PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES OF
SOLUTION
Identify the
following
statements if it
describes a
solution or not
TRUE or FALSE
The distribution
of particles in a
solution is
uniform
TRUE or FALSE
The
components of
a solution
separate on
standing.
TRUE or FALSE
A solution
cannot be
separated into
its components
by filtration
TRUE or FALSE
For any given
solute and solvent,
it is possible to
make solutions of
many different
compositions
TRUE or FALSE
Solutions are
not
transparent
TRUE or FALSE
Solutions
cannot be
separated into
pure
components
TRUE or FALSE
Solubility
- maximum amount of the solid that will
dissolve in a given amount of a particular
solvent at a given temperature
Factors Affecting Solubility
⬢ Nature of the Solvent and the Solute
⬢ Temperature
⬢ Pressure
⬢ Surface Area
⬢ Stirring

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“
Like Dissolves Like

NATURE OF THE SOLVENT/SOLUTE

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Temperature
⬢ Solids and Liquids
-Increases with increasing
Temperature
⬢ Gases
-Decreases with increasing
Temperature

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Pressure
⬢ Applicable only to gases
⬢ Henry’s law
- The solubility of a gas in a liquid is
directly proportional to the pressure

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Preparation of Solutions

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Concentration
- Amount of Solute present in a given
amount of Solvent
Percent
Concentration
The percent by
mass(w/w) is a unitless
number because it is a
ratio of two similar
quantities.
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Percent
Concentration
The percent by Volume
is a unitless number
because it is a ratio of
two similar quantities.

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Parts per
Million
Similar to % by Volume Parts per Million (ppm) =
or Mass,
1M

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Mass Fraction
The mole fraction is also
unitless, because it too is
a ratio of two similar
quantities
Mass fraction=mass
solute/mass solution

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
A sample of 0.892 g of
potassium chloride (KCl) is
dissolved in 54.6 g of water.
What is the percent by mass,
mass fraction, and ppm of KCl
in the solution?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
Calculate the percent by
mass of the solute in each of
the following aqueous
solutions: (a) 5.50 g of NaBr in
78.2 g of solution, (b) 31.0 g of
KCl in 152 g of water, (c) 4.5 g
of toluene in 29 g of benzene

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
A bottle of gin is 80 proof.
What is the percentage of
alcohol in this bottle of gin?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
What is the volume of
alcohol in 500 ml of wine
which contains 12% alcohol
by volume? What is its proof
number?

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Molarity (M)

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Molality (m)

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
A commercial liquid laundry
bleach is prepared by
dissolving 5.25 g of sodium
hypochlorite (NaClO) in water
and diluting it to a final
volume of 100 mL solution.
What is the molarity of the
resulting solution?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
The amount 326 g of C6H6 is
dissolved in 820 g of acetone.
What is the molality?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
What mass of glucose must
dissolve in 400 g of ethanol
to make a 1.6m solution?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
Calculate the molality and
molarity of a sulfuric acid
solution containing 24.4 g of
sulfuric acid in 198 g of water.
The molar mass of sulfuric
acid is 98.09 . Density of the
solution is 1.8 g/ml.

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Stoichiometry Involving
Solutions/Application
TITRATION
⬢ Titration is the slow addition of one solution of a known
concentration (called titrant) to a known volume of another
solution of unknown concentration until the reaction
reaches neutralization, which is often indicated by a color
change.
Titration Set-up

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Preparation of Solutions

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Preparation of Solution of Known
Concentration
1. Identify the concentration to be prepared
2. Calculate the mass of the solute
3. Weigh the mass of the solute
4. .

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Instructions:
1. With the given amount of solute, calculate
the molarity of the solution. Show your
complete solution.
2. Prepare the solution using the appropriate
glassware.
-dilute the solute before transferring to the
vol. flask
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DILUTION
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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
Describe how you would
prepare 250 ml of a 0.25 M
NaCl solution, starting with a
1 M stock solution of NaCl .

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
“
Describe how you would
prepare 5.00 x 10^2 mL of a
1.75 M H 2 SO 4 solution,
starting with an 8.61 M stock
solution of H 2 SO 4 .

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Stoichiometry
Involving Solutions
“
⬢ What volume is needed
to prepare a 500 ml of
0.75M solution of HCl
starting from 3M HCl
solution?

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What volume (in L) of 0.500 M sodium sulfate
will react with 275 mL of 0.250 M barium
chloride to completely precipitate all Ba2+ in
the solution?

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Sample Problem
What volume of 0.300M NaOH is required to react
completely with 2.50 g Al(NO3)3.
What mass of Al(OH)3 is produced from 25 mL
1.0M Al(NO3)3

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Sample Problem
Lead (II) nitrate and sodium chloride react to form sodium nitrate and the
insoluble compound, lead (II) chloride, What volume will be needed if
0.123 L of a 1.00 M solution of NaCl will be mixed with 1.50 M solution of
Pb(NO3)2 to completely precipitate the Pb2+ Ions

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What volume of 0.234 M lithium hydroxide will
completely react with 0.250 L of 0.173 M of
sulfuric acid solution?

H2SO4 + 2 LiOH → Li2SO4 + 2 H2O

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Activity 2
1. What volume (in L) of 0.800 M sodium sulfate will react
with 300 mL of 0.250 M barium chloride to completely
precipitate all Ba2+Ba2+ in the solution?
⬢ Na2SO4(aq)+BaCl2(aq)⟶BaSO4(s)+2NaCl(aq)

2. HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2
a) When you use 25 ml. of 4.0 M HCl to produce H2 gas,
how many grams of zinc does it react with?
b) What volume of H2 gas is produced at STP?

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Activity 2
3. How much 0.20 M H3PO4 is needed to react with 100 ml. of 0.10 M
NaOH?
H3PO4 + NaOH Na3PO4 + H2O

4.How many liters of 0.80 M HCl would be needed to dissolve a CaCO3 pearl
which weighs 4.0 grams?
CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

5. Calculate the molality of each of the following solutions: (a) 14.3 g of

sucrose (C12H22O11) in 676 g of water, (b) 7.20 moles of ethylene glycol
(C2H6O2) in 3546 g of water.
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Activity 2
6. Calculate the number of moles of NaCl in water having a 2 Liters of 5.25
M concentration.

7. The mass 23 g of ethyl alcohol (46 g/mol) is dissolved in 54 g of water

(18g/mol). Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol and water in the
solution.

8. What volume of water must be added to 325 g chromium (III) carbonate to

make a 0.9 M solution?

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Activity 2
9. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) in 200 mL
of water. If the molar mass of glucose is 180 g/mol, what is the mole fraction
of glucose in the solution?

10. You have a stock solution of 2.0 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). If you want to
prepare 1.0 L of a 0.2 M HCl solution, how much of the stock solution do you
need to dilute?

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