Mathematics

1. Sets, Relations and Functions

Sets and their representation: Union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic
properties; Power set; Relation, Type of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into
and onto functions, the composition of functions.

2. Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a +
ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex number, modulus and
argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a complex number, triangle
inequality, Quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions Relations
between roots and coefficient, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given
roots.

3. Permutations and Combinations

The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as
section, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r), simple applications.

4. Mathematical Inductions
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.

5. Binomial Theorem and it's Simple Applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, properties of
Binomial coefficients and simple applications.

6. Sequence and Series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two
given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M sum up to n terms of special series; Sn, Sn2,
Sn3. Arithmetico-Geometric progression.

7. Co-ordinate Geometry
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula, locus
and its equation, translation of axes, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines,
intercepts of a line on the co-ordinate axis.

 Straight line
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines,
conditions for concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, equations of
internal and external by sectors of angles between two lines coordinate of the centroid,
orthocentre and circumcentre of a triangle, equation of the family of lines passing through
the point of intersection of two lines
 Circle, conic sections
A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle, its
radius and central, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given,
points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and condition for a
line to be tangent to a circle, equation of the tangent, sections of conics, equations of
conic sections (parabola, ellipse and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for Y = mx
+c to be a tangent and point (s) of tangency.
8. Three Dimensional Geometry
Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula, directions
ratios and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest
distance between them and its equation. Equations of a line and a plane in different forms, the
intersection of a line and a plane, coplanar lines.

9. Statistics and Probability

Measures of discretion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data
calculation of standard deviation, variance and mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's
theorem, probability distribution of a random variate, Bernoulli trials and binomial distribution.

10. Trigonometry
Trigonometrical identities and equations, trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical
functions and their properties, heights and distance

11. Mathematical Reasoning

Statement logical operations and, or, implies, implied by, if and only if, understanding of
tautology, contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

12. Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and
three-dimensional space, scalar and vector products, scalar and vector triple product.

13. Differential Equations

Ordinary differential equations, their order and degree, the formation of differential equations,

homogeneous and linear differential equation of the type 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)

solution of differential equation by the method of separation of variables, solution of a

14. Integral Calculus

Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental Integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution, by parts and by partial

𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ,∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+

functions. Integration using trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫

𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ∫ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥

Integral as limit of a sum. The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals.
Evaluation of definite integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in
standard form.

15. Limits, Continuity and Differentiability

Real – valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic
and exponential functions, inverse function. Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity and
differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions.
Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and
implicit functions; derivatives of order up to two, Rolle’s and Lagrange's Mean value Theorems,
Applications of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic Increasing and decreasing
functions, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, tangents and normal.

Physics
1. Physics and Measurement
Physics, technology and society, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count, accuracy
and precision of measuring instruments, Errors in measurement, Dimensions of Physics
quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

2. Kinematics
The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity;
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion,
Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, zero vector, scalar and vector products,
Unit Vector, Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion,
Uniform Circular Motion.

3. Laws Of Motion
Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion; Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion,
Impulses; Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications.

4. Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a content force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies, work-energy
theorem, power.
The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and
neoconservative forces; Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

5. Rotational Motion
Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body; Basic concepts
of rotational motion; a moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular
momentum and its applications; the moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Values of moments
of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their
applications. Rigid body rotation equations of rotational motion

6. Gravitation
The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and
depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential.
Escape velocity, Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo stationary satellites.

7. Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law. Young's modulus, bulk modulus,
modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's law and its applications. Viscosity.
Stokes' law. terminal velocity, streamline and turbulent flow. Reynolds number. Bernoulli's
principle and its applications. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, application of
surface tension - drops, bubbles and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;
specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer-conduction,
convection and radiation. Newton's law of cooling.

8. Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work and
internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics: reversible
and irreversible processes. Carnot engine and its efficiency.

9. Kinetic theory of gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases -
assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature: RMS speed of gas
molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy, applications to specific heat
capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro's number.

10. Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions.
Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force
and force constant: energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum -
derivation of expression for its time period: Free, forced and damped oscillations, resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of a wave. Displacement relation for a
progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves. Standing waves in
strings and organpipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler Effect in sound.

11. Electrostatics
Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb's law-forces between two point charges,
forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field
due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux. Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged
straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges;
Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges in an
electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor, the combination of
capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without
dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.

12. Current Electricity

Electric current. Drift velocity. Ohm's law. Electrical resistance. Resistances of different materials.
V-l characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power. Electrical
resistivity. Colour code for resistors; Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature
dependence of resistance.
Electric Cell and its Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of
cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre
Bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its applications.

13. Magnetic effects of current and magnetism

Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere's law and its
applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving
charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel
current carrying conductorsdefinition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its current sensitivity and conversion to
ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent
solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and
ferromagnetic substances. Magnetic susceptibility and permeability. Hysteresis. Electromagnets
and permanent magnets.

14. Electromagnetic induction and alternating currents

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/
voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: Quality factor, power in AC
circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

15. Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves,
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays.
Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

16. Optics
Reflection and refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces, mirror formula. Total internal
reflection and its applications. Deviation and Dispersion of light by a; prism; Lens Formula.
Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Microscope and
Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.
Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens' principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens
principle. Interference, Young's double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central
maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarization, plane-
polarized light: Brewster's law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid.

17. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's
photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie
relation. DavissonGermer experiment.

18. Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars:
isotones. Radioactivity- alpha. beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive
decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with
mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

19. Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: 1- V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as
a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode; Zener diode as
a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor: transistor
as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT.
NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch.

20. Communication Systems

Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere; Sky and space wave propagation.
Need for modulation. Amplitude and Frequency Modulation, Bandwidth of signals. the bandwidth
of Transmission medium, Basic Elements of a Communication System (Block Diagram only).

21. Experimental Skills

1. Vernier callipers-its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge-its use to determine thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple Pendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude
and time.
4. Metre Scale - the mass of a given object by principle of moments.
5. Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surf ace tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring terminal velocity of a given
spherical body,
8. Plotting a cooling curve for the relationship between the temperature of a hot body and time.
9. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
10. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
11. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using metre bridge.
12. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
13. Potentiometeri. Comparison of emf of two primary cells. ii. Determination of internal
resistance of a cell.
14. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
15. The focal length of; (i) Convex mirror (ii) Concave mirror, and (ii) Convex lens, using the
parallax method.
16. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
17. Refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
18. Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
19. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse break down voltage.
20. Characteristic curves of a transistor and finding current gain and voltage gain.
21. Identification of Diode. LED, Transistor. IC. Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.
22. Using a multimeter to: (i) Identify the base of a transistor (ii) Distinguish between NPN and
PNP type transistor (iii) See the unidirectional of current in case of a diode and an LED. (iv)
Check the correctness or otherwise of a given electronic component (diode, transistor or IC)