Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION III

Benigno S. Aquino National High School

S.Y 2021-2022

ENGLISH 10
Third Quarter

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MODULE 1: COMPOSING AN ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
In writing an argumentative essay, claims or arguments should be developed and supported by
evidences. You cannot write an argumentative essay just by solely stating your opinion on an issue. Your
evidence can come from what you already know, from expert opinions, and from reliable sources like
books and articles. You must use facts, reasons, evidence or examples to support your claim as valid.
The argumentative essay has the following features:
1. presents and explains the issue or case through the claim or argument;
2. gives reasons and supports these reasons with facts, proof or evidences; and,
3. refutes or proves wrong the opposing arguments.

In addition, the argumentative essay has the following parts:

1. Introduction. This is where you state your claim, introduce the problem and give background
information needed for the argument and the thesis statement. The thesis statement is a short statement
summarizing the main point or claim of your essay.
2. Body. This part contains the reasons. Note that each paragraph must contain one reason and the
details supporting the stated reason or claim. The supporting details may include examples, statistics,
personal experiences or quotations. The body also contains the counterclaim. A counterclaim is an
opinion or evidence that others may bring up against your argument. The counterclaim must be accepted
and refuted.
3. Conclusion. The conclusion restates the main claim and gives one or two general statements which
exactly summarizes the arguments and support the main claim or thesis statement of your essay. You can
also end your essay with quotations or call to action. Remember to conclude with a strong statement.

Now that you know the parts and features of an argumentative essay, here are several
techniques in developing argumentative claims that can help you write an objective and logical essay.
1. Analogy. This is used in comparing two things for the purpose of explanation or clarification. It is
assumed that two things similar in one aspect are alike in another aspect. You may also use metaphors as
analogies. Here is an example.
Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you are going to get.
2. Comparison-Contrast. This technique is used to present similarities and/or differences of two major
concepts. Read the example.
The most commonly cited advantage of distance learning is the flexibility and accessibility it offers.
Rather than being required to travel to a specific location every week), students can participate from
anywhere with an internet connection. However, distance learning presents its own accessibility challenges;
not all students have a stable internet connection and a computer or other device with which to participate
in online classes, and less technologically literate students and teachers may struggle with the technical
aspects of class participation.
3. Definition. This technique makes use of meaning or several meanings to a concept that forms your
argument. For example, you want to write about prejudice about people’s colors or colorism. You may
start with:
Colorism is a form of discrimination based on a person’s skin color. People tend to favor individuals
with fair skin than those with black skin.

4. Analysis. This technique is done by taking a part from the whole and scrutinizes it to prove a point.
For example, you are to write about teenage preferences in choosing friends.
A person’s preference in choosing friends depends on the extent of belongingness one feels in the company of
peers. A girl can have more male friends than females because she may feel more comfortable with the
opposite gender. Guys may also feel the same.

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WRITTEN WORK NO 1.
Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate words that will complete the sentence. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The _____________________introduces the problem and gives background information needed for the
argument and the thesis statement.
2. The _____________________restates the main claim and gives one or two general statements which exactly
summarize/s the arguments.
3. _____________________ is the technique used to present similarities and/or
differences of two major concepts.
4. _____________________ is done by taking a part from the whole and scrutinizing it to prove a point.
5. An _____________________ aims to make the reader agree with the writer’s opinion about a controversial
issue or a debatable topic.
PERFORMANCE TASK 1.
In writing any essay, you must begin with an introduction. Your introduction must present your
thesis statement or your argumentative claim. Your claim may come from your answer to a debatable
issue or a question. To make your claim, explain your answer to the questions below. Use a separate
sheet of paper.

1: What is the greatest challenge that students face today?

Claim: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2: Has the rise of the internet given a positive or negative impact on education?
Claim: ____________________________________________________________________________________
Explanation:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

MODULE 2: USING A VARIETY OF INFORMATIVE, PERSUASIVE, AND

ARGUMENTATIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES

LESSON 1: Structures of an Informative Text

Informative text is a kind of text that offers data, definitions, and descriptions of phenomena or details
about a fact. It introduces a clearly stated topic and creates an organizational structure in which related
information is grouped logically to support the purpose of writing. It develops evidence with relevant facts,
definitions, concrete details, quotations, and examples with references. It also uses appropriate linking ideas
within and across paragraphs to smoothly and purposefully connect the controlling idea to evidence and provides
a satisfying conclusion related to the topic.
STRUCTURES OF AN INFORMATIVE ESSAY
Structure Description Examples Signal Words
Cause Names the event/ occurrence • A trouble- shooting as a result
and Effect and then tells the effects it guide for the office copy because of
has (on the events, on people, machine that outlines consequently
etc.) or the writer names the possible causes of due to
event/occurrence and then malfunctions
for this reason if…then
tells what caused it to • Warning labels naming
not only, but so
happen. possible side effects of
that therefore
using a product
this led to
thus

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Compare Describes similarities or • News articles explaining alike also as
and Contrast differences between objects, candidates’ positions on well as although
places, or events, and the issues
but just as
similar or different qualities • Sports pre- games
different from
are linked back and forth. stories about two
opposing teams in the same way
in comparison
however
likewise
nevertheless
whereas
Description Explains a topic, often in • Information sheets another
considerable detail. Often the about products for sale, described as for
text is broken into sections such as a car, appliance, example
and details that elaborate on a gadget, etc.
for instance in
it. • Articles on things to do
addition in
at a vacation destination
particular to
illustrate
Problem Presents a problem and • A newspaper outlining a a solution as
and Solution several possible solutions. current difficulty, result because
The author may also describe proposing some consequently
the pros and cons of each solutions and
however since
solution. advocating for one of
them so that therefore
• A political speech
proposing a remedy for a
troubling
situation
Sequence Constructs the information • Directions in a manual after before
in a chain, so that the writer for using an finally
can lay out steps in a process, appliance first, second,
series of events, or a • A timeline for product third following
hierarchy. development
• Recipes in conclusion
last next
preceding
previously
then

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Text structures are organizational patterns found within the text types. An author often chooses main text
structure for a piece but may incorporate several graphic organizers.

WRITTEN WORK NO. 2

Directions: Identify the structure of each paragraph if cause and effect, compare and contrast,
description, problem and solution, or sequence, and then look for the signal word/s used. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Ice-cream is a delicious frozen treat that comes in many different colors and flavors. Two of my favorite
flavors are strawberry and chocolate. Though both of these flavors are delicious, strawberry may contain
pieces of fruit while chocolate usually will not. Even though more chocolate ice-cream is sold than
strawberry, each flavor tastes great inside of a milk shake.
Structure:
Signal Words:
2. Making ice-cream is not easy. Cream and sugar have to first be mixed in a frozen container. Ingredients
may be added at this point, if desired. The mixture must be stirred and whipped until the cream and sugar
mixture is frozen. Depending on the equipment, this may take as long as an hour. After the ice- cream is
prepared, it must be kept frozen until it is ready to be enjoyed. Making ice-cream is difficult, but most
people would agree that it is worth the trouble.
Structure:
Signal Words:

PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 2

Directions: Imagine that the counselors have asked for your career profile to be kept as a resource to
be read by students interested in that career. Your profile will be an important resource because it is
more than just facts about a career. It is a lively, entertaining account that highlights your individual
attitude and point of view while presenting important information.

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Your Task!

Write an informative essay about a career in which you have an interest, ideally a career you hope to
have some day. You will present information about this career by highlighting the experiences –
perhaps a typical day on the job of an individual currently engaged in this career. Some possible subjects
for this essay include a doctor, a small business owner, a teacher, etc. While any career profile will include a
discussion of the work itself and the work environment, you should present these elements through the
individual’s perspective. Make sure to present the information of your chosen career using different
structures of an informative text and using its appropriate signal words.

Rubric for Scoring in Writing Informative Essay

Criteria 5 4 3 2
Introduction The introduction The introduction The introduction There is no clear
is inviting, states the clearly states the states the main topic introduction of the
main topic and main topic and or position, but does main topic, position
previews the
previews the not adequately or structure of the
structure of the text.
structure of the text preview the structure text.
but is not of the paper nor is it
particularly inviting particularly inviting to
to the the
reader. reader.
Focus on There is one clear, Main idea is clear Main idea is The main idea is
the topic well- focused but the supporting somewhat clear but not clear. There is
and topic. information is there is a need for a seemingly
details Main idea stands
general. more supporting random collection
out and is
supported by information. of
detailed information.
information.
Conclusion The conclusion is The conclusion is The conclusion is There is no clear
strong and leaves recognizable and recognizable, but does conclusion, the
the reader with a ties up almost all the not tie up several paper just ends.
feeling that they
loose ends. loose ends.
understand
what the writer is
“getting at”.

Grammar Writer makes no Writer makes 1-2 Writer makes 3-4 Writer makes more
and inconsistencies in inconsistencies in inconsistencies in than 4
Spelling grammar or grammar or spelling grammar or spelling inconsistencies in
spelling that
that distract the that distract the grammar or
distracts the reader
from the content. reader from the reader from the spelling that
content. content. distracts the reader
from
the content.

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MODULE 2 LESSON 2: PERSUASIVE WRITING TECHNIQUES
• Persuasion is a technique that is used to present ideas in order to influence the audience or to convince
them to perform a certain action.
• A persuasive text is any text where the main purpose is to convince, motivate, or move readers toward a
certain point of view or opinion. A persuasive text can be an argument, exposition, discussion, review or
even an advertisement.

PARTS OF A PERSUASIVE ESSAY

1. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
Your introductory paragraph should have the following parts:
• Catchy Hook
The introductory paragraph should have a strong “hook” that grabs
the reader’s attention. Open with an unusual fact or statistics, a question or
quotation, or an emphatic statement. For example:
“We have all felt the devastating effects of the coronavirus disease

pandemic (COVID-19) on our families and communities.”

*In the example above, the writer used an emphatic statement or an appeal to
emotion as the catchy hook.
• Background information/Definitions
Familiarize your reader with the content of your persuasive essay by
giving context to your argument/subject. You can also define terms that the
reader might find usual/unfamiliar. For example:
“It is clear that this pandemic has led to a near total disturbance of our social
system. Global economics have been all but paralyzed. Under these circumstances, one can
imagine the psychological toll is significant.”

“The 2019 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease

2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-
2).”

• Thesis Statement
It is a clear, concise statement of your main argument/s; the overall idea
you will be arguing. Your thesis will also serve as a roadmap for the rest of your
essay, giving the reader a general idea of the path, your argument will follow.
For example:
“Although the Covid-19 pandemic has indeed presented us with
numerous vulnerabilities especially those that concern our health, this pandemic also
taught us important lessons like having a renewed value of taking care of ourselves
and of each other, finding ways on how to fight emotional distress and mental illness
and appreciating the healthcare workers and their well-being.
*The three highlighted phrases would be the content of the body paragraphs.

2. BODY PARAGRAPH
Your body paragraph should consist of:
• Topic sentence
The topic sentence reflects the main idea of the paragraph and it links
back to support the thesis statement. For example:
“The COVID-19 pandemic can be overwhelming due to new information and
constant worrying about our family and our own well-being; that is why it’s important to
take care of ourselves and of others in order not to feel stressed in these uncertain times.”

• Evidences
These are the information from a reliable outside source (not your own
opinion) that supports the main idea of the paragraph. For example:
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“The World Health Organization (WHO) has already provided a public advice on
how to protect ourselves and others from the spread of COVID-19. Some of these include
regularly and thoroughly cleaning of hands with an alcohol-based hand rub or wash them
with soap and water, wearing of masks and maintaining at least 1 meter (3 feet) distance
between yourself and others, avoiding going to crowded places, and many more.

• Analysis
This shows how your evidence support and build your argument. For
example:
“If we are not going to follow these physical safety precautions, we are
not only putting ourselves in danger but also risking the lives of other people.”
*Remember that the number of your body paragraph depends on the reasons
you have included in your thesis statement. Our example above is only one body
paragraph for the first reason of our thesis statement.
3. CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
In your concluding paragraph, you will summarize the main points by restating
and reinforcing the thesis statements and supporting evidences. You can also
include a call to action in which you will write what you want your
audience/readers to believe and to do. For example:
“The COVID-19 pandemic has truly devastated so many and so much. But if we
choose to learn from this experience and apply the necessary precautions like taking care
of ourselves as well as other people, finding ways to overcome mental health problems and
showing our appreciation to our healthcare workers, it will have a transformative and long-
lasting positive effect not just to each one of us but also to our healthcare system.”

Techniques in Persuasion
Aristotle's "modes for persuasion" - otherwise known as rhetorical appeals - are
known by the names of ethos, pathos, and logos. They are means of persuading others
to believe a particular point of view. They are often used in speech writing and
advertising to sway the audience.

1. Pathos: The Appeal to Emotion

Imagine that you are sitting in a restaurant, waiting to order breakfast. The
server tells you there is a shortage of menus and hands you a slip of paper that looks
like the following list in Menu 1. Your friend, however, received Menu 2:
MENU 1 MENU 2
Choice of Orange Juice or Choice of chilled glass of freshly squeezed
Strawberries orange juice or plump, ripe strawberries
Choice of omelet made from farm fresh
Choice of Omelet or Waffle eggs or thick, crispy waffle, served with
our own special syrup
Choice of Bacon or Sausage Choice of crispy bacon or sizzling sausage
Choice of hot, buttered toast or
Choice of Toast of Rolls
home-baked rolls, fresh from oven
Which menu makes the food more appealing?
The first one gives the facts, but the second one attempts to persuade the
reader that the food is delicious. The creator of the second menu does not want you to
just think about the food; He wants you to feel as though you can taste it. This strategy
of persuasion is what we called Pathos or Appeal toEmotion.

Pathos is a persuasive strategy that plays on audience or reader’s emotions to

influence the acceptance of your argument. When using this strategy, you want your
audience to feel a certain way. Look at the following examples:
❖ "There's no price that can be placed on peace of mind. Our advanced

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security systems will protect the well-being of your family so that you can
sleep soundly at night."
❖ "You will never be satisfied in life if you don't seize this opportunity. Do you
want to live the rest of your years yearning to know what would have
happened if you just jumped when you had the chance?
❖ "Better men than us have fought and died to preserve this great nation. Now is
our turn to return the favor. For God and country, gentlemen!"
Note: The highlighted words were used to make the statement persuasive using
Appeal to Emotion or Pathos.
2. Logos: The Appeal to Reason

Fifteen-year-old Anna Ortega wanted to increase her allowance. Before she talked
to her parents, however, she thought of some reasons why she needed extra money.
For example, she had more expenses now that she was in high school; her lunch cost
more; she had to pay for her school project; and she had to pay to ride in a tricycle. Anna
also reminded her parents that during the past year she had taken on more
responsibility at home.
Anna used these reasons to persuade her parents to raise her allowance, but she could
have tried other ways – appealing to their emotions (“If you love me, you’ll raise my allowance!”)
However, she decided to use an appeal to reason. This strategy of persuasion is what we called
Logos or Appeal to Logic/Reason.
Logos is a way of persuading an audience with reason, using facts and figures.

The following are examples of Logos:

❖ "History has shown time and again that absolute power corrupts
absolutely."
❖ "It's a matter of common sense that people deserve to be treated equally.
The Constitution calls it 'self-evident.' Why, then, should I have been denied a
seat because of my disability?"

3. Ethos: The Appeal to Authority

You attended a public speaking ceremony and you have observed that there’s a
lot of people who attended the event. You yourself decided to attend because you
learned that the speaker has achieved so many accomplishments and has already
inspired and influenced people from around the world. You were convinced that you
will learn something from the speaker because of his awards and achievement. This
strategy of persuasion is what we called Ethos or Appeal to Authority.
Ethos is a persuasive strategy used to convince an audience based on the
author’s credibility or character. An author would use ethos to show to his audience
that he is a credible source and is worth listening to. The following are examples of
Ethos:
❖ "My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment
to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the
aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate as
your mayor."
❖ "If my age doesn't convince you that I know what I'm talking about, at least
consider that I am your grandfather and I only want the best for you."

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WRITTEN WORK NO. 3
DIRECTIONS: Complete the diagram with the correct answer from the choices in the
box. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

1. Pathos is also called Appeal to .

2. Examples of pathos can be seen in language that draws out
from the audience.
3. Example of Pathos -
4. Logos is also called Appeal to .
5. The use of logos provides audience with .
6. Example of Logos -
7. Ethos is also called Appeal to .
8. Ethos is the establishment of the writer’s or speaker’s as s/he
speaks or writes.
9. Example of Ethos -

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PERFORMANCE TASK NO. 3
DIRECTIONS: Complete the graphic organizer to make your own persuasive essay. You can choose whatever
topic you want to write about. Just always remember that the goal of your persuasive text is to convince

Paragraph # 1 – Introduction

people about your opinion. Refer to the scoring rubric

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