Worksheet 3

Class 7
Chapter-4
Heat and Temperature
1. Define the following terms:
i. Heat ii. Temperature iii. Conduction iv. Convection v. Radiation
[Link] in the blanks
a. A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its___________________
b. The range of a clinical thermometer in Celsius scale is_____________________ & in Fahrenheit
is_____________________________
c. The range of laboratory thermometer is_______________________
d. ____________________________thermometer does not use mercury.
e. Heat is transferred in liquids by________________________
f. We receive heat from sun by__________________________
g. Heat travels through solids by_________________________
h. The maximum and minimum temperatures of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are
measured by the thermometer called ______________________thermometer. 3. What is the normal
temperature of human body in ºC & ºF?
4. Why is mercury used in thermometers?
5. What precautions should be observed while reading a clinical thermometer?
6. What precautions should be observed measuring temperature with a laboratory thermometer?
7. Give reason why :-
a) Rooms are provided with ventilators & exhaust fans near top of side walls.
b) It is advisable to place room heaters at the ground level for effective heating.
c) Air conditioners should be installed at the top windows.
8. Shopkeepers while selling ice blocks, usually cover them with jute sacks. Explain why.
9. Explain sea breeze and land breeze with the help of a diagram.
[Link] is the box of solar cooker painted black from inside?
11. UnJumble the following jumbled Words
a. oocdncntiu b. mrehmeeottr c. tuermrtpeea d. atruolnsI
12. A marble tile would feel cold as compared to a wooden tile on a winter morning, because the
marble tile (a) is a better conductor of heat than the wooden tile.
(b) is polished while wooden tile is not polished. (c) reflects more heat than wooden tile.
(d) is a poor conductor of heat than the wooden tile.
13. What are the two conditions necessary for the conduction of heat?
14. Identify which one are good conductor and poor conductors of heat
a. Water b. Copper c. Air d. Plastic e. wood f. Iron g. Aluminium

1. Name the device which is used to measure the hotness or coldness of an object:
(a) Thermometer (b) Barometer (c) Manometer (d) Picometer
2. What is a normal temperature of a healthy person? (a) 370F (b) 37 K (c) 370 C (d) None
3. Heat always flows from - (a) From a colder object to a hotter object. (b) In both directions.
(C) From a hotter object to a colder object. (d) Heat never flows from one object to another.
4. Conduction is the method of transfer of heat in - (a) Gases (b) Vacuum (c) Liquid (d) Solid
5. Heat from the sun reaches us by - (a) Radiation (b) Conduction (c) Convection (d) All of these
6. At the campsite there are tents of three shades. One is made of black fabric and the other is white
fabric and one is a black-and-white combination. Which will you prefer for resting on a hot
summer afternoon - (a) Black fabric (b) White fabric (c) Combination of both (d) None of the above
7. Assertion (A): Woollen clothes keep the body warm in winter.
Reason (R): There is air trapped in between woollen fibres and air is a bad conductor of heat.
i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of the assertion.
8. Assertion (A): The temperature of boiling water can be measured by a clinical thermometer.
Reason (R): The range of a clinical thermometer is from 35˚C to 42˚C.
iv) A is false but R is true.
9. Assertion (A): All hot bodies radiate heat.
Reason (R): When heat falls on an object, a part of it is reflected, a part is absorbed and a
part may be transmitted.
ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
10. Assertion (A): The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat.
Reason (R): Aluminum is a poor conductor of heat.
iii) A is true but R is false.
2- Which one is filled in the bulb of a thermometer? (a) Mercury (b) Lead (c) Copper
(d) Silver
6- Paheli and Boojho measured their body temperature. Paheli found her’s to be 98.6°F
and Boojho recorded 37°C. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) Paheli has a higher body temperature than Boojho.
(b) Paheli has a lower body temperature than Boojho.
(c) Both have normal body temperature.
(d) Both are suffering from fever.
9. A marble tile would feel cold as compared to a wooden tile on a winter morning because
the marble tile: (a) is a better conductor of heat than the wooden tile.
(b) is polished while the wooden tile is not polished. (c) reflects more heat than wooden
tile.
(d) is a poor conductor of heat than the wooden tile.
10. A beggar wrapped himself with a few layers of newspaper on a cold winter night. This
helped him to keep himself warm because:
(a) friction between the layers of newspaper produces heat. (c) newspaper is a conductor of
heat.
(b) air trapped between the layers of newspaper is a bad conductor of heat.
(d) newspaper is at a higher temperature than the temperature of the surrounding.
Fill in the blanks-
13. A ___ near the bulb of a clinical thermometer prevents mercury level from falling of its own.
14. In coastal areas, cold air flows in the day from sea to land. It is called ……………….
15. The thermometer used to measure human body temperature is called …………thermometer.
Choose the true and false statements from the following:
16. Marking on clinical thermometer is from 0°C to 100°C
17. Water and air are good conductors of heat.
18. The maximum and minimum temperature of the day is measured by a laboratory
thermometer.

3. A few sharp jerks are given to a clinical thermometer before using it. Why is it done so?
[Hint: Jerks are given to a clinical thermometer before using it to settle down the
mercury level below normal temperature so that the measurement taken is accurate.]
4. The handle of a pressure cooker is covered with thick plastic. Explain why.
[Hint: Plastic is a bad conductor of heat due to which the heat from the cooker does not flow to its
handle and we can hold it easily].
5. What are the conditions necessary for heat to be conducted?
[Hint: Two bodies should be in solid state, they should be in direct contact with each other and their
temperatures should be different.]
6. How does the heat travel in the air?
[Hint: Heat travels in the air by convection. The air molecules near the heat source get heated, become
lighter, and rise. The air from the sides comes in to take its place. In this way the air gets heated.]
7. In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its bulb comes in contact with a hot
object. Give reason.
[Hint: As the temperature increases, expansion in mercury takes place which leads to a
rise in the level of mercury in the thermometer.]
8. Mention any two examples of insulators as well as conductors. [Hint: Copper and Aluminium are the
examples of conductors which allow heat to pass through them. While wood and plastic are examples of
insulators which do not allow heat to pass through them.]
[Hint: A – CONDUCTION – The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder
end of an object without actual movement of particles.
B – CONVECTION – The method in which heat is transferred by the actual movement of the particles
of a substance.
C – RADIATION – It is a process of heat transfer which does not require any material medium.]
2. Write any two applications of convection and radiation in daily life.
[Hint: Convection – i) Room heater warms the air near the floor. When the warm air rises up, the cool
air sinks to the floor which results in effective heating of the room. ii) Exhaust fans are fitted near the
ceiling for hot air to escape.
Radiation – i) In cold and hilly areas, the outer walls and roofs are usually painted dark to keep the
houses warm, ii) In factories, the roofs are painted shiny silver to reduce the loss of heat in winter and
increase the radiation of heat in summers.]
3. What is meant by heat transfer? Explain.
[Hint: The flow of heat from one object to another with or without a medium is called the transfer of
heat. Heat always flows from a body at a higher temperature to another body at a lower temperature.
The flow of heat stops when the temperature of both bodies becomes equal. Transfer of heat takes place
through the methods of conduction, convection and radiation.]
IV. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5M):
1. What are the precautions to be taken while using a clinical thermometer and a laboratory
thermometer?
[Hint: Clinical thermometer –
i) Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
ii) Ensure that the mercury level is below 35˚C.
iii) Our eyes should be at the level of mercury while reading the temperature.
iv) Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits some hard object, it can break.
v) Do not hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.

CLASS: 7 SCIENCE CH-4: HEAT

A. Choose the correct option.
1. Heat always flows from : Answer : (a) higher temperature to lower temperature
2. The S.I. unit of heat is: Answer: (b) joule
3. To convert Celsius temperature into Kelvin temperature, the formula is: Answer : (a) K = C + 273
0

4. A device used for the measurement of temperature is: Answer : (a) thermometer
5. The normal temperature of a health person is thirty seven degrees on: Answer: (d) Celsius scale
6. Which of the following is not a method of transfer of heat? Answer : (c) Convention
7. Which of the following is not an insulator? Answer : (c) Brass
8. A liquid which is a good conductor of heat is: Answer : (c) Mercury
9. The process which can transfer heat through the vacuum as well as air is: Answer: (d) Radiation
B. Fill in the blanks :
1. The degree of hotness or coldness of a body is called its ______. Answer: temperature
2. In solids, heat is transferred by…………… Answer: conduction
3. The two examples of insulators of heat are _____ and ___. Answer: bamboo and cardboard
4. Air is a ____ conductor of heat whereas copper is a ____ conductor of heat. Answer: bad, good
5. In liquids and gases, heat is transferred by the process of _____. Answer: convection
6. No medium is required for the transfer of heat by the process of____. Answer: radiation
7. Iron expands ____ than aluminium. Answer: more
8. Liquids expand _____ than gases. Answer: less
C. Write T for True and F for False statements:
1. In the CGS system, heat is expressed in joules. Answer: False
2. Sometimes, however, our senses of touch are not reliable in telling us whether an object is really hot or cold.
Answer: True
3. Laboratory thermometer is also called as Doctor’s thermometer. Answer: False
4. A laboratory thermometer has no kink. Answer: True
5. Digital thermometer has mercury. Answer: False
6. The decrease in size of an object on cooling is called expansion. Answer: False
7. Air expands on heating. Answer: True
8. Wool is a poor conductor of heat due to which woollen clothes stop the flow of heat from our warm body to
the cold surroundings. Answer: True
9. The silvering of the wall of thermos flask minimises the heat loss by radiation. Answer: True
D. Give two examples.
1. Thermometers- Answer: Laboratory thermometer, Clinical thermometer
2. Breeze blow in coastal area- Answer: Land breeze, Sea breeze
3. Insulators- Answer: Cotton, Leather
4. Conductors- Answer: Silver, Copper
5. Heat transfer methods- Answer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation
E. Complete the following:
1. Joule : Heat : : ………………: Temperature Answer : Degree of hotness or coldness
2. Temperature of human bod : Clinical thermometer : : Temperature of day :
………………. Answer : Maximum and minimum
3. Cooling : contraction : : Heating : …………. Answer : Expansion
4. Wood : Insulator : : …………. : Conductor Answer : Silver
5. Solids : Conduction : : Liquids and gases : ……………. Answer : Convection
F. Answer the following questions in short.
1. Define heat. Answer: Heat is a form of energy. The S.I. unit of heat is joule (J).
2. Why should we not rely on our sense of touch for estimating the hotness of an object?
Answer: Two reasons: One is that we can't feel the temperature of an object; we feel the temperature of of our
own flesh. When you touch something hot, it heats up your skin, and that heat in your skin is what you feel. The
other reason is that it isn't really accurate to say that we feel heat in our skin.
3. What is Celsius scale? Answer: The most common temperature scale marked on thermometers for
measuring temperature is the ‘Celsius scale’.
4. Who developed Fahrenheit scale? Answer: The Fahrenheit scale was developed by Daniel Gabriel.
5. Write the difference in between heat and temperature. Answer:
Heat Temperature
It is a form of energy. It is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body.
It does not determine the direction of flow of It always flows from a body at a higher
heat. temperature to a body at a lower temperature.
It is measured in joule or calories, the same units It is commonly measured in Celsius, Kelvin or
as of energy. Fahrenheit.
6. What are the precautions that should be taken by a person using clinical thermometer. Answer: Precautions
in Using a Clinical
Thermometer:
(i) The clinical thermometer should be washed before and after use (preferably with an antiseptic solution).
(ii) Before using the clinical thermometer, we should ensure that the mercury level in its tube is below 35 0C mark.
(iii) Read the clinical thermometer by keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
(iv) The clinical thermometer should never be held by the bulb while reading it (otherwise the bulb will break).
(v) Handle the clinical thermometer with care The thermometer can break if it hits against some hard object.
7. Write the difference between digital thermometer and clinical thermometer.
Answer: Difference :
(i)The clinical thermometers use mercury to measure the temperature, whereas, digital thermometers do not use
mercury.
(ii)A digital thermometer works with cells but the clinical thermometer is more accurate than the digital one
when its cells are weak.
8. Define conduction. Give one example where heat is transferred by the process of conduction.
Answer: Conduction is the transfer of heat from the hotter part of a material to its colder part (or from a hot
material to a cold material in contact with it) without the movement of material as a whole.
For example: The heat from a hot liquid makes the cup itself hot.
G. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Explain how, woollen clothes keep us warm during cold winter days. Discuss why, wearing more layers of
clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick piece of clothing.
Answer: Air acts as insulator of heat. This layer prevents our body heat to escape in the surroundings. More layers
of thin clothes will allow more air to get trapped and as a result, we will not feel cold. So wearing more layers of
clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick piece of clothing.
2. What is a clinical thermometer? What is the range of a clinical thermometer? Explain why, a clinical
thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures.
Answer: Clinical Thermometer: The thermometer used for measuring the temperature of human body is called
the clinical thermometer.
The range of a clinical thermometer is from 35 C to 42 C.
0 0

A clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures because it has been designed to measure
only human body temperature which varies over a short range. If a clinical thermometer is used to measure high
temperatures, it will get damaged.
3. Explain how, the water in a beaker gets heated when a burner is kept below it. Draw a labelled diagram to
illustrate your answer.
Answer: When a burner is kept below A beaker ,Due to radiation of heat the water just Above the Bottom surface
of the beaker gets heated and goes up. This process continues until whole water is heated,. This process is called
Convection.
4. Explain how all the air in a room gets heated when a room heater kept on the floor
in a corner of the room is switched on. Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate your answer.
Answer: Convection heats up the room when a room heater is kept on a floor in a corner is switched ON. Heated
air at one part of the room is transfers heat by convection. This is how all the air gets evenly heated in the room.
Once convection current of hot air is set up, it is spread out in the room through radiations.
5. Describe the blowing of sea-breeze and land-breeze in coastal areas with the help of labelled diagrams.
Answer: Land Breeze: Land is a bad conductor and a good radiator of heat. Therefore, it heats quickly during the
day and cools rapidly at night. During the night, since the land cools rapidly, land breeze blows from the land to
the oceans.
Sea Breeze: On the contrary, water takes a longer time to get heated and loses heat slowly during the night. The
sea which is cooler during the day time, gives rise to these breeze which blows from the sea to the land.
6. (a) Why do people prefer to wear white clothes in summer?
(b) Why is it better to wear dark clothes in winter?
Answer: (a) We wear white or light colour clothes in summer because white or light colour clothes having the
potential to absorbing less heat and thus keeps us cool.
(b) We wear dark coloured clothes in winter to keep us warm as they absorb all the heat radiation coming from
the sun whereas light coloured clothes reflect most of the heat radiation that falls on them and therefore we feel
more comfortable wearing them in the summer.
7. (a) What is a thermometer? Name the thermometer used by doctors and nurses to measure the temperature
of human body.
(b) Can we use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature? Give reason for your answer.
Answer: (a) Temperature is measured by using a device (or instrument) called thermometer.
Clinical thermometer is used by doctors and nurses to measure the temperature of human body.
(b) A laboratory thermometer cannot be used to measure the human body temperature. This is because as soon
as we take out the bulb of the laboratory thermometer from our mouth, the level of mercury in its tube will start
falling quickly. This will give a wrong value of the body temperature.
8. (a) Why is the box of a solar cooker painted black from inside?
(b) In places of hot climate, it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Why?
Answer : (a) Black surfaces are excellent absorbers of radiation and helps in trapping more heat inside a solar
cooker, hence improving the efficiency.
(b) The white reflects back most of the heat that falls on it, so, it is advisable that the outer walls of houses should
be painted white in winters.
9. What is meant by ‘convection’? Explain with the help of an example. Why is it that convection cannot take
place in solids?
Answer: Convection: The transfer of heat from the hotter parts of a liquid (or gas) to its colder parts by the
movement of the liquid (or gas) itself. Convection cannot take place in solids because the particles in solids are
not free to move.
10. Define radiation. Give any two examples where heat is transferred by radiation. What is the name of
invisible heat rays which transfer heat by radiation?
Answer: Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat energy from a hot body to a cold body by means of heat rays,
without any material medium between them.
For example : (i) When we stand next to a burning fire, we can feel the heat of the fire falling on our face. The
heat is transferred from the fire to our face by the process of radiation.
(ii) When we sit in front of a room-heater, we get heat directly by the process of radiation.
The invisible heat rays which transfer heat by radiation are called infra-red rays.
Picture-based Questions
1. Which mode of heat transfer is shown in the given picture? Label it at proper place.
2. Observe the given pictures carefully and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Which picture represents a sea breeze and which one a land breeze?
(b) Why do these different movements of wind occur?
(c) When do sea breeze and land breeze occur?
Answer : (a) Picture (a) represents a sea breeze whereas picture (b) represents a land breeze.
(b) Land Breeze: Land is a bad conductor and a good radiator of heat. Therefore, it heats quickly during the day
and cools rapidly at night. During the night, since the land cools rapidly, land breeze blows from the land to the
oceans.
Sea Breeze: On the contrary, water takes a longer time to get heated and loses heat slowly during the night. The
sea which is cooler during the day time, gives rise to these breeze which blows from the sea to the land.
(c) Sea breeze occurs during the night time whereas land breeze occurs during the day time.
Application-based Questions
A. Make your own thermometer. Take a corked transparent bottle. Remove the cork and pour same coloured
water in the bottle. Make a hole in the cork so that a drinking straw can pass through it. Push the cork along
with the straw in the bottle. Make the cork airtight. Place the bottle in a trough containing warm water.
B. What do you observe? Note your observation after each minute. List five examples which show both
conduction and convection.
Answer : We observe that water in coloured bottle when in contact with warm water of trough gets heated up
and this hot coloured water starts rising up in the straw due to thermal expansion.
C. What kind (conduction, convection or radiation) of heat transfer taking place in the
following :
1. A snowball in your hand…………….. 2. Sun rays warming a puddle………………
3. Pouring cold water in your hot tea……………. 4. Using an iron to curl your hair……………..
5. Baking a cake inside the oven……………. 6. Melting of butter on warm pancakes…………
Ans: 1. Conduction 2. Radiation 3. Convection 4. Conduction 5. Convection 6. Conduction
D. Aayushi puts a stainless steel spoon in a glass of hot milk but Avika does not do so. The milk of which glass
will cool faster? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer : Aayushi's glass of milk will turn cold faster than the Avika's.
Reason: When a steel spoon is placed in a glass of hot milk, the heat from the milk molecules will transfer from
milk to spoon and eventually the spoon get hot than the milk.

Q5. Differentiate between clinical and laboratory thermometers.

Solution: The five differences between a clinical and laboratory thermometer are:
Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer
1. A clinical thermometer has a range 1. A laboratory thermometer has a range between -
between 35°C to 42°C. 10°C to 110°C.
2. A clinical thermometer is used to measure the 2. A laboratory thermometer is used to measure the
temperature of the human body. temperature in a laboratory.
3. A clinical thermometer has a kink that prevents
3. A laboratory thermometer does not have a kink.
immediate backflow of mercury.
4. A clinical thermometer is a simple device that is used 4. A laboratory thermometer is a complex device that is
in homes, hospitals and clinics. used in laboratories.
5. In a clinical thermometer the use of mercury is 5. In a laboratory thermometer the use of mercury is
always discouraged. less dangerous.
Q. Explain why a clinical thermometer has a short temperature range?
The clinical thermometer is designed to measure the temperature of human body only. The temperature of
human body generally does not go below 350C or above 420C. That is why this thermometer has the range 350C to
420C.
Q. Which metal is used in making thermometers?
Solution: Mercury, a metal which is used in making thermometers.
Most metals are good conductors of heat and they are solids at room temperature. Mercury is the only one in a
liquid state at room temperature. It's used in thermometers because it has a high coefficient of expansion. Hence,
the slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a thermometer.
Class 7 Science Heat
Q1. Fill in the blanks.
i. The hotness of an object is determined by its temperature.
ii. Temperature is measured in degree celsius.
iii. A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. It transfers heat to its other end by the process
of conduction.
iv. Land breeze blows during night.
v. Sea breeze blows during day.
vi. Dark coloured clothes are preferred during winter.
vii. Poor conductors are known as insulators.
Q2. True/False
i. Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a clinical thermometer. True
ii. Medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of radiation. False
iii. Clothes of dark colours absorb heat better than clothes of light colours. True
iv. Light coloured clothes are preferred during summer. True
v. We should hold the thermometer by the bulb while holding it. False
vi. The bulb of laboratory thermometer should not touch the bottom or the sides of the container. True
Q3. In which direction does the smoke go? Ans. Smoke will go upward.
Q4. What do you mean by temperature? Ans. A reliable measure of the hotness of an object is its temperature.
Q5. Which device is used to measure temperature? Ans. Thermometer is used to measure temperature.
Q6. What is that silver stuff in a thermometer? Ans. Silver stuff in a thermometer is mercury.
Q7. What is the unit of temperature as adopted by India? Ans. India has adopted the Celsius scale.
Q8. What is the normal temperature of a human being? Ans. The normal temperature of human body is 37°C.
Q9. What is the range of a laboratory thermometer?
Ans. The range of a laboratory thermometer is generally from –10°C to 110°C.
Q10. What is the use of the kink in clinical thermometer? Ans. It prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
Q11. How does heat flow from one object to another? Ans. Heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object.
Q12. Does transfer of heat by radiation require any medium?
Ans. The transfer of heat by radiation does not require any medium.
Q13. Do all hot bodies radiate heat? Ans. Yes, all hot bodies radiate heat.
Q14. How does heat transfer in liquids and gases? Ans. In liquids and gases the heat is transferred by convection.
Q15. Will heat transfer if the temperature of two objects is the same?
Ans. Heat will not be transferred if the temperature of two objects is the same.
Q16. What should be the level of mercury in the clinical thermometer before use?
Ans. Mercury level should be below 35°C.
Q17. How does heat transfer in solids?
Ans. In solids, generally, the heat is transferred by the process of conduction.
Q18. What is the best way to clean a thermometer?
Ans. Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
Q19. What is Conduction?
Ans. The process by which heat is transferred from the hotter end to the colder end of an object is known as
conduction.
Q20. What are insulators of heat?
Ans. The materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are insulators of heat. Example: plastic
and wood.
Q21. What are conductors of heat?
Ans. The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are conductors of heat. Example: aluminum, iron
and copper.
Q25. What do you understand by heat?
Ans. Heat is a form of energy that can be transferred from one object to another or even created at the expense
of the loss of other forms of energy.
Q26. What is the use of maximum-minimum thermometer?
Ans. The maximum and minimum temperatures of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are measured
by maximum-minimum thermometer.
Q27. One litre of water at 30°C is mixed with one litre of water at 50°C. The temperature of the
mixture will be: (a) 80°C (b) more than 50°C but less than 80°C (c) 20°C (d) between 30°C and 50°C.
Q28. Why does the mercury not fall or rise in a clinical thermometer when taken out of the mouth?
Ans. Clinical thermometer has kink near the bulb prevents mercury level from falling on its own.
Q29. Why clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures?
Ans. Clinical thermometer cannot be used to measure high temperatures because the range of this thermometer
is from 35°C to 42°C only.
Q30. Explain land breeze.
Ans. At night, the water cools down more slowly than the land. So, the cool air from the land moves towards the
sea. This is called the land breeze.
Q31. What is the concern associated with the use of mercury thermometer?
Ans. There is a lot of concern over the use of mercury in thermometers. Mercury is a toxic substance and is very
difficult to dispose of if a thermometer breaks.
Q32. Explain the construction of clinical thermometer.
Ans. A clinical thermometer consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb at one end. This bulb
contains mercury. Outside the bulb, a small shining thread of mercury can be seen.
Q33. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white. Explain.
Ans. In places of hot climate it is advised that the outer walls of houses be painted white because light color
reflects most of the heat that falls on them and thus keep the house cool.
Q34. Is it possible to construct buildings that are not affected much by heat and cold outside?
Ans. This can be done by constructing outer walls of buildings so that they have trapped layers of air. One way of
doing this is to use hollow bricks, which are available these days.
Q35. What do you mean by maximum-minimum thermometer?
Ans. Different types of thermometers are used for different purposes. The maximum and minimum temperatures
of the previous day, reported in weather reports, are measured by a thermometer called the maximum -
minimum thermometer.
Q36. Why clinical thermometers range from 35°C to 42°C?
Ans. The clinical thermometer is designed to measure the temperature of human body only. The temperature of
human body normally does not go below 35°C or above 42°C. That is the reason that this thermometer has the
range 35°C to 42°C.
Q37. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just
one thick piece of clothing.
Ans. Wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick piece of clothing
because air get trapped in between the layers of clothing and being a bad conductor of heat, prevents the flow of
heat from our body to the cold surroundings.
Q38. When we come out in the sun, we feel warm. How does the heat from the sun reach us?
Ans. It cannot reach us by conduction or convection as there is no medium such as air in most part of the space
between the earth and the sun. From the sun the heat comes to us by another process known as radiation. The
transfer of heat by radiation does not require any medium.
Q39. In summer we prefer light-coloured clothes and in winter we usually wear dark-coloured clothes. Why is
it so?
Ans. Dark surfaces absorb more heat and, therefore, we feel comfortable with dark coloured clothes in the
winter. Light coloured clothes reflect most of the heat that falls on them and, therefore, we feel more
comfortable wearing them in the summer.
Q40. What is sea breeze?
Ans. During the day, the land gets heated faster than the water. The air over the land becomes hotter and rises
up. The cooler air from the sea rushes in towards the land to take its place. The warm air from the land moves
towards the sea to complete the cycle. The air from the sea is called the sea breeze.
Q41. Two thin blankets joined together are usually warmer than one thick blanket. Give reason.
Ans. Two thin blankets joined together are usually warmer than one thick blanket because air gets trapped
between the layers of blankets and being a bad conductor of heat, prevents the flow of heat from our body to the
cold surroundings.
Q42. How water gets heated when kept on flame?
Ans. When water is heated, the water near the flame gets hot. Hot water rises up. The cold water from the sides
moves down towards the source of heat. This water also gets hot and rises and water from the sides moves
down. This process continues till the whole water gets heated. This mode of heat transfer is known as convection.
Q43. An iron ball at 40°C is dropped in a mug containing water at 40°C. The heat will
(a) flow from iron ball to water. (b) not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
(c) flow from water to iron ball. (d) increase the temperature of both. Ans. (b)
Q44. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream. Its other end
(a) becomes cold by the process of conduction. (b) becomes cold by the process of convection.
(c) becomes cold by the process of radiation. (d) does not become cold. Ans. (d) does not become cold.
Q45. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The reason for this could be that
(a) copper bottom makes the pan more durable. (b) copper is easier to clean than the stainless steel.
(c) such pans appear colourful. (d) copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel. Ans. (d)
Q46. State the similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer and the clinical thermometer.
Ans. Similarities
i. Both thermometers consist of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube.
ii. Both have a bulb at one end. This bulb contains mercury.
iii. Both have celsius scale.
Differences
i. A clinical thermometer reads temperature from 35°C to 42°C whereas the range of a laboratory
thermometer is generally from –10°C to 110°C.
ii. A clinical thermometer has a kink in it whereas there is no kink in laboratory thermometer.
Q47. What are the precautions that need to be observed while reading a clinical thermometer?
Ans. Precautions to be observed while reading a clinical thermometer
i. Thermometer should be washed before and after use, preferably with an antiseptic solution.
ii. Ensure that before use the mercury level is below 35°C.
iii. Read the thermometer keeping the level of mercury along the line of sight.
iv. Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
v. Don’t hold the thermometer by the bulb while reading it.
Q48. State the precaution to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer.
Ans. Precaution to be observed while using a laboratory thermometer
i. Handle the thermometer with care. If it hits against some hard object, it can break.
ii. Thermometer should be kept upright not tilted.
iii. Bulb should be surrounded from all sides by the substance of which the temperature is to be
measured. The bulb should not touch the surface of the container.
iv. Do not move the thermometer while measuring the temperature of the substance.
v. Read the temperature of the object when the thermometer is in the substance.
Q49. Why can't we use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature?
Ans. We can’t use a laboratory thermometer to measure human body temperature because the range of a
laboratory thermometer is high generally from –10°C to 110°C while the normal body temperature of human
body is 37°C. Moreover, a laboratory thermometer does not have a kink, so the mercury falls on its own upon
removing it from the body orifice. Thus, it does not give accurate temperature of the human body.
Difference between Conduction, Convection and Radiation
Ans: The difference between conduction, convection, and radiation is mentioned in the table given below:
Conduction Convection Radiation
Conduction is a process in Convection is the mode Radiation is a method of heat transfer that
which transfer of heat takes heat transfer by actual involves the transmission of energy through
place between objects by direct motion of electromagnetic waves (visible light and
contact, this is due matter .Convection infrared radiation). it doesn't require any
the difference in temperature
takes place in liquids medium for transfer of heat and the heat
and gases. transfer by radiation is very fast
It has slow heat transfer. It has fast heat transfer. It has the fastest heat transfer.

Difference Between Conduction Convection and Radiation

Sr. Feature Conduction Convection Radiation
No.
1 Definition Transfer of heat Transfer of heat Transfer of heat through
through direct contact through the movement electromagnetic waves (no
of particles of fluid (liquid or gas) medium)
2 Medium Solids Liquids and gases No medium required, occurs in a
vacuum or through air
3 Particle Vibrational motion of Movement of fluid Electromagnetic waves (no particle
Movement particles particles (bulk motion) movement)
4 Heat Generally slower Faster, especially in Travels at the speed of light, very
Transfer Rate compared to other fluids fast
methods
5 Examples Heating one end of a Boiling water, heating a Sunlight warming the Earth, heat
metal rod room from a fire
6 Dependency Not affected by Heavily influenced by Not affected by the medium’s
on Density changes in the density changes in fluid density density or state
Changes of the material and viscosity
7 Natural Commonly occurs in Frequently observed in Occurs naturally and is observed in
Phenomenon solids and some liquids liquids and gases various phenomena
8 Application Thermal insulation HVAC systems, natural Solar heating, microwave cooking,
materials, cooking convection in thermal imaging, etc.
utensils atmosphere
Class – 7 Subject – SCIENCE Chapter - 4 HEAT
A. Very Short Answer Questions:
1. Which of the two - Celsius or Farenheit, scale is more convenient to use?
Ans. Celsius scale is more convenient to use because the Celsius scale has 100 divisions in total.
2. Which property of matter is used in the measurement of temperature?
Ans. Thermal property of matter is used in the measurement of temperature.
3. Name one natural phenomenon which occurs due to the convection currents in air.
Ans. The natural phenomenon which occurs due to the convection current are sea breeze and land breeze.
4. Which is the fastest mode of heat transfer: Conduction, Convection or Radiation?
Ans. The fastest mode of heat transfer are Radiation.
5. Name a device which prevents loss / gain of heat by any mode of heat transfer.
Ans. Thermos bottle is the device which prevents loss / gain of heat by any mode of
heat transfer.
B. Short Answer Questions:
1. Write two similarities between a laboratory thermometer and a clinical thermometer.
Ans. Two similarities between a laboratory thermometer and a clinical thermometer are:
i. The thermometric liquid used in both thermometers is mercury.
ii. Scale of thermometer in both thermometers is Celsius scale.
2. What kind of material is used for
a. making cooking utensils? b. making the handles of the cooking utensils?
Ans. a. Making cooking utensils: Good conductors of heat for ex:- metals and their alloys are used for making
cooking utensils.
b. Making the handles of the cooking utensils: Non-conductors of heat are used for making handles of the cooking
utensils.
3. Why is heat transfer by convection possible only in liquids and gases?
Ans. Heat transfer by convection is possible only in liquids and gases because in this method heat is carried from
hotter part of a substance to its colder part by the actual movement of hot particles.
4. Differentiate between a conductor and non-conductor of heat.
Ans. Conductor of heat : The materials which allow heat to flow through them easily are called good conductors
of heat. For example:- Silver, Copper, Aluminium, Iron etc.
Non-conductors of heat: The materials which do not allow heat to flow through them are called non-conductors
of heat. For example : Wood, Paper, Glass etc.
5. Why are ventilators provided near the ceiling of rooms?
Ans. Ventilators provided near the ceiling because warm air being lighter rises up and leaves the room through
ventilators and fresh air from outside enters the room through the doors and windows.
C. Long Answer Type Questions:
1. What is meant by a temperature scale? Describe Celsius scale.
Ans. A system of measuring temperature on a scale is called temperature scale. Celsius scale : The Celsius scale
temperature was designed by Anders Celsius.
On this scale temperature is described in degree Celsius (ºC). It is a metric scale of temperature. The lower fixed
point of the Celsius scale is taken as 0º C and the upper fixed point is taken as 100º C.
2. Describe a clinical thermometer. Why doesn't a clinical thermometer contain markings above 42º C?
Ans. A clinical thermometer is used for measuring the body temperature of humans and animals. It has a kink in
the capillary tube just above the bulb and when the mercury expands, it pushes through the kink.
A clinical thermometer doesn't contain marking above 42º C because it's used to measure human temperature
and human's temperature never exceeds 42º C.
3. What are the good conductors and non-conductors of heat? Give two examples of each.
Ans. Those materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are called good conductors heat.
For example: All metals and their alloys
Those materials which do not allow heat to pass through them easily are called poor conductors of heat. For
example: Wood, Paper
4. Why do woollen clothes keep us warm when it is cold outside?
Ans. Woollen clothes keep us warm when it is cold outside because wool fibre is porous. It has air trapped inside
the pores. Air is a non-conductor of heat. So that it doesn't allow the body heat to escape to the surrounding and
keep us warm during winters.
5. Define radiation and radiant heat.
Ans. Direct transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold body having no contact between them and without the help
of any medium is called radiation.
The heat transferred by radiation is called radiant heat or thermal radiation.
D. Tick (x) the Odd-One out giving reason:
1. Heat, Temperature, Convection, Celsius Scale Ans. Convection : It is a mode of transfer of heat.
2. Joule, Kilojoule, Kilocalorie, Calorie, Degree
Ans. Degree: Because remaining are the units of energy where as temperatures.
3. Mercury, Glass capillary, Thermometer, Degree, Joule Ans. Joule :- Others are referred to thermometer.
4. Metals, Plastics, Water, Air, Wood Ans. Metals: Others are non-conductors of heat.
5. Sea breeze, Ventillation, Thermal radiations, Ocean currents
Ans. Thermal radiations: Others are related with convection currents.
E. Define the following terms:
1. Heat : Heat is a form of energy which causes the sensation of hotness and coldness. In other words, when there
is a difference in temperature between two bodies, heat energy flow between them. If it flows outs of a body, it
colds the body and if it flow into a body it warms the body. Heat is measured in calories.
The SI unit of heat is Joule.
2. Conduction of heat: The process in which heat is transferred from one particle to another in the direction of
lower temperature without the actual movement of particles of the medium is called conduction of heat.
For example: If we hold the one end of copper wire over the flame, its other end becomes hot after sometime
due to conduction of heat.
3. Infrared radiation:
Ans. The light whose wavelength is longer than that of visible red light is known as infrared light. Almost one third
of the light that we receive from the sun is infrared. It has the property to produce heating effect.
4. Land breeze: After sunset, land losses heat faster than the sea water. As a result, the air over the sea is warmer
at night. The air over the sea being warmer rises up and to take its place, cooler air from the land starts moving
towards the sea. The convection current from land to the sea is called land breeze.
5. Convection current:
Ans. When water is heated in a round bottom flask, water near the bottom of the flask gets heated first. Warm
water is lighter than the surrounding cold water. So, it rises up. The colder water from the surroundings moves
down gets heated and rises up. This process continues, until the entire water attains a uniform temperature.
This cyclic movement of water is called convection current
6. Describe different types of thermometers.
[Hint: i) Clinical thermometer- The thermometer that measures our body temperature is called a clinical
thermometer. It consists of a long, narrow, uniform glass tube. It has a bulb at one end which contains mercury. A
clinical thermometer reads temperature from 35˚C to 42˚C.
ii) Digital thermometer - Digital thermometers are an advance to the existing clinical thermometers.
Due to high toxicity of the Mercury present in clinical thermometers and difficulty in its disposal in cases when the
thermometer breaks, digital thermometers are manufactured that can measure the accurate temperature
without the use of mercury.
iii) Laboratory thermometer- Laboratory thermometer is used to measure the temperature of things other than
human body. The range of a laboratory thermometer isgenerally from -10˚C to 110˚C.
iv) Maximum- minimum thermometer- The daily maximum and minimum temperatures reported in weather
reports, are all measured by a thermometer known as the Maximum minimum thermometer.]
Q1. Why conduction is not possible in solids?
Solution- Conduction is the process of transfer of transmission of heat energy in solids without the actual
movement of particles from their position.
Conduction is happening in solids because, in solids, particles are having very small interparticle space and they
are not free to move.
In liquids and gases, the interparticle spaces are large as compared to that of solids, and particles are free to
move, hence convection is possible in liquids and gases
OR Convection is not possible in solids because for convection to take place the molecules of a substance should
be free to move like liquids and gases. The molecules of a solid are tightly packed together, thus making it difficult
for molecules to move around for convection to take place.
[Link] from the sun heats up the earth, but air in the atmosphere does not get heated up. Why?
Ans: The atmosphere or the air around us is not heated directly by the rays of the Sun. The Sun rays first heat the
Earth’s surface. This in turn begins to radiate heat which heats up the air around us.
[Link] why wearing more layers of clothing during winter keeps us warmer than wearing just one thick
piece of clothing?
Answer: During winters, we prefer wearing more layers of clothing than just one thick piece of clothing
because air gets trapped in between the various clothing layers. Being a poor conductor of heat, air prevents heat
loss from our body. Hence, layers of clothing keep us warmer than a single layer
Q5. A few sharp jerks are given to the clinical thermometer before using it. Why is it done?
Solution- The jerks given to the thermometer before using it in order to get an accurate reading, The jerks allow
the mercury level to flow into the bulb, below from the normal temperature.
Q6. While sitting around burning wood, by which mode of heat transmission does you receive heat energy?
Why do other modes of heat transmission not play a significant role?
Answer: The mode of transmission of heat is radiation.
The conduction does not play any significant role, as air is bad conductor of heat.
The convection does not play any significant role, because hot air rises upward rather than sideways.
Q7. Why is the handle of pressure cooker covered with thick plastic?
Answer: As we know that plastic is a bad conductor of heat due to which the heat from the cooker does not flow
to its handle and we can hold it easily. So, this is a reason because of which the handle of a pressure cooker is
covered with the thick plastic.
Q.8. Give reasons.
a) Ventilators are provided near the ceiling of a room.
Ans: Ventilators are provided near ceilings in the rooms of our houses because the hot air is lighter and rises out
of the room through the ventilators. Cool fresh air rushes into the room through the doors and windows to
occupy its place.
b) Ice wrapped in sawdust does not melt.
Ans- Ice is kept covered with saw dust or rice husk to keep if for a long time without melting. The reason is saw
dust or rice husk is a bad conductor of heat which prevent the flow of heat from the surrounding to ice.
d) Top of a roof made of asbestos is painted white.
The roof of buildings is painted white during summer, because it reflects more heat radiations and absorbs less
heat radiations. Hence we feel comfort inside the house.
White colour efficiently reflects the sun's heat, helping to keep the space under the roof cooler than it would
otherwise be in a different colour.