RAJNI CLASSES

CH- HEAT
Give one word for the following:
a. Device used to measure body temperature- Thermometer
b. Unit of temperature as adopted by India- The Celsius scale.
c. The normal temperature of a human being- 37°C.
d. The range of a laboratory thermometer –10°C to 110°C.
e. Use of kink in clinical thermometer- It prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
f. Heat flows from one object to another from- a hotter object to a colder object.
g. Process of transfer of heat that does not require any medium - radiation
h. Processes by which heat transfers in liquids and gases-convection.
i. Level of mercury in the clinical thermometer before use- below 35°C.
j. Heat transfers in solids by this process-conduction.

Define
a. Conduction- The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the
colder end of an object is known as conduction.
b. Insulators of heat-The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily
are insulators of heat. Example: plastic, wood.
c. Conductors of heat- The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are
conductors of heat. Example: aluminium, iron and copper.
d. Clinical thermometer- The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called
a clinical thermometer.
e. Heat- Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another or
even created at the expense of the loss of other forms of energy.
f. Maximum-minimum thermometer- The maximum and minimum temperatures of
the previous day, reported in weather reports, are measured by maximum-minimum
thermometer.
g. Radiation: The mode of transfer of heat through which heat energy from a hot body
to a cold body by means of heat rays without any material medium between them is
known as radiation.
h. Convection: The mode of transfer of heat from the hotter part of a fluid (liquid or gas)
to its colder parts by the movement of the liquid (or gas) itself is known as convection.
Short Questions and Answers
Q1. How does the heat travel in air?
Answer: The air near the heat source gets hot and rises. The air from the sides comes in to
take its place. In this way the air gets heated.
Q2. Why clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures?
Answer: Clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures because the
range of this thermometer is from 35°C to 42°C only.
Q3. Explain land breeze.
Answer: At night, the water cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the
land moves towards the sea. This is called the land breeze.
Q4. What is the concern associated with the use of mercury thermometer?
Answer: There is a lot of concern over the use of mercury in thermometers as it is a toxic
substance and is very difficult to dispose of if a thermometer breaks.
Q5. Explain the construction of clinical thermometer.
Answer: A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb
at one end. This bulb contains mercury. Outside the bulb, a small shining thread of mercury
can be seen.
Q6. In places of hot climate, it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white.
Explain.
Answer: In places of hot climate, it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white
because light color reflects most of the heat that falls on them and thus keep the house cool.
Q7. Is it possible to construct buildings that are not affected much by heat and cold
outside?
Answer: This can be done by constructing outer walls of buildings so that they have trapped
layers of air. One way of doing this is to use hollow bricks, which are available these days.

Long Extra Questions and Answers

Q8. Why clinical thermometers range from 35°C to 42°C?
Answer: The clinical thermometer is designed to measure the temperature of human body
only. The temperature of human body normally does not go below 35°C or above 42°C. That
is the reason that this thermometer has the range 35°C to 42°C.
Q9. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than
wearing just one thick piece of clothing.
Answer: Wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just
one thick piece of clothing because air gets trapped in between the layers of clothing and
being a bad conductor of heat, prevents the flow of heat from our body to the cold
surroundings.
Q10. When we come out in the sun, we feel warm. How does the heat from the sun
reach us?
Answer: It cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no medium such as air in
most part of the space between the earth and the sun. From the sun the heat comes to us by
another process known as radiation. The transfer of heat by radiation does not require any
medium.
Q11. In summer we prefer light-coloured clothes and in winter we usually wear dark-
coloured clothes. Why is it so?
Answer: Dark surfaces absorb more heat and, therefore, we feel comfortable with dark
coloured clothes in the winter. Light coloured clothes reflect most of the heat that falls on
them and, therefore, we feel more comfortable wearing them in the summer.
Q12. What is sea breeze?
Answer: During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the land
becomes hotter and rises. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its
place. The warm air from the land moves towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air from
the sea is called the sea breeze.
Q13. How water gets heated when kept on flame?
Answer: When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot water rises. The cold
water from the sides moves down towards the source of heat. This water also gets hot and
rises and water from the sides moves down. This process continues till the whole water gets
heated. This mode of heat transfer is known as convection.
Q14. State the similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and
the clinical thermometer.
Answer: Similarities
• Both thermometers consist of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube.
• Both have a bulb at one end. This bulb contains mercury.
• Both have Celsius scale.
Differences
• A clinical thermometer reads temperature from 35°C to 42°C whereas the range of a
laboratory thermometer is generally from –10°C to 110°C.
• A clinical thermometer has a kink in it whereas there is no kink in laboratory
thermometer.
Q15. What are the precautions that need to be observed while reading a clinical
thermometer?
Answer: Precautions to be observed while reading a clinical thermometer
• Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic
solution.
• Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
• Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
• Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
• Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
Q16. State the precautions to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer.
Answer: Precautions to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer
• Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
• Thermometer should be kept upright not tilted.
• Bulb should be surrounded from all sides by the substance of which the temperature is
to be measured. The bulb should not touch the surface of the container.
• Do not move the thermometer while measuring the temperature of the substance.
• Read the temperature of the object when the thermometer is in the substance.
Q17. Why can’t we use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body
temperature?
Answer: We can’t use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature
because the range of a laboratory thermometer is high generally from –10°C to 110°C while
the normal body temperature of human body is 37°C. Moreover, a laboratory thermometer
does not have a kink, so the mercury falls on its own upon removing it from the body. Thus,
it does not give accurate temperature of the human body.
[Link] the windows of the houses in coastal areas are made to face the sea?
Answer. To receive the cooler sea breeze, the windows of the houses in coastal areas are
made to face the sea.
Q19. How does the heat from the sun reach us?
Answer. The sun's heat reaches us through a process called radiation, which is the transfer of
heat. Radiation doesn't require a medium, so it can travel through the vacuum of space to
reach Earth.
Q20. Our sense of touch is not always a reliable guide to the degree of hotness of an
object. Why?
Answer. Our sense of touch is not always a reliable guide to the degree of hotness of an
object because it can be influenced by several factors, including:
• Duration of contact: How long you touch the object
• Area of contact: How much of the object you touch
• Initial skin temperature: The temperature of your skin before you touch the object
Our sense of touch can also be subjective and may lead to incorrect observations about the
hotness or coldness of an object.
A reliable measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object is its temperature, which
can be measured using a thermometer.

Q21. Differences between:

a. Conduction and convection

Conduction Convection

[Link] heat transfer takes place The heat transfer takes place within the
between objects by direct contact. fluids.

b. The heat transfer in conduction is The heat transfer in convection is faster.

slow.
[Link] heat transfer occurs due to The heat transfer occurs due to the
the difference in temperature difference in density.
d. It is possible only in solids It takes place in liquids and gases.
except mercury which is a liquid.
e. Heat transfer can be in any Heat transfer is mainly upwards.
direction.
b. Land breeze and sea breeze
Land breeze Sea breeze
[Link] wind blows from land to sea The wind blows from sea to land
during the night. during the day time.
[Link] breezes are generally dry These breezes are generally having
in nature. lots of moisture.
[Link] breeze generally has no Sea breeze reduces the temperature.
effect on temperature.
[Link] surface cools down faster At day time, the land surface heats up
than the water surface. faster than the water.

c. Clinical thermometer and laboratory thermometer

Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer

a. It is scaled from 35 ℃ to 42 ℃ It is generally scaled from -10 ℃ to
110 ℃.
b. It is used to measure the body It is used to measure the temperature
temperature. in laboratory.
c. Temperature can be read after Temperature is read while keeping it
removing it from the armpit or in the source, such as liquids.
mouth.
d. Used at homes, hospitals and Used in laboratories
clinics
e. There is a kink near the bulb to No kink is present so mercury level
prevent the fall of mercury level. falls on its own.

f. It can be tilted while taking the It has to be kept upright while taking
reading. the reading.

Q22. How do woollen clothes keep us warm during winter?

Answer. Woollen clothes keep us warm during winter. It is so because wool is a poor
conductor of heat, and it has air trapped in between the fibres.
Q23. Why is a room heater placed near the floor and air conditioners near the ceilings?
Ans. Room heaters are placed near the floor because this allows the hot air near the heater to
rise up and warm the entire room whereas, the air conditioners are fitted near the ceilings so
that the cold air from the AC takes the place of hot air rising up from the bottom. In this way,
the entire room gets cooled.
Q24. The picture showing heat transfer by three methods.

[Link] diagrams of land breeze and sea breeze.