 Mathema cs:

1. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:

Sets and their representa on
Union, intersec on and complement of sets and their algebraic proper es
Power set
Rela ons, type of rela ons, equivalence rela ons
func ons; one-one, into and onto func ons, the composi on of func ons.

2. COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
Representa on of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their
representa on in a plane
Argand diagram
Algebra of complex numbers
modulus and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number
Quadra c equa ons in real and complex number systems and their solu ons
Rela ons between roots and coefficients, nature of roots
the forma on of quadra c equa ons with given roots

3. MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants and matrices of
order two and three, evalua on of determinants, area of triangles using
determinants
Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix
Test of consistency and solu on of simultaneous linear equa ons in two or
three variables using matrices.

4. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:

The fundamental principle of coun ng, permuta ons and combina ons
Meaning of P(n, r) and C(n, r). Simple applica ons

5. BINOMIAL THEOREM AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS:

Binomial theorem for a posi ve integral index, general term and middle term
and simple applica ons.

6. SEQUENCE AND SERIES:

Arithme c and Geometric progressions
Inser on of arithme c, geometric means between two given numbers
Rela on between A.M and G.M.

7. LIMIT, CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY:

Real–valued func ons, algebra of func ons
Polynomial, ra onal, trigonometric, logarithmic and exponen al func ons &
inverse func ons.
Graphs of simple func ons.
Limits, con nuity and differen ability.
Differen a on of the sum, difference, product and quo ent of two func ons.
Differen a on of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic,
exponen al, composite and implicit func ons
Deriva ves of order up to two, Applica ons of deriva ves:
-Rate of change of quan es
-Monotonic-Increasing and decreasing func ons
-Maxima and minima of func ons of one variable.

8. INTEGRAL CALCULAS:
Integral as an an -deriva ve
Fundamental integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponen al and
logarithmic func ons.
Integra on by subs tu on, by parts and by par al frac ons.
Integra on using trigonometric iden es.
Evalua on of simple integrals of the type

The fundamental theorem of calculus

proper es of definite integrals.
Evalua on of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by
simple curves by simple curves in standard forms.

9. DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS:
Ordinary differen al equa ons, their order and degree
The solu on of differen al equa on by the method of separa on of variables
Solu on of a homogeneous and linear differen al equa on of the type

10.CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY:
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane
distance formula
sec ons formula
locus and its equa on
the slope of a line
parallel and perpendicular lines
intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis
Straight line:
-Various forms of equa ons of a line
-Intersec on of lines
-Angles between two lines
-Condi ons for concurrence of three lines
-The distance of a point form a line
-Co-ordinate of the centroid
-Orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle
-Circle
Conic sec ons:
-A standard form of equa ons of a circle
-The general form of the equa on of a circle, its radius and centre
-Equa on of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given
-Points of intersec on of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and
sec ons of conics
-Equa ons of conic sec ons (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard
forms.

11.THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY:
Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, sec on formula,
Direc on ra os and direc on cosines and the angle between two intersec ng lines.
Equa on of a line
Skew lines
the shortest distance between them and its equa on.

12.VECTOR ALGEBRA:
Vectors and scalars
The addi on of vectors
Components of a vector in two dimensions and three-dimensional spaces
Scalar and vector products

13.STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY:

Measures of dispersion
Calcula on of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data
Calcula on of standard devia on
Variance and mean devia on for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability:
-Probability of an event
-Addi on and mul plica on theorems of probability
-Baye's theorem
-Probability distribu on of a random variable.

14.TRIGONOMETRY:
Trigonometrical iden es and trigonometrical func ons inverse
trigonometrical func ons their proper es.
 Physics:
1. UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS:
Units of measurements
System of units
SI Units & Fundamental and derived units
Least count
Significant figures
Errors in measurements.
Dimensions of Physics quan es, dimensional analysis and its applica ons.

2. KINEMATICS:
The frame of reference
Mo on in a straight line
Speed and velocity
Uniform and non-uniform mo on
Average speed and instantaneous velocity
Uniformly accelerated mo on
Velocity- me & Posi on- me graph
Rela ons for uniformly accelerated mo on
Rela ve velocity
Mo on in a plane
Projec le mo on
Uniform circular mo on.

3. LAWS OF MOTION:
Force and iner a
Newton’s first law of mo on
Newton’s second Law of mo on
Newton’s third Law of mo on
Momentum & Impulse
Law of conserva on of linear momentum and its applica ons equilibrium of
concurrent forces
Sta c and Kine c fric on, laws of fric on, rolling fric on
Dynamics of uniform circular mo on, centripetal force and its applica ons:
-Vehicle on a level circular road
-Vehicle on a banked road.

4. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER:

Work done by a constant force and a variable force
Kine c and poten al energies
Work-energy theorem
Power
The poten al energy of a spring
Conserva on of mechanical energy
Conserva ve and non- conserva ve forces
Mo on in a ver cal circle
Elas c and inelas c collisions in one and two dimensions.

5. ROTATIONAL MOTION:
Centre of mass of a two-par cle system
Centre of mass of a rigid body
Basic concepts of rota onal mo on
Moment of a force
Torque
angular momentum & conserva on of angular momentum and its applica ons.
The moment of iner a
The radius of gyra on
Values of moments of iner a for simple geometrical objects
Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applica ons
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rota on and equa ons of rota onal mo on
Comparison of linear and rota onal mo ons.

6. GRAVITATION:
The universal law of gravita on
Accelera on due to gravity and its varia on with al tude and depth.
Kepler’s law of planetary mo on
Gravita onal poten al energy
Gravita onal poten al
Escape velocity
Mo on of a satellite
Orbital velocity
Time period and energy of satellite.

7. PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS:

Elas c behaviour
Stress-strain rela onship
Hooke's Law
Young's modulus
Bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity
Pressure due to a fluid column
Pascal's law and its applica ons
Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
Viscosity
Stoke’s law
Terminal velocity
Streamline and turbulent flow, cri cal velocity
Bernoulli's principle and its applica ons
Surface energy and surface tension
angle of contact
Excess of pressure across a curved surface
Applica on of surface tension:
-drops
-bubbles
-capillary rise
Heat
Temperature
Thermal expansion
Specific heat capacity
Calorimetry
Change of state
Latent heat
Heat transfer:
-conduc on
-convec on
-radia on.

8. THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermal equilibrium and the concept of temperature
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
Heat, work and internal energy
The first law of thermodynamics
Isothermal and adiaba c processes
The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes

9. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES:

Equa on of state of a perfect gas
Work done on compressing a gas
Kine c theory of gases: assump ons
The concept of pressure
Kine c interpreta on of temperature
RMS speed of gas molecules
Degrees of freedom
Law of equipar on of energy and applica ons to specific heat capaci es of
gases
Mean free path
Avogadro's number
10.OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES:
Oscilla ons and periodic mo on:
- me period
-frequency
-displacement as a func on of me
-periodic func ons
Simple harmonic mo on (S.H.M.) and its equa on
Phase
Oscilla ons of a spring:
-restoring force and force constant
-energy in S.H.M.: kine c and poten al energies
simple pendulum: deriva on of expression for its me period
Wave mo on
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Speed of the travelling wave
Displacement rela on for a progressive wave
Principle of superposi on of waves
Reflec on of waves
Standing waves in strings and organ pipes
Fundamental mode and harmonics
Beats

11.ELECTROSTATICS:
Electric charges: conserva on of charge
Coulomb's law forces between two-point charges
forces between mul ple charges
superposi on principle and con nuous charge distribu on
Electric field:
-electric field due to a point charge
-electric field lines electric dipole
-electric field due to a dipole
-torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field
Electric flux
Gauss's law and its applica ons to find field due to infinitely long uniformly
charged straight wire
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric poten al and its calcula on for a point charge
Electric dipole and system of charges
Poten al difference
Equipoten al surfaces
Electrical poten al energy of a system of two-point charges and of electric dipole
in an electrosta c field
Conductors and insulators
Dielectrics and electric polariza on
Capacitors and capacitance
The combina on of capacitors in series and parallel and capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
Energy stored in a capacitor

12.CURRENT ELECTRICITY:
Electric current:
-dri velocity
-mobility and their rela on with electric current
Ohm's law
Electrical resistance
I-V characteris cs of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Electrical energy and power
Electrical resis vity and conduc vity
Series and parallel combina ons of resistors
Temperature dependence of resistance
Internal resistance
Poten al difference and emf of a cell
A combina on of cells in series and parallel
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applica ons
Wheatstone bridge
Metre Bridge

13.MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM:

Biot-
Savart law and its applica on to the current carrying circular loop
Ampere's law and its applica ons to infinitely long current carrying straight wire
and solenoid
Force on a moving charge in uniform magne c and electric fields
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magne c field
The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-defini on of ampere
Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magne c field:
-Moving coil galvanometer
-Its sensi vity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
Current loop as a magne c dipole and its magne c dipole moment
bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
Magne c field lines
Magne c field due to a magne c dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis
Torque on a magne c dipole in a uniform magne c field
Para, Dia- and ferromagne c substances with examples
The effect of temperature on magne c proper es
14.ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS:
Electromagne c induc on:
-Faraday's law
Induced emf and current
Lenz’s law
Eddy currents
Self and mutual inductance
Alterna ng currents
Peak and RMS value of alterna ng current/voltage
Reactance and impedance
LCR series circuit
Resonance
Power in AC circuits
Wa less current
AC generator and
Transformer

15.ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES:
Displacement current
Electromagne c waves and their characteris cs
Transverse nature of electromagne c waves
Electromagne c spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet,
X-rays, Gamma rays)
Applica ons of electromagne c waves

16.OPTICS:
Reflec on of light
Spherical mirrors
Mirror formula
Refrac on of light at plane and spherical surfaces
Thin lens formula and lens maker formula
Total internal reflec on and its applica ons
Magnifica on
Power of a lens
Combina on of thin lenses in contact
Refrac on of light through a prism
Microscope and astronomical telescope (reflec ng and refrac ng) and their
magnifying powers
Wave op cs:
-wavefront and Huygens Principle, laws of reflec on and refrac on using Huygens
principle.
Interference:
-Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
-coherent sources and sustained interference of light
Diffrac on due to a single slit, width of central maximum
Polariza on:
-plane-polarized light
-Brewster's law
-uses of plane- polarized light and Polaroid

17.DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION:

Dual nature of radia on
Photoelectric effect
Hertz and Lenard's observa ons
Einstein's photoelectric equa on
Par cle nature of light
Ma er waves: wave nature of par cle
De- Broglie rela on.

18.: ATOMS AND NUCLEI:

Alpha-par cle sca ering experiment
Rutherford's model of atom
Bohr model
Energy levels
Hydrogen spectrum
Composi on and size of nucleus
Atomic masses
Mass-energy rela on
Mass defect
Binding energy per nucleon and its varia on with mass number
Nuclear fission and fusion

19.ELECTRONIC DEVICES:
Semiconductors
Semiconductor diode:
-I-V characteris cs in forward and reverse bias
-Diode as a rec fier
-I-V characteris cs of LED
The photodiode
Solar cell
Zener diode
Zener diode as a voltage regulator
Logic gates: (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).
20.EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS:
Familiarity with the basic approach and observa ons of the experiments and
ac vi es:
1. Vernier calipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and
depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple pendulum-dissipa on of energy by plo ng a graph between the square
of amplitude and me.
4. Metre scale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elas city of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents
7. Co-efficient of viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal
velocity of a given spherical body.
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube, 9. Specific
heat capacity of a given
(i) solid(ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resis vity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflec on method.
13. The focal length of (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror and (iii)Convex lens,
using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of devia on vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
15. The refrac ve index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
16. Characteris c curves of a p-n junc on diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteris c curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
18. Iden fica on of diode, LED, resistor, a capacitor from a mixed collec on of
such items
 Chemistry:
 Physical Chemistry:
1. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY:
Ma er and its nature
Dalton's atomic theory
Concept of atom, molecule, element and compound
Laws of chemical combina on
Atomic and molecular masses
mole concept
molar mass
percentage composi on
empirical and molecular formulae
Chemical equa ons and stoichiometry

2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE:
Nature of electromagne c radia on
Photoelectric effect
Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
Bohr model of a hydrogen atom-its postulates, deriva on of the rela ons for the
energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
Limita ons of Bohr's model, dual nature of ma er
De Broglie's rela onship
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics
The quantum mechanical model of the atom and its important features
Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave func ons
Varia on of Φ and Φ2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals
Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum and magne c quantum
numbers) and their significance
Shapes of s, p and d – orbitals
Electron spin and spin quantum number
Rules for filling electrons in orbitals –
-Au au principle
-Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule
-Electronic configura on of elements and extra stability of half-filled and
completely filled orbitals.

3. CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE:

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond forma on
The concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding:
-Forma on of ionic bonds
-Factors affec ng the forma on of ionic bonds
-Calcula on of la ce enthalpy
Covalent Bonding:
-Concept of electronega vity
-Fajan’s rule
-dipole moment
-Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple
molecules
-Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding
-Valence bond theory-its important features
-the concept of hybridiza on involving s, p and d orbitals
Resonance
Molecular Orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs
Types of molecular orbitals (bonding, an -bonding) sigma and pi-bonds,
molecular orbital electronic configura ons of homonuclear di atomic molecules
The concept of bond order, bond length and bond energy
Elementary idea of metallic bonding
Hydrogen bonding and its applica ons

4. CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS:
Fundamentals of thermodynamics:
-System and surroundings
-Extensive and intensive proper es
State func ons
Entropy
Types of processes
The first law of thermodynamics
-Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy
heat capacity
molar heat capacity
Hess’s law of constant heat summa on
Enthalpies of bond dissocia on, combus on, forma on, atomiza on,
sublima on, phase transi on, hydra on, ioniza on and solu on.
The second law of thermodynamics –
-Spontaneity of processes
-ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity
ΔG°(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

5. SOLUTIONS:
Different methods for expressing the concentra on of solu on –
-molality
-molarity
-mole frac on
-percentage (by volume and mass both
-The vapour pressure of solu ons and Raoult's Law-
Ideal and non-ideal solu ons
Vapour pressure – Composi on, plots for ideal and non- ideal solu ons
Colliga ve proper es of dilute solu ons - a rela ve lowering of vapour pressure
Depression of freezing point
The eleva on of boiling point and osmo c pressure
Determina on of molecular mass using colliga ve proper es
Abnormal value of molar mass
Van’t Hoff factor and its significance

6. EQUILIBRIUM:
Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas and solid-
gas equilibria, Henry's law.
General characteris cs of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibrium involving chemical processes:
-Law of chemical equilibrium
-Equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and their significance
the significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium
Factors affec ng equilibrium concentra on-pressure, temperature, the effect of
catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium:
Weak and strong electrolytes
Ioniza on of electrolytes
Various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and
their ioniza on
Acid-base equilibria (including mul stage ioniza on) and ioniza on constants
Ioniza on of water
pH scale
Common ion effect
Hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solu ons
The solubility of sparingly soluble salts
Solubility products and buffer solu ons

7. REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY:

Electronic concepts of oxida on and reduc on
Redox reac ons
Oxida on number
Rules for assigning oxida on number and balancing of redox reac ons
Electroly c and metallic conduc on
Conductance in electroly c solu ons
Molar conduc vi es and their varia on with concentra on
Kohlrausch’s law and its applica ons
Electrochemical cells - Electroly c and Galvanic cells
Different types of electrodes
Electrode poten als including standard electrode poten al
Half-cell and cell reac ons
Emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement
Nernst equa on and its applica ons
Rela onship between cell poten al and Gibbs' energy change
Dry cell and lead accumulator
Fuel cells

8. CHEMICAL KINETICS:
Rate of a chemical reac on
Factors affec ng the rate of reac ons:
-Concentra on
Temperature
Pressure and catalyst
Elementary and complex reac ons
Order and molecularity of reac ons
Rate law,
Rate constant and its units
Differen al and integral forms of zero and first-order reac ons their
characteris cs and half-lives
The effect of temperature on the rate of reac ons
Arrhenius theory
Ac va on energy and its calcula on
Collision theory of bi-molecular gaseous reac ons (no deriva on)

 Inorganic Chemistry:

9. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES:

Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table
S, P. D and F block elements
Periodic trends in proper es of elements atomic and ionic radii
Ioniza on enthalpy
Electron gain enthalpy
Valence
Oxida on states and chemical reac vity

10.p- BLOCK ELEMENTS:

Group -13 to Group 18 Elements General Introduc on: Electronic configura on &
general trends in physical & chemical proper es of elements across the periods &
down the groups & unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
11.d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS:
Transi on Elements - General introduc on
Electronic configura on
Occurrence and characteris cs
General trends in proper es of the first-row transi on elements –
-physical proper es
-Ioniza on enthalpy
Oxida on states
Atomic radii
Colour
Cataly c behaviour
Magne c proper es
Complex forma on
Inters al compounds
Alloy forma on
Prepara on
Proper es and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4
Inner Transi on Elements Lanthanoids –
-Electronic configura on, oxida on states
-Lanthanoid contrac on
Ac noids
-Electronic configura on
-Oxida on states
12.COORDINATION COMPOUNDS:
Introduc on to coordina on compounds.
Werner's theory, ligands
Coordina on number
Den city
Chela on
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordina on compounds
Isomerism
Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory
Colour and magne c proper es
Importance of coordina on compounds (in qualita ve analysis, extrac on of
metals and in biological systems)
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

13.PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:

Purifica on - Crystalliza on, sublima on, dis lla on, differen al extrac on and
chromatography-principles and their applica ons.
Qualita ve analysis - Detec on of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quan ta ve analysis (basic principles only) - Es ma on of carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and phosphorus. Calcula ons of empirical formulae
and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quan ta ve analysis

14.SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

Tetravalency of carbon
Shapes of simple hybridiza on (s and p): classifica on of organic compounds
based on func onal groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and
sulphur
Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism. Nomenclature
(Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homoly c and heteroly c, free radicals, carboca ons and
carbanions, stability of carboca ons and free radicals, electrophiles and
nucleophiles
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Induc ve effect, electromeric effect,
resonance and hyperconjuga on.
Common types of organic reac ons- Subs tu on, addi on, elimina on and
rearrangement.

15.HYDROCARBONS:
Classifica on
Isomerism
IUPAC nomenclature
General methods of prepara on
Proper es and reac ons
Alkanes - Conforma ons: Sawhorse and Newman projec ons (of ethane),
mechanism of halogena on of alkanes
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addi on, addi on
of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide
effect), Ozonolysis and polymeriza on
Alkynes - Acidic character, addi on of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen
halides, polymeriza on
Aroma c hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aroma city,
mechanism of electrophilic subs tu on, halogena on, nitra on. Friedel-Cra 's
alkyla on and acyla on, direc ve influence of the func onal group in mono-
subs tuted benzene.

16.ORGANIC COMPUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS:

General methods of prepara on
Proper es and reac ons
Nature of C-X bond
Mechanisms of subs tu on reac ons
Uses of environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
17.ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN:
General methods of prepara on, proper es, reac ons and uses.
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Iden fica on of primary, secondary and ter ary alcohols, mechanism of
dehydra on.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic subs tu on reac ons, halogena on,
nitra on and sulphona on, Reimer - Tiemann reac on.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addi on to >C=O
group, rela ve reac vi es of aldehydes and ketones, important reac ons such as
- Nucleophilic addi on reac ons (addi on of HCN, NH3 and its deriva ves),
Grignard reagent, oxida on, reduc on (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), the
acidity of -hydrogen
Aldol condensa on, Cannizzaro reac on, Halo form reac on, chemical tests to
dis nguish between aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affec ng it.

18.ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN:

General methods of prepara on, proper es, reac ons and uses
Amines: Nomenclature, classifica on, structure, basic character and iden fica on
of primary
Secondary and ter ary amines and their basic character
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthe c organic chemistry

19.BIOMOLECULES:
General introduc on and importance of biomolecules
CARBOHYDRATES – Classifica on, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose
and fructose) and cons tuent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose,
lactose and maltose
PROTEINS - Elementary idea of -amino acids, pep de bond, polypep des,
proteins: primary, secondary, ter ary and quaternary structure (qualita ve idea
only), denatura on of proteins, enzymes
VITAMINS – Classifica on and func ons
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical cons tu on of DNA and RNA, biological func ons of
nucleic acids
Hormones (General introduc on)

20.PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY:

Detec on of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compound
The chemistry involved in the trimetric exercises – acids, bases and the use of
indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
Chemical principles involved in the qualita ve salt analysis: Ca ons – Pb2+, Cu 2+,
Al3+, Fe 3+, Zn 2+, Ni2+, Ca 2+, Ba 2+, Mg 2+, NH4+ Anions- CO3 2− , S 2-, SO4 2− , NO3-,
NO2 -, Cl -, Br -, I - (Insoluble salts excluded). Chemical principles involved in the
following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solu on of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutraliza on of strong acid and strong base
3. Prepara on of lyophilic and lyophobic sols
4. Kine c study of the reac on of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room
temperature.ds, detec on of the following func onal groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic
and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino groups in
organic compounds
 The chemistry involved in the prepara on of the following:
Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform