generator whose field winding is excited by a
separate source and hence determine its magnetization characteristics. Ra = 1.05 ohms and Rf
= 180 ohms. From the graph, find (a) the critical field resistance (b) residual voltage and (c)
the critical speed
OCC test on separately excited DC generator

7. Conduct a suitable test on the given DC generator whose field winding is excited by a
separate source and hence determine its load characteristics. Ra = 1.05 ohms and Rf = 180
ohms.
Load test on separately excited DC generator

147
8. Conduct a suitable test on the given DC generator whose field winding is connected in
parallel with its armature winding and hence determine its magnetization characteristics. Ra =
1.05 ohms and Rsh = 180 ohms. From the graph, find (a) the critical field resistance (b)
residual voltage and (c) the critical speed.
OCC test on DC shunt generator

9. Conduct a suitable test on the given DC generator whose field winding is connected in
parallel with its armature winding and hence determine its load characteristics. Ra = 1.05
ohms and Rsh = 180 ohms.
Load test on DC shunt generator

10. Conduct a suitable test on the given DC generator whose field winding is excited such that
the terminal voltage of generator increases with load current from no load to full load and
hence determine its load characteristics. Ra = 1.9 ohms and Rse = 0.5 ohms.
Load test on DC series generator

11. Conduct load test on the DC motor in which flux is practically constant and determine its
performance characteristics.
Conduct the suitable experiment on the given DC motor which has constant speed to
determine the performance characteristics.
Load test on DC shunt motor

12. Conduct load test on the DC motor used in electric traction and determine its performance
characteristics.
Load test on DC series motor

13. Conduct load test on the DC motor used in irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy load and
determine its performance characteristics.
14. Conduct load test on the DC motor used in irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy load and
determine its performance characteristics for two different types (Flux aiding and Flux
opposition)
Load test on DC compound motor

15. Perform the test on constant speed dc machine to determine the variation in speed below the
rated value.
Speed control of DC shunt motor using armature voltage control

16. Perform the test on constant speed dc machine to determine the variation in speed above the
rated value.
Speed control of DC shunt motor using field control

148
17. Predetermine the performance characteristics of dc shunt machine when it acts as a motor. Ra
= 0.95 ohms.
Predetermine the performance characteristics of dc shunt machine when it acts as a generator.
Ra = 0.95 ohms.
Predetermine the performance characteristics of a DC motor in which flux is practically
constant and compare the results with load test on the same machine for any 3 loading
conditions.
Predetermine the performance characteristics of a DC Generator in which flux is practically
constant and compare the results with load test on the same machine for any 3 loading
conditions.
Swinburne’s test

149