GRAMMAR OF PERSPECTIVE THREE

PERSPECTIVES THREE

Chapter # 01
Tenses
The word “tense” is derived from the Latin word “Tempus”, the French word “Tens” and from the Greek
word “Tensus” which means “Time or Era”.

Definitions:
Tense is a form of the verb which indicates whether the action of the verb takes place in the present,
took place in the past or will take place in the future, whether the action is single or repeated and
whether the action is finished or unfinished.
OR
Tense is a form of the verb which shows the time of the action or situation such as past, present and
future.
OR
Tense is a form of the verb which describes what we did in the past, what we are doing in the present
and what we will do in the future.
Meaning of Tense:
1. Tens as a noun:
As a noun “tense” means any of the forms of the verb which shows the time of the action so we
can say tense as a noun means “Time or era”.
2. Tense as an Adjective:
As an adjective “tense” means “unhappy, nervous or upset”.
3. Tense as a verb:
As a verb tense gives the following two meanings:
a) To make someone unhappy, nervous, or upset
b) To stretch or make firm

Kinds of Tense:
There are three kinds of tense which are:
1) Present Tense:
It shows that the action or situation takes place in the present time.
Ex: We are at KELC.
Ex: We study at KELC.
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2) Past Tense:
It shows that the action or situation took place in the past.
Ex: We were at KELC.
Ex: We studied at KELC.
3) Future Tense:
It shows that the action or situation will take place in the future.
Ex: We will be at KELC.
Ex: We will study at KELC.
Categories of Tense:
a) Present Tense
1. Simple Present Tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
b) Past Tense
1. Simple Past Tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Past Perfect Tense
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
c) Future Tense
1. Simple Future Tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
3. Future Perfect Tense
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Note: To learn tenses should know about five forms of verb.

1) Unconjugated Form: It is the base form of the verb such as (study, go, teach and etc).
2) Inflected Form: It is the base form of the verb followed by (s, es, ies) such as (studies,
goes, teaches, plays and etc).
3) Derivational Form: It is the present participle form of the verb such as (studying, going,
teaching and etc).
4) Conjugated Form: It is the past form of the verb such as (studied, went, taught and etc).
5) Super Conjugated Form: It is the past participle form of the verb such as (studied,
gone, taught and etc).
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Forms of Tense
Tense mainly has the following two forms.
1) Simple Form of Tense:
It is a form of “tense” which shows actions and states and never take “verb+ing” and
shows completion of the action and there are six simple tenses which are:
a) Simple Present Tense
b) Simple Present Perfect Tense
c) Simple Past Tense
d) Simple Past Perfect Tense
e) Simple Future Tense
f) Simple Future Perfect Tense
Ex: Ali is a teacher.
Ex: We studied two chapters of writing.
2) Continuous Form of Tense:

It is a form of “tense” which emphasizes the continuation of an action and always takes
“verb+ing” and there are six continuous tenses which are:
a) Present Progressive Tense
b) Present Perfect Progressive Tense
c) Past Progressive Tense
d) Past Perfect Progressive Tense
e) Future Progressive Tense
f) Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Ex: I am teaching tenses.
Stages of Tenses
In English grammar all tenses pass through the following three main tenses.
1) Syntax Stage:
In this stage we learn about the structures of a tense.
2) Explanation Stage:
In this stage we learn about the usages of a tense.
3) Implementation Stage:
In this stage we learn about the examples of a tense.
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Simple Present Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + verb + (s, es, ies) + comp
(-) Subject + doesn’t/don’t + verb.1 + comp
(?) Do/Does + subject + verb.1 + comp
(-?) Don’t/Doesn’t + subject + verb.1 + comp (American)
(-?) Do/Does + subject + not + verb.1 + comp (British)
Usages of Simple Present Tense

1) It shows an action or situation which points back to past, present and future.
Ex: We study at KELC.
Ex: I live in Kabul.
2) It shows an action which happens daily or regularly.
Ex: His father goes to office at 7:00 am.
Ex: It snows every winter in Kabul.
3) It shows an action which a particular person does as a habit.

Ex: Ali smokes cigarette.
Ex: She chews gum in the class.
4) It shows a general or universal fact.

Ex: The earth revolves the sun. (Universal fact)
Ex: Ashraf Ghani is the president of Afghanistan. (General fact)
Note: Universal fact is unchangeable in nature while general fact is changeable in
nature.
5) It replaces present continuous tense with Stative or non-progressive verbs.

Ex: Ali needs some money.
Ex: It smells delicious.
6) It talks about future actions that are apart of our fixed timetable or program in the
present.
Ex: The president goes to China next month.
Ex: We have quiz one next week.
7) It gives future meaning when used with subordinate conjunctions in adverb clauses.
Ex: If you study hard, you will pass the test.
Ex: When she comes, we will go.
Ex: Unless you study, you can’t pass.
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8) With adverbs of frequency simple present tense is used to show or talk about the
repetition of an action which is in the favor of the subject.
Ex: We always come to class on time.
Ex: They sometimes go to the pool.
Ex: I never tell lie.
9) In newspaper headlines simple present tense gives past meaning.

Ex: Afghanistan beats India. (Afghanistan beat India.)
Present Continuous Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + is/am/are + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + is/am/are + not + verb-ing + comp
(?) Is/am/are + subject + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Is/am/are + subject + not + verb-ing + comp (British)
(-?) Isn’t/aren’t + subject + verb-ing + comp (American)
Usages of Present Continuous Tense
1) Present continuous tense is used to show or talk about an action which is happening
right now or at the moment of speaking.
Ex: He is playing cricket.
Ex: I am reading a novel.
Ex: They are watching a movie.
2) It is used to show or talk about an action which is not actually happening right now or
at the moment of speaking but it is happening around the moment of speaking (it
means that it talks about the general continuation of the action).
Ex: I am studying at the University of Peshawar.
Ex: He is writing a book.
3) Present continuous tense is used to express an action which has already been planned
or arranged to take place in the near future.
In this case we use the future time expressions such as (tonight, tomorrow, next week,
next month and etc).
Ex: Adnan is going to America next week.
Ex: I am attending a party tonight.
4) Present continuous tense is used to express changing and developing situation.

Ex: The world population is increasing day by day.
Ex: My handwriting is improving.
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5) Present continuous tense is used to express a particularly obstinate habit or persistent
action that is not yet eliminated despite warning or advice and that annoys the speaker
(It means that it shows along going action).
In this case we use adverbs such as (always, continually, constantly, forever,
repeatedly and etc).
Ex: It is continually raining.
Ex: They are always coming late to the class.
Present Perfect Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + have/has + verb.3 + comp
(-) Subject + have/has + not + verb.3 + comp
(?) Have/has + subject + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Have/has + subject + not + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Haven’t/hasn’t + subject + verb.3 + comp
Usages of Present Perfect Tense
1) Present perfect tense is used to show or talk about an action that started and ended at
an unspecified time in the past or it expresses an action that happened or did not
happen at an unclear time in the past.
Ex: I have eaten lunch.
Ex: Sana has washed the dishes.
2) It is used to show or talk about an action that has happened repeatedly in the past but
the time of each repetition is not clear or important.
In this case we use the adverbs such as (once, twice, three times, many times, several
times and a couple of times).
Ex: I have been to Kabul twice.
Ex: He has watched P.K movie many times.
3) It is used to show or talk about an action that started in the past, continues to the
present and may or may not go to the future.
Note: In this case we use the prepositions (since and for). The preposition “since” is
used with the exact or clear point of time to show the starting point of an action such
as (since morning, since 8:00 o’clock, since July, since 2010 and etc) while the
preposition “for” is used with the duration of time to show the length and duration of
an action such as (for two days, for two weeks, for two years and etc).
Ex: I have taught English since 2008.
Ex: I have taught English for nine years.
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4) It is used to show or talk about an action which happened in the recent or immediate
past.
Note: In this case we use the adverbs such as (recently, lately and just).
Ex: We have just finished studying present continuous tense.
Ex: He has gotten a job recently.
5) Present perfect tense is used to show an action that has happened sooner than its
expected time.
In this case the adverb “already” is used.
Ex: He has already completed his research proposal.
6) It is used to show or talk about an action that hasn’t happened up to now but the
speaker expects it to happen in the near future.
In this case the adverb “yet” is used.
Ex: I haven’t eaten lunch yet.
Ex: He hasn’t washed the car yet.
7) It is used to show or talk about an action that took place in the past but when think
more of its effects appear in the present rather than the action itself.
Ex: I have cut my finger. (It is bleeding now.)
Ex: Sana has washed the dishes. (The dishes are clean.)
8) Present perfect tense is used to show those actions whose periods are not finish at the
moment of speaking or it expresses an action of incomplete period of time.
In this case we use the time expressions (today, this morning, this weekend, this
semester and etc).
Ex: I have taught three classes today.
Ex: It has rained twice this year.
Differences between “Been to, Gone to and Been in”
1) Been to: is used to show the idea of going somewhere and coming back.
Ex: I have been to Kabul.
2) Gone to: is used to show the idea of going somewhere but not coming back.
Ex: They have gone to Kabul.
3) Been in: is used to show the idea of staying somewhere for a particular period of time.
Ex: I have been in Afghanistan.
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Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + has/have + been + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + has/have + not + been + verb-ing + comp
(?) Has/have + subject + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Has/have + subject + not + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Hasn’t/haven’t + subject + been + verb-ing + comp
Usages of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

1) Present perfect continuous tense is used to emphasize the length and duration of an
action that started in the past, continues to the present and may or may not go to the
future.
Note: In this case we use the prepositions (since and for).
Ex: They have been playing cricket since morning.
Ex: We have been discussing tenses for the last three days.
Note: Sometime both present perfect tense and present perfect continuous tense give the
same meaning but this is possible when the present perfect tense has durative verb +
since/for.
Durative verbs: are those verbs which are used to show the length and duration of an
action. Such durative verbs are (study, work, teach, live, know and etc).
Present perfect tense + Durative verb + since/for = present perfect continuous tense
Ex: I have taught English at KELC since 2009.
Present
Future
Past
2009 2010 20122 2017

0
Ex: I have been teaching English1at KELC since 2009.
3
Present
2
0
1
5
f
u
Past t future
u
2009 r 2017
e
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Differences between Present Perfect Tens and Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1) Is used to emphasize the happening 1) Is used to emphasize the continuation of
of an action. of an action.
2) Is used to show an action of long 2) Is used to show an action of short
background. background.
3) Is used to show an achieved result. 3) Is used to show an unachieved result.
4) Is used to show an action that 4) Is used to show the length and duration of
continues from past to present an action that continues from past to
along with stoppages and interruptions. present without any stoppages or
interruptions.
2) Present perfect continuous tense expresses an action which started in the past and has
already stopped or just finished and in this case the continuity of the action is
emphasized as an explanation of something.
In this case the prepositions (since and for) or not used.
Ex: Ali’s eyes are red. He has been crying.
Ex: You are breathless, so I think you have been running.
Ex: His cloths are wet, so I he has been watering the garden.
3) It expresses an action which is or was frequently repeated over a period of time but this
usage of present continuous tense is less common than present perfect tense.
Ex: They have been visiting the doctor every day for the past week.
Ex: He has been going to the movies every day since last week.
4) It expresses a general action in progress but this usage of present perfect continuous
tense is less common than the present continuous tense.
Ex: My brother has been writing a novel.
Ex: I have been studying at university of Peshawar.
Simple Past Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + verb.2+ comp
(-) Subject + did + not + verb.1 + comp
(?) Did + subject + verb.1 + comp
(-?) Did + subject + not + verb.1 + comp
(-?) Didn’t + subject + verb.1 + comp
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Usages of Simple Past Tense
1) It is used to show or talk about an action that started an ended at a particular time in the
past. Or it shows an action that happened or did not happen at a definite time in the past.
Ex: We studied present continuous tense the day before yesterday.
Ex: They watched a movie last night.
2) It is used to express an action or a habit which existed over a period of time in the past
but now longer exists in the present.
Ex: Ali always wanted to serve his country.
Ex: I used to smoke cigarette.
3) It is used to show or talk about an action or a habit which did not exist in the past but it
exists in the present.
Ex: They didn’t use to study hard.
Ex: He didn’t use to help poor people.
4) It is used to express a present or future unreal meaning or desire when it is used in

conditional clauses or in subjunctive mood.
Ex: If I had a lot of money, I would start my own business.
Ex: I wish that I had a lot of money to start my own business.
5) Simple past tense replaces simple present tense in indirect or reported speech according
to the formal sequence of tenses.
Ex: Adnan said, “I play cricket”.
Adnan said that he played cricket.
6) Simple past tense expresses two actions which started in the past but one action started
earlier and the other action started later.
Note: In this case the time words (when, before and after) are used.
Ex: When it started to rain, I stood under the tree.
Ex: I stood under the tree when it started to rain.
7) It is used after the present perfect tense to give extra details about someone or
something.
Ex: I have learned a lot since I joined KELC.
Ex: The famous actor, Shahrukhan has died of heart attack; moreover he stared in more
than 1000 Indian movies.
8) It expresses a repeated action or event and it suggests that the action is finished and
won’t happen again.
Ex: Ali went to Peshawar museum many times.
Ex: He saw snow once in his life.
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Past Continuous Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + was / were + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + was / were + not + verb-ing + comp
(?) was / were + subject + verb-ing + comp
(-?) was / were + subject + not + verb-ing + comp (British)
(-?) wasn’t / weren’t + subject + verb-ing + comp (American)
Usages of Past Continuous Tense

1) It is used to show or talk about an action that was or was not in the progress at a
particular time in the past.
Ex: We were studying P.2 a month ago.
Ex: Sana was washing the clothes last night.
Ex: They were watching a movie last night at 10:00 pm.
2) It is used to express an action which was in the progress another action happened and
may or may not interrupt the first action.
In this case we use the time words such as (when and while).
Note: “When” is used with simple past tense and “while” is used with past continuous
tense.
Structure: Past Continuous Tense + when + Simple Past Tense
Structure: When+ Simple Past Tense+, + Past Continuous Tense
Structure: While+ Past Continuous Tense+, + Simple Past Tense
Ex: I was studying for my exam when my brother called me.
Ex: When my brother called me, I was studying for my exam.
Ex: While Walid was going to charity, Ali followed him.
3) Past continuous tense is used to show or talk about a situation in which two actions were
in progress at the same time without any interruptions in the past. (It means that it shows
simultaneous actions).
In this case we use the time word “while”.
Structure: Past Continuous Tense + while + Past Continuous Tense
Structure: While + Past Continuous Tense +, + Past Continuous Tense
Ex: I was watching a movie while my brother was sleeping.
Ex: While Sana was cooking mantoo, Laila was washing the dishes.
4) Past continuous tense is used to replace present continuous tense in indirect or reported
speech according to formal sequence of tenses.
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Ex: Sana said, “I am not feeling well”.
Sana said that she was not feeling well.
5) It expresses particularly obstinate habit or persistent action (long going action).

In this case the adverbs (always, constantly, continually, repeatedly, forever and etc) are
used.
Ex: Ali was always teasing girls at the university.
Ex: We were continually fighting for our rights.
6) Past continuous tense expresses a gradual process or development in the past.

Ex: The population of world was increasing day by day in 2000.
Ex: The weather was getting colder last month.
Past Perfect Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + had + verb.3 + comp
(-) Subject + had + not + verb.3 + comp
(?) Had + subject + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Had + subject + not + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Hadn’t + subject + verb.3 + comp
Usages of Past Perfect Tense
1) Past perfect tense is used to show or talk about an action that was or was not completed
before the happening of another action or time in the past (It means that past perfect
tense shows or talks about two actions that took place in the past but one before
another).
Note: In this case the first or earlier action is shown by the past perfect tense and the
second or later action is shown by the simple past tense.
Structures:
(a) After + Past Perfect Tense+, + Simple Past Tense
(a) Past Tense + after+ Past Perfect Tense
Ex: After they had played cricket, the rain started.
1st action 2nd action
Ex: The rain started after they had played cricket.
2nd action 1st action
Note: In the above structures past perfect tense is called obligatory past perfect tense
because it emphasizes which action happened first and which later.
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(b) After + Simple Past Tense +,+ Simple Past Tense
(b) Simple Past Tense + after + Simple Past Tense
Ex: After I ate breakfast, I went to office.
1st action 2nd action
Ex: I went to office after I ate breakfast.
Note: In the above structure the tense is called non obligatory because it does not
emphasize which happened first and which second.
(C) Past Perfect Tense + before + Simple Past Tense

(C) Before+ Simple Past Tense+, + Past Perfect Tense
Ex: Sana had washed the dishes before she went to the market.
1staction 2nd action
Ex: Before she went to the market, she had washed the dishes.
2nd action 1staction
(D) When + Past Perfect Tense +, + Simple Past Tense
(D) Simple Past Tense + when + Past Perfect Tense
Ex: When they had washed the car, their father came.
Ex: Their father came when they had washed the car.
Note: In the above structure “when” means “after”.
(E) Past Perfect Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

(E) When + Simple Past Tense +, + Past Perfect Tense
Ex: I had gotten my degree when I left Peshawar.
Ex: When I left Peshawar, I had gotten my degree.
(F) When + Simple Past Tense +, + Simple Past Tense

(F) Simple Past Tense + when + Simple Past Tense
Ex: When they arrived, we watched the movie.
Ex: We watched the movie when they arrived.
(G) Past Perfect Tense + by the time + Simple Past Tense

(G) By the time + Simple Past Tense +, + Past Perfect Tense
Ex: I had completed my report by the time my boss arrived.
Ex: By the time my boss arrived, I had completed my report.
2) Past perfect tense replaces present perfect tense and simple past tense in indirect or
reported speech according to the formal sequence of tense.
Ex: Ali said, “I have played well”.
Ex: Ali said that he had played well.
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Ex: Sana said, “I did not call him”.
Ex: Sana said that she had not called him.
3) Past perfect tense expresses past unreal desire or wish when it is used in conditional
clause or in subjunctive mood.
Ex: I wish that I had met her once more last week.
Ex: If they had played well, they would have won the match.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Structures:
(+) Subject + had + been + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + had + not + been + verb-ing + comp
(?) Had + subject + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Had + subject + not + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Hadn’t + subject + been + verb-ing + comp
Usages of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

1) It emphasizes the duration of an action which was in progress before another action or
time in the past (it means that past perfect continuous tense shows two actions that took
place but one before another).
In this case the first action is indicated by past perfect continuous tense and the second
action is indicated by simple past tense.
Note: Since / for and durative verbs are used in this case.
Structures:
Past Perfect Continuous Tense + When / before / by the time + Simple Past Tense
When/ before / by the time + Simple Past Tense +, + Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Ex: The police had been looking for the criminals before they finally caught them.
Ex: Before the police finally caught the criminals, they had been looking for them.
Ex: She came to our house at 7:00 pm.

I came from office at 8:00 pm.
Ex: She had been waiting at my house since 7:00 pm by the time I came from office.
Structure:
After + Past Perfect Continuous Tense +, + Simple Past Tense
Ex: I came from office after she had waiting for me since 7:00 pm.
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2) It gives explanations for those actions which were in progress very recent to another
action or time in the past.
Ex: Your eyes were red. I think you had been crying.
Ex: Ali was breathless. I think he had been running fast.
3) It replaces past continuous tense and present perfect continuous tense in indirect speech
according to the general sequence of tenses.
Ex: Ali said, “I have been studying English at KELC.”
Ex: Ali said that he had been studying English at KELC.
Ex: Ali said, “I was studying English at KELC.”
Ex: Ali said that he had been studying English at KELC.
4) It has past continuous meaning with (if and wish).

Ex: I wish you had been coming regularly.
Ex: If you had been working honestly, you wouldn’t have been terminated.
Simple Future Tense

This tense is indicated by three ways.
1) Will + verb.1
2) Shall + verb.1
3) Be going to + verb.1
1) Using (will + verb.1)

a) It is a model auxiliary which is more formal than “be going to” and more
common than “shall” to talk about future especially in American English with all
subjects.
Ex: Ali will come tomorrow.
b) It shows a weak plan which is not based on evidence.

Ex: Bilal will come tomorrow.
c) It shows willingness for doing something.

Ex: come here! I will teach you English.
d) It shows promise and determination.

Ex: I will meet you tomorrow at 7:00 pm.
e) It shows possibility.
Ex: don’t call he will be busy.
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2) Using shall
a) It is mainly used in formal British English but in American English it is used
with “I and we” to talk about future.
Ex: We shall have quiz one on Saturday.
b) It is used for promise and determination as a heavier word than “will”.

Ex: I shall return your money tomorrow.
c) It forms the tag questions for the phrase “let’s”.
Ex: Let’s play cricket, shall we?
d) In questions it is used to make suggestion for doing something.

Ex: Shall we have dinner outside tonight?
e) It is used to talk about formal rules and regulations.

Ex: All the students shall wear uniform in school.
3) Using be going to + verb.1

a) It is stronger than (will and shall) to talk about future it is informally written and
articulated as “gonna”.
Ex: I am going to go.
Ex: We are gonna go.
b) It shows prior plans or strong actions based on evidence.

Ex: Pakistan has 500 runs leads in first test match.
Pakistan is going to win the first test match.
c) It shows those actions which are out of human control.

Ex: Ali is going to die.
Ex: It is going to rain.
d) It also shows someone’s predictions which are likely to take place.

Ex: You are lazy.
You are going to fail P3.
e) It is used to talk about those actions which will take place in very near future.
Ex: We are going to explain future continuous tense today.
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Future Continuous Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + will + be + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + will + not + be + verb-ing + comp
(?) Will + subject + be + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Will + subject + not + be + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Won’t + subject + be + verb-ing + comp
Usages of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

1) It is used to express an action which will be in progress at a particular time in the future.
Ex: We will be studying future perfect continuous tense tomorrow.
Ex: I will be watching a movie tonight.
2) It is used to show an action which is already planned or decided to take place in the
future.
Ex: I will be working in Kabul next week.
Ex: My brother will be living in USA the coming year.
3) It is used to express an action or event which will be in progress as a result of a previous

decision or an arrangement.
Ex: We will be taking quiz next week.
Ex: Pakistan will be playing against India on Sunday.
4) It is used to express an action which will be happening in the normal or ordinary course
of event.
Ex: We will be attending classes from next week.
Ex: I will be sleeping till late tomorrow for it is Sunday.
Future Perfect Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + will + have + verb.3 + comp
(-) Subject + will + not + have + verb.3 + comp
(?) Will + subject + have + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Will + subject + not + have + verb.3 + comp
(-?) Won’t + subject + have + verb.3 + comp
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Usages of Future Perfect Tense
1) It is used to express an action which will or will not be completed before the happening
of another action or time in the future (it means that future perfect tense shows or talks
about two actions that will take place in the future but one before another).
In this case the first or earlier action is shown by the future perfect tense and the second
or later action is shown by the simple present tense.
Structures:
Future Perfect Tense + when/ before/ by the time / the next time + Simple Present
Tense
When / before/ by the time / the next time + Simple Present Tense +, + Future
Perfect Tense
Ex: I will have gotten my degree before I come to Afghanistan.
Ex: We will have finished tenses by the time the bell rings.
Note: In the above structures and examples the time words such as (when, before, by the
time and the next time) are only used with simple present tense they are not used with
future perfect tense (it means that future perfect tense is the main clause and the simple
present tense is the time clause).
2) It is used in place of future perfect progressive tense with durative verbs and “since /
for” for along background actions.
Ex: He will have worked in this company for 20 years before he retires.
Ex: He will have been working in this company for 20 years before he retires.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Structures:
(+) Subject + will + have + been + verb-ing + comp
(-) Subject + will + not + have + been + verb-ing + comp
(?) Will + subject + have + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Will + subject + not + have + been + verb-ing + comp
(-?) Won’t + subject + have + been + verb-ing +comp
Usages of Future Perfect Continuous Tense
1) It is used to express the length and duration of an action which will or will not be in the
progress before the happening of another action or time in the future (it means that
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future perfect continuous tense shows two actions that will take place but one before
another).
In this case the first or earlier action is shown by the future perfect continuous tense and
the second or later action is shown by the simple present tense.
Structures:
Future Perfect Continuous Tense + when / before / by the time / the next time +
Simple Present Tense
When / before /by the time / the next time + Simple Present Tense +, + Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Ex: I will have been teaching for one hour before the bell rings.
Ex: When you come to home from office, I will have been sleeping for one hour.
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PERSPECTIVES THREE
Chapter # 02
Gerund and Infinitive
Verbs According to Tense
According to tense we have got the following two kinds of verb:
1) Finite Verbs
2) Non-Finite Verbs
Finite Verbs: They are those verbs which show the tense and are limited by the number of persons,
subjects and tense or they are those verbs which are affected by the change of tense and subject.
Non-Finite Verbs: They are those verbs which don’t show the tense and are not limited by the
number of persons, subjects and tense or they are those verbs which are not affected by the change
of tense and subject.
Kinds of Non-Finite Verb

Non-Finite verbs have the following three kinds.
1) Gerund
Ex: We enjoy watching movies.

Ex: He enjoys watching movies.
Ex: He enjoyed watching movies.
2) Infinitive
Ex: We want to buy a car.
Ex: he wants to buy a car.
Ex: He wanted to buy a car.
3) Participle
a) Present Participle
Ex: I am playing cricket.
Ex: He is teaching English.
Ex: They are teaching English.
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b) Past Participle
Ex: I have eaten lunch.
Ex: He has eaten lunch.
Ex: They had eaten lunch.
Gerund
Origin and Meaning:
The word gerund is derived from the Latin word “Gerere” which means to do or perform an
action.
Definition:
The “ing” form of the verb which functions as a noun or which has the force of a noun is called
gerund.
Gerund is basically a verb and its “ing” form but function as a noun or has the force of noun
therefore, it is also called a verbal noun.
Gerund functions as a noun because it names an action and it is not related to any tense.
Gerund is basically singular in its nature therefore it requires the pronoun “it” but sometimes it
can be plural and requires the pronoun “they”.
Ex: Eating apple is good for health because it contains vitamins. (Singular)
Ex: I don’t understand the meanings of these words because they are difficult. (Plural)
Functions of Verb-ing
Verb-ing has the following functions
(1) As a verb:
As a verb “verb-ing” is used after “to be verbs” in continuous tenses as the present participle verb.
Ex: They are playing cricket.

Ex: She is crying.
(2) As a noun:
As a noun “verb-ing” is used either before the verb (as a subject) or after the verb (as the
object).
Ex: Watching movie is fun.
Ex: He hates crying.
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(3) As an Adjective:
Ex: He is a crying baby.
(4) As an Adverb:
Ex: She left the room crying.
(5) As a Preposition:
Ex: You can ask my teacher concerning my marks.
Some Structure Related to Gerund

Gerund is used with noun, adverb and prepositional phrase to make gerund phrase.
A) Gerund (verb-ing) + noun / adverb / prepositional phrase
Ex: Reading novel is interesting.
Ex: Driving slowly is boring.
Ex: Playing with children makes me happy.
B) Gerund (verb-ing) + singular noun + singular verb
Ex: Watching movie is fun.
C) Gerund (verb-ing) + plural noun + singular verb
Ex: Watching movies is fun.
Ex: Eating apples is good for health.
D) Gerund (verb-ing) + and + gerund (verb-ing) + plural verb
Ex: Eating and sleeping a lot are my habits.
Ex: Washing and cooking the dishes are girls’ duty.
Cases or Usages of Gerund

(1) Subjective Case of Gerund:
In this case a gerund is used before the verb at the beginning of the sentence in order to function
as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
Ex: Learning English is important.
Ex: Going to America is my desire.
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(2) Objective Case of Gerund:
In this case a gerund is used as the object of the verb in order to function as the object of the
verb in a sentence.
Structure: Subject + Gerund verb + Gerund (verb-ing)
Ex: He likes eating alone.
Ex: They love going on trips.
(3) Gerund as the Object of Preposition:
In this case a gerund is used after the preposition in order to function as the object of that
preposition and it is shown through the following structures.
a) Adjective + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: We are interested in learning English.
Ex: I am tired of teaching at KELC.
b) Noun + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: My brother is the head of hiring people.
Ex: Ali is in charge of organizing the party.
c) Verb + Preposition + Gerund
Ex: Our teacher insists on coming to class on time.
Ex: We should keep on working hard.
(4) Gerund as the Complement of Be / Subjective Complement Case:
In this case a gerund is used after “be” in order to complete the meaning of “be”.
Ex: My desire is serving my nation.
Ex: What I want is going to America.
(5) Gerund is used after “No” to show prohibition.
Ex: No laughing.
Ex: No smoking.
(6) Gerund is used after the preposition “by” to show the way how something is done.
Ex: I satisfied my hunger by eating rice.
Ex: He quenches his thirst by drinking water.
Ex: He found the meaning of “quench” by checking dictionary.
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(7) Gerund is used after to do verbs (do, does, did) to show house works.
Ex: We did shopping yesterday.
Ex: Sana does cooking at home.
(8) Gerund is used after the verb “like” to mean for example.
Ex: I can do many things like teaching, playing, driving and etc.
(9) Go + Gerund:
It is used to show or talk about recreational activities (those activities in which a person can be
entertained).
EX: We go fishing every week.
EX: He went shopping yesterday.
Infinitive
Origin and Meaning:
The word “infinitive” is derived from the Latin word “infinitus” which means unlimited.
Definition:
“To + the base form the verb” which functions as a noun is called infinitive Or the non-finite
form of the verb which function as a noun or which has the force of a noun is called infinitive.
Ex: To drive, to write, to eat, to read, to dance and etc.
Note: “TO” before the base form of the verb is called infinitive marker but “TO” before a noun
or gerund is called preposition.
Different Functions of Infinitive
1) As a Verb:
As a verb “infinitive” is used after auxiliary verbs and some causative verbs.
Ex: I made my brother go to school.
Ex: They will invite him.
2) As a Noun:
As a noun “infinitive is used before the verb (as a subject) and after the verb (as the object).
Ex: To learn English is essential.
Ex: I want to learn English.
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3) As an Adjective:
Ex: It is not the place to eat.
4) As an Adverb:
Ex: I am happy to see her again.
Some Structures Related to Infinitive

An “infinitive” is used with a noun, adverb and prepositional phrase to make infinitive phrase.
A) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + noun / adverb / prepositional phrase
Ex: To read novel is interesting.
Ex: To drive fast is dangerous.
Ex: To play with knife is risky.
B) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + singular noun + singular verb

Ex: To wash the car is boring task.
C) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + plural noun + singular verb

Ex: To wash the cars is boring.
D) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + and + infinitive (to + verb.1) + plural verb

Ex: To wash and (to) cook the dishes are girls’ duty.
Cases or Usages of Infinitive

1) Subjective Case of Infinitive:
In this case an infinitive is used before the verb at the beginning of the sentence in order to
function as the subject of the verb in a sentence.
Ex: To eat a lot of candy is harmful for teeth.
Ex: To run in the morning is a good exercise.
Note 1: In old fashioned English the subjective case of infinitive was introduced through the
following structure.
Structure: It + to be verb + adjective + Infinitive (to + Verb.1)
Ex: To learn English is important.
Ex: It is important to learn English.
Note 2: In the above example the pronoun “it” is an unreal subject or expletive word and gives
the same meaning as the infinitive phrase at the end of the sentence.
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2) Objective Case of Infinitive:
In this case an infinitive is used after the infinitive verb in order to function as the object of the
verb in a sentence.
Structure: Subject + infinitive verb + infinitive (to + verb.1)
Ex: They decided to go to Kabul.
Ex: She refused to marry him.
3) Infinitive as the Object of the Preposition:
Infinitive is used as the object of two prepositions which are: but and except.
Ex: They have no way except to win and qualify to the final.
Ex: There is no choice but to work hard and earn money.
4) Subjective Complement or Infinitive as the Complement of Be:
In this case an infinitive is used to complete the meaning of “be”.
Ex: Her wish is to become a doctor.
Ex: What they want is to eat a lot.
5) Infinitive as the Objective Complement:
In this case an infinitive is used to complete the meaning of an object to function as the
objective complement.
Ex: I told him to leave the class.
Ex: She asked me to call her.
Kinds of Infinitive
1) Absolute Infinitive:
Absolute infinitive is also called full infinitive and complete infinitive.
This kind of infinitive is (to + verb.1).
Ex: I can’t afford to buy that house.
2) Bare Infinitive:
This kind of infinitive is only the base form of the verb without the infinitive marker “to” which
is mainly used after auxiliary verbs and some causative verbs.
Note: Bare infinitive is also called simple infinitive, zero infinitive and plain infinitive.
Ex: You will take quiz tomorrow.
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Ex: They let their son watch movies.
3) Abridge Infinitive:
This kind of infinitive is only infinitive marker” to” without base form of the verb.
Ex: S1: Would you like to eat something?
S2: Yes, I would like to.
Ex: I will call them only if you want to.
4) Split Infinitive:
In this kind of infinitive is (to + adverb + verb.1) when the infinitive marker “to” is splitted
from the base form of the verb by using an adverb
Ex: I want to carefully drive a car.
Ex: They need to successfully pass the test.
5) Complex Infinitive:
Structure: Subject + infinitive verb + object + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Ex: The teacher told the students to leave the class.
Ex: My father ordered me to help them.
6) Compound Infinitive:
Structure:
Subject + infinitive verb + infinitive (to + verb.1) + and + infinitive (to + verb.1) + Comp
EX: They need to listen and (to) speak a lot in order to learn English.
Ex: Sana hates to cook and (to) wash the dishes.
7) Perfective Infinitive:
This kind of infinitive is (to have + verb.3)
Ex: I forgot to have written my homework.
Ex: She remembers to have gone to the party.
8) Qualifying Infinitive:
This kind of infinitive is used to modify the whole sentence.
Ex: To tell the truth I hate her.
Ex: To be honest I am not interested in this class.
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Lists of Verbs Followed by Gerund and Infinitive
There are four lists of the verbs which are followed by gerund and infinitive:
1) Verbs which are followed by Gerund:
There are some verbs which are only followed by a gerund if an infinitive is used then
the usage of infinitive is considered wrong.
Such verbs are (enjoy, avoid, suggest, mention, mind, appreciate, deny, delay and etc)
Ex: He suggested going to the movies.
Ex: We enjoyed watching that movie.
2) Verbs which are followed by Infinitive:

There are some verbs which are only followed by an infinitive if gerund comes then the
usage of gerund is considered wrong.
Infinitive verbs are divided into the following two structures:
a) Subject + infinitive verb + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Verbs which are used in the above structure are: Refuse, afford, decide, hope, plan,
promise and etc.
Ex: I hope to pass the test.
Ex: They plan to start a new business.
b) Subject + infinitive verb + object + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Verbs which are used in the above structure are: advise, encourage, tell, remind,
allow, invite and etc.
Ex: I advised him to study hard.
Ex: They told me to go there.
Ex: The parents allow their son to watch movies.
Note: There are some verbs which are used in both structures and they are (ask,
want, need, expect).
Ex: I expect to play well.
Ex: I expect them to play well.
3) Verbs Followed by both Gerund and Infinitive:

There are some verbs which are followed by both gerund and infinitive with the same
meaning such verbs are (like, dislike, love, hate, continue, begin, start, prefer and etc).
Ex: I love eating manto.
Ex: I love to eat manto.
Ex: He hates watching TV.
Ex: He hates to watch TV.
4) Verbs Followed by both Gerund and Infinitive:

There are some verbs which are followed by both gerund and infinitive with different
meaning such verbs are (stop, forget, remember, regret and try).
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a) Stop + Gerund:
It means that someone quits an action.
Ex: He stopped smoking cigarette.
Ex: I want to stop teaching English.
a) Stop + Infinitive:
It means that there are two actions and someone quits his or her first action for the sake
of performing the second action.
Ex: I stopped to answer the door.
Ex: He stopped to get some milk at the store.
b) Remember + Gerund:
It means that someone remembers or recalls something that happened in the past.
Ex: I remember going to Afghanistan for the first time.
Ex: She remembers dancing at her friend’s party.
Ex: They remembered going to the movies.
b) Remember + Infinitive:
It means that someone remembers or recalls to perform his or her duty or responsibility.
Ex: Sana remembers to wash the dishes.
Ex: I always remember to write my homework.
c) Forget + Gerund:
It means that someone forgets something that happened in the past.
Ex: Ali forgot teasing girls.
Ex: They forget going to the movies.
c) Forget + Infinitive:
It means that someone forgets to perform his or her duty or responsibility
Ex: He always forgets to write his homework.
Ex: I forgot to call you.
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d) Regret + Gerund:
It means that someone regrets about something that happened in the past.
Ex: Pakistan regrets losing the match.
Ex: He regretted fighting with his brother.
d) Regret + Infinitive:
It means to tell or inform someone with a bad news.
Ex: I regret to tell you that most of you will fail.
Ex: She regrets to inform that her father passed away.
e) Try + Gerund:
It means to perform different experiments with a new or different approach to see if it
works or not.
Ex: The room was dark, so I tried opening window.
e) Try + Infinitive:
It means to make an effort.
Ex: We are trying to learn English.
Using Gerund as Subjects and using “it + infinitive”

Both gerund and infinitive have the same meaning when they are used as the subject of
the sentence.
Ex: Voting in every election is important.
Ex: To vote in every election is important.
Note 1: In old fashioned English the subjective case of infinitive was introduced through
the following structure.
Structure: It + to be verb + adjective + to + verb.1 (infinitive) + comp
Ex: It is important to vote in every election.
Ex: It is fun to read novel.
Note 2: In the above structure the pronoun “it” has the same meaning as the infinitive
phrase at the end of the sentence and it is called unreal and pseudo subject or expletive
word.
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Infinitive of Purpose
There are many ways through which we can express purpose which are the followings:
1) By using (in order to + verb.1)
Ex: We come to KELC in order to learn English.
Ex: He studies hard in order to get the first position.
Note: Sometimes “in order” can be deleted then in this case the infinitive (to + verb.1) is
used to express purpose.
Ex: We come to KELC to learn English.
2) By using (so as to + verb.1)
Ex: They go to school so as to learn something.
Ex: He works hard so as to earn much money.
Note: Both “in order to + verb.1” and “so as to + verb.1” are formally used to express
purpose but “in order” is more common than “so as”.
3) By using (For + Object)
Ex: He works for money.
4) By using (For + Gerund)
Ex: We come to KELC for learning English.
Note: Both the above structure and example are wrong because (for + gerund) is never used
to express purpose.
5) Be + Used + For + Gerund
This structure is used to talk about the general purpose of something and in here in this case
an infinitive can also be used.
Ex: A marker is used for writing.
Ex: A knife is used for cutting.
6) Be + used + to + verb.1
This structure is used to show or talk about the specific or particular purpose of something
and here in this case a gerund cannot be used.
Ex: A red marker is used to write titles on the white board.
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Adjectives Followed by Infinitive
There are some adjectives which are followed by infinitive and these adjectives show a
person’s feelings.
Ex: I am glad to meet her.
Ex: He is excited to pass the test.
Ex: She is nervous to fail the interview.
Note: In the above examples the infinitive functions as an adverb because it modifies
adjective.
Using Infinitive with “Too” and “Enough”

Too:
It means excessive or more than enough and according to grammar it is an adverb of degree
which is used to show both difficulty and impossibility (it means that it gives a negative
sense).
Note: “Very” is also an adverb of degree which only shows difficulty but not impossibility
(it means that it gives a positive sense).
Ex: The coffee is too hot to take.
Ex: The coffee is very hot to take.
Some Structures with Too
1) Too + Negative Adjective
This structure is used to show or talk about something which is problem.
Ex: My shirt is too tight.
Ex: Our class is too small.
2) Too + adjective + to + verb.1
This structure is used to show or talk about the excessive condition which stops an action
from happening.
Ex: Ali is too lazy to pass the test.
Ex: I am too short to touch the fan.
Ex: It is too hot to play cricket.
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3) Too + adjective + for + object + to + verb.1
This structure is used to show or talk about a particular person for whom something is a
problem.
Ex: It is too late for us to go to class.
Ex: It is too difficult for Ali to find her house.
Enough:
It means sufficient or adequate and according to grammar it can be used as an adjective and
as an adverb.
1) Enough as an Adjective:
As an adjective “enough” means sufficient which shows sufficiency and used in the
following structures.
(a) Enough + noun:
Ex: He has enough money to buy that car.
Ex: I have enough time to reach there on time.
(b) Noun + enough:
Ex: Third world countries do not have resources enough to develop.
Ex: He has money enough to buy that car.
2) Enough as an Adverb:
As an adverb “enough” means very and it is used in the following structures.
(a) Adjective + enough:
Ex: Ali is intelligent enough to get first position.
Ex: We are tired enough to play cricket.
(b) Adverb + enough:
Ex: He drives fast enough to reach on time.
Ex: He talks quickly enough to understand him.
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Forms of Gerund and Infinitive
Both gerund and infinitive have the following four forms.
Forms of Infinitive Forms of Gerund
In English grammar infinitive has the following In English grammar gerund has the following
four forms. Four forms.
1) Present Active Infinitive 1) Present Active Gerund

Structure: To + verb.1 Structure: Verb-ing
2) Present Passive Infinitive 2) Present Passive Gerund

Structure: To be + verb.3 Structure: Being + verb.3
3) Past Active Infinitive 3) Past Active Gerund

Structure: To have + verb.3 Structure: Having + verb.3
4) Past Passive Infinitive 4) Past Passive Gerund

Structure: To have + been + verb.3 Structure: Having + been + verb.3
Forms of Infinitive
(1) Present Active Infinitive:

It is used to show that the action of infinitive is performed by the subject or it is used to
show that the subject is the doer of an action.
Present active infinitive is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + infinitive verb + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Ex: They decided to go to Afghanistan.
Ex: He agrees to help her.
b) Subject + infinitive verb + object + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Ex: The teacher told the students to submit the forms later.
Ex: They allowed him to leave early.
c) Subject + to be + adjective + infinitive (to + verb.1) + comp
Ex: They are happy to win the match.
Ex: She is sad to fail the test.
Ex: I am tired to teach more.
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(2) Present Passive Infinitive:
It is used to show that the action of infinitive is not performed by the subject or it shows that
the subject is the receiver of an action.
Present passive infinitive is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + infinitive verb + to be + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Verbs which are used in the above structure are: wish, hope, need, love, like, afford,
want and etc).
Ex: Everyone wants to be respected in the society.
Ex: The students like to be taught by a good teacher.
Ex: I hope to be selected as a teacher.
b) Subject + infinitive verb + object + to be + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Verbs which are used in the above structure are: advise, want, need, love, like, hate
and etc).
Ex: I need money to be sent by my parents.
Ex: He wants his room to be cleaned.
Ex: I like a car to be bought.
Ex: He hates a glass of water to be brought by him.
c) Subject + to be verb + adjective + to be + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Adjectives which are used in the above structure are: happy, glad, excited, sad, lucky,
nervous and etc).
Ex: Ali is happy to be given a gift by his girlfriend.
Ex: I am lucky to be sent to America.
Ex: They are sad not to be promoted.
(3) Past Active Infinitive:

It is used to show that the subject did something before the time of the verb or it shows past
with present and past with past relationship.
Past active infinitive is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + infinitive verb + to have + verb.3 + comp
Note: Verbs which are used in the above structure are: seem, forget, remember, appear,
regret and etc).
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Ex: Ali seems to have passed the test.
Ex: He forgot to have written his homework.
Ex: They appeared to have stolen something.
Ex: I remember to have been to the movies.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + to have + verb.3 + comp
Note: Adjectives which are used in the above structure are: happy, excited, sad, glad, tired,
nervous, afraid and etc).
Ex: Afghan players are happy to have beaten Scotland.
Ex: Sana was glad to have heard the good news.
(4) Past Passive Infinitive:

It is used to show that something was done to the subject before the time of the verb or it
shows past with present and past with past relationship.
Past passive infinitive is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + infinitive verb + to have + been + verb.3 + by phrase
Ex: He seems to have been insulted by her.
Ex: Sana forgot to have been helped by her.
Ex: The students remember to have been taught by Naveed Safi.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + to have + been + verb.3 + by phrase
Ex: The students are glad to have been given the scholarships.
Ex: The players are sad not to have been awarded the awards.
Forms of Gerund
(1) Present Active Gerund:
It is used to show that the action is performed by the subject or it is used to show that the
subject is the doer of an action.
Present active gerund is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + gerund verb + gerund (verb-ing) + comp
Ex: We enjoy studying English.
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Ex: I hate teaching this class.
Ex: She suggests going to Kabul.
Ex: They admit killing prime minister.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + preposition + gerund (verb-ing) + comp
Ex: We are excited about visiting the king.
Ex: They are afraid of making a mistake.
c) Subject + gerund verb + preposition + gerund (verb-ing) + comp
Ex: We should keep on working hard.
Ex: Our teacher insists on coming to class on time.
(2) Present Passive Gerund:

It is used to show that the subject does not perform the action or it shows that the subject is
the receiver of the action.
Present passive gerund is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + gerund verb + being + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Verbs which are used in the above structure are: enjoy, avoid, mind, mention, suggest,
appear and etc).
Ex: He avoids being given the scholarship.
Ex: The students suggest not being taught by me.
Ex: Sana minds being dogged on the street.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + preposition + being + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Adjectives and prepositions which are used in the above structure are: happy about,
excited about, nervous about, sad about, afraid of and etc).
Ex: The students are sad about not being allowed in the class.
Ex: We are excited about being awarded the awards.
Ex: The guests are thankful for being served by the host.
c) Subject + gerund verb + preposition + being + verb.3 + by phrase
Note: Verbs and prepositions which are used in the above structure are: complain about, talk
about, think for, think about and etc).
Ex: He complains about not being sent money by his brother.
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Ex: Sana talks about not being selected as a teacher.
Ex: The students complain about being punished in the class.
(3) Past Active Gerund:

Past active gerund is used to show that the subject did something before the time of the verb
or it shows past with present and past with past relationship.
Past active gerund is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + gerund verb + having + verb.3 + comp
Note: verbs which are used in the above structure are: admit, mention, remember, regret,
forget, deny, miss, appreciate and etc).
Ex: They admitted having stolen the money.
Ex: Sana misses having stayed with her family.
Ex: My brother mentioned having had good time in Kabul.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + preposition + having + verb.3 + comp
Ex: Sana was sad about having lost her purse.
Ex: We are worried about not having won the match.
Ex: He was happy about having had a new car.
(4) Past Passive Gerund:

Past passive gerund is used to show that something was done to the subject before the time
of the verb or it shows past with present and past with past relationship.
Past passive gerund is shown through the following structures.
a) Subject + gerund verb + having + been + verb.3 + by phrase
Ex: They appreciated having been invited to the party.
Ex: He forgot having been helped by his brother.
Ex: Ali denies having been arrested by police.
Ex: Sana admits having been proposed by Ali.
b) Subject + to be verb + adjective + preposition + having + been + verb.3 + by phrase
Ex: They are tired of having been taught by one teacher.
Ex: She was happy about having been supported by her father.
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Using Gerund or Passive Infinitive Following Need
The verb “need” is followed by both gerund and infinitive.
Need + Infinitive:
When the subject of “need” is a person then “need” can be followed by both active and
passive infinitive.
Ex: I need to buy a car.
Ex: I need a car to be bought.
Ex: He needs money to be sent by his brother.
Ex: He needs money to have been sent by his brother.
Note: The subject of “need” can also be a thing then in this case we can only use the passive
infinitive.
Ex: The car needs to be washed.
Ex: The room needs to be painted.
Need + Gerund:
When “need” is followed by gerund then in this case the subject of “need” is a thing and
gerund after “need” has the same meaning as the passive infinitive.
Ex: The car needs washing.
Ex: The room needs painting.
Note: The subject of “need” can also be a person when “need” followed by gerund but it is
uncommon.
Ex: They need helping.
Using Possessive to Modify Gerund

A possessive can modify gerund in the following ways.
1) By using the possessive adjectives (my, our, your, his, her, their, its)
2) By using possessive nouns (Wali’s, Ahmad’s, Ali’s, Sana’s)
3) By using object pronouns (me, us, you, him, her, them, it)
4) By using nouns (Wali, Ahmad, Ali, Sana)
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1) Using Possessive Adjective to Modify Gerund:
If there is no possessive adjective before gerund in a sentence then in this case the action of
gerund is performed by the subject but if there is possessive adjective before gerund in a
sentence then the action of gerund is performed by the possessive adjective.
Ex: I like his teaching English.
Ex: They enjoy her dancing.
2) Using Possessive Noun to Modify Gerund:
Ex: The students are interested in Naveed’s teaching.
Ex: The fans love Afridi’s batting.
3) Using Object Pronouns to Modify Gerund:
Ex: His parents love him working hard.
Ex: He misses her laughing.
4) Using Nouns to Modify Gerund:
Ex: I like Afridi hitting sixes.
Ex: He enjoys Nazia singing.
Note: Both possessive adjectives and possessive nouns are formally used to modify gerund
while object pronouns and nouns are informally used to modify gerund.
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PERSPECTIVES THREE
Chapter # 03
Clause
In English grammar the word “clause” is derived from the Latin word “clausa” or “claudere”
which means “to close”.
Definition: Clause is a group of related words which has a subject and verb and usually gives a
complete meaning.
Or clause is a group of words which has its own subject and verb and makes a part of the
sentence.
Kinds of Clause
Clause mainly has the following two kinds.
1) Independent Clause
2) Dependent Clause
(1) Independent Clause:
It is a type of clause which can stand alone as a complete sentence and always gives a complete
meaning or it is a complete sentence which gives a complete meaning therefore it doesn’t have
to be combined to any other clause.
Independent clause is also called “complete clause, main clause, result clause, principle
clause and chief clause”.
Ex: We study English at KELC.
(2) Dependent Clause:
It is a type of clause which can’t stand alone as a complete sentence and it doesn’t give a
complete meaning and it needs the support of another clause (main clause) to give a complete
meaning or it is an incomplete sentence which gives a complete meaning but dependently
therefore it has to be combine to a main clause.
Dependent clause is also called “incomplete clause” and “subordinate clause”.
Ex: If I study hard, I will pass the test.
Dependent Clause Independent Clause
Kinds of Dependent Clause

Dependent clause has the following three kinds.
1) Adjective Clause
2) Adverb Clause
3) Noun Clause
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(1) Adjective Clause:
It is a type of dependent clause with descriptive function which modifies, identifies or gives
further information about noun or pronoun in the main clause
Or an adjective clause a group of related words which has subject and verb and functions the
same as an adjective in a sentence.
Note: An adjective clause is introduced by the relative pronouns and these relative pronouns are
also called adjective clause markers.
Relative Pronouns: They are those pronouns which are used to identify the adjective clause
Or they are used to connect the antecedent with the adjective clause. Relative pronouns are:
1) Who: The relative pronoun “who” is use for people.
2) Which: The relative pronoun “which” is use for things and animals.
3) That: The relative pronoun “that” is use for both people and things.
4) Whom: The relative pronoun “whom” is also use for people.
Antecedent: A noun or pronoun which is modified by the adjective clause is called antecedent.
Ex: The mobile which I have is made in China.
Antecedent adj clause
Ex: The boy who goes a lot to charity is my classmate.

Ex: The teacher whom he met on the way teaches at KELC.

Key Points
1) An adjective clause is also called a “relative clause”.
2) An adjective clause cannot be used in interrogative sentence.
3) An adjective clause is introduced through the following three markers.
a) Relative pronouns (who, which, that and whom).
b) Relative adjective (whose).
c) Relative adverbs (where and when).
4) An adjective clause modifies the following three points.
a) A noun
b) A pronoun
c) The whole main clause
5) An adjective clause must be used close to the antecedent.
6) An adjective clause should always be made from the second sentence.
7) An adjective clause can be used in embedded way and in unembedded way.
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Note: If the subject is the antecedent then it is called the embedded way of the adjective
clause but if the object is the antecedent then it is called the unembedded way of the
adjective clause.
Ex: The student who got first position is from Afghanistan.
Ex: The building which they bought is expensive.
Ex: He drives a car that is made in Japan.
Ex: The car that he drives is made in Japan.
Cases of Relative Pronoun
Relative pronouns mainly have the following three cases:
(1) Subjective / Nominative Case:
In this case the relative pronouns are used as the subject of the verb in the adjective clause.
Structure: Relative pronoun (who, which, that) + verb + comp
Ex: The country which is located in the heart of Asia is Afghanistan.
Ex: The teacher who teaches P.3 class at 1:00 pm is Naveed Safi.
Note: When the relative pronouns are followed by the verb in the adjective clause then they
functions as the subject of the verb in the adjective clause and in this case the deletion of
“relative pronouns” is not possible.
(2) Objective / Accusative Case:
In this case the relative pronouns are used as the object of the verb in the adjective clause.
Structure: Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whom) + subject + verb + comp
Ex: The teacher whom the students like the most is Naveed Safi.
Ex: The girl who he loves is Sana.
Ex: The car which they bought is new.
Note: When the relative pronoun is followed by the subject then the relative pronoun
functions as the object of the verb in the adjective clause and here in this case the deletion of
“relative pronoun” is possible, but deletion of relative pronouns is informal.
(3) Object of Preposition / Dative Case:
In this case the relative pronouns are used after the preposition in order to function as the
object of preposition in the adjective clause.
Note: If the preposition comes at the beginning of the adjective clause then only the relative
pronouns “which and whom” are used and there deletion is not possible but if the
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preposition comes at the end of the adjective clause then in this case we can use all relative
pronouns and their deletion is possible.
Structure: Preposition+ Relative pronoun (which and whom) + subject + verb + comp
Structure: Relative pronoun+ subject + verb + preposition + comp
Structure: Ø + subject + verb + preposition + comp
Ex: The boy about whom I was telling you is standing over there.
Ex: The boy whom I was telling you about is standing over there.
Ex: The boy Ø I was telling you is standing over there.
Ex: The restaurant to which we went last night was awful.
Ex: The restaurant which we went to last night was awful.
Ex: The restaurant Ø we went to last night was awful.
Using “Whose” in the Adjective Clause

Possessive / Genitive Case:
In this case the relative adjective / determiner “whose” is used to show possession and
ownership and it is used in place of possessive adjective (my, your, our, his, her, their, and
its).
The relative adjective “whose” is always connected to a noun.
Ex: The man whose wallet was stolen called the police.
Ex: The boy whose father died was crying.
Using “Where” in the Adjective Clause

According to grammar “where” is a relative adverb which introduces an adjective clause and
shows place or location in the adjective clause.
Note: If “where” is used in the adjective clause then the preposition is not needed to be used
but if “where” is not used in the adjective clause then the prepositions (in and at) are used
with a relative pronouns (which and that) and here the deletion of relative pronoun is also
possible.
Structure: Where + subject + verb + comp
Ex: The city where we live is beautiful.
Ex: The room where we sit is small.
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Structure: In / at+ relative pronoun (which / that) + subject + verb + comp
Ex: The city in which we live is beautiful.
Ex: The room in which we sit is small.
Structure: Relative pronoun (which, that, Ø) + subject + verb + in/at + comp
Ex: The city which we live in is beautiful.
Ex: The city Ø we live in is beautiful.
Using “When” in the Adjective Clause

According to grammar “when” is a relative adverb which is used to introduce an adjective
clause after noun referring to time such as day, week, month, year, century and etc.
Ex: Friday is the day when we can perform the prayer in gathering.
Ex: 2001 is the year when America attacked o Afghanistan.
Ex: 4:00 pm is the time when our class finishes.
Note: (In / at / on + which) is sometimes used as an alternative to introduce adjective clause
after noun referring to time.
Ex: 1989 is the year in which I was born.
Using Adjective Clause to Modify Pronoun

An adjective clause is sometimes used to modify pronouns and an adjective clause modifies
two kinds of pronouns which are:
1) Subject Pronouns
2) Indefinite Pronouns
(1) An adjective clause modifies subject pronoun in cleft sentences.
Structure: It + is / was + subject pronoun + adjective clause
Ex: It is he who helped them.
Ex: This was I who got the first prize.
Ex: It is him who came late.
Note: an adjective clause informally modifies object pronouns.
Ex: It is me who loved her.
Ex: It was him who killed the sake.
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(2) Except cleft sentence an adjective clause modifies indefinite pronouns.
Ex: Sana loves someone who has green eyes.
Ex: Anyone who comes late to the class will not be allowed.
Kinds of Adjective Clause

An adjective clause mainly has the following three kinds.
1) Restrictive Adjective Clause
2) Non-restrictive Adjective Clause
3) Connective Adjective Clause
(1) Restrictive Adjective Clause:

It is a type of an adjective clause which modifies or identifies a noun or pronoun in the main
clause or it is used to give necessary, essential or important information about the noun or
pronoun in the main clause.
Restrictive adjective clause is also called “modifying, defining, descriptive, essential and
identifying” adjective clause.
Key Points:
1) Identifying adjective clause modifies the antecedent.
2) Commas are not used in identifying adjective clause.
3) The antecedents are usually common noun in identifying adjective clause.
4) Identifying adjective clause is common in spoken English.
5) The deletion of relative pronoun is possible in identifying adjective clause only in
objective case.
6) Whole relative clause cannot be deleted because the clarity of the will be lost.
7) Almost all relative pronouns are used in identifying adjective clause.
8) Identifying adjective clause is used to talk about some of a group with plural
antecedent.
9) Identifying adjective clause is used to mean more than one with a singular
antecedent.
Ex: The book which is on the table is written by Mr. Smith.
Ex: The player who made the fastest ODI century is African.
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Ex: The woman whom he visited last night was his mother.
Ex: The car that he drives is lost now.
Ex: The boys who wanted to play went to the ground.
Ex: The book which is on the table is Ali’s.
(2) Non-restrictive Adjective Clause:

It is a type of an adjective clause which does not modify or identify a noun or pronoun but
it gives extra or additional information about the noun or pronoun in the main clause.
Non-restrictive adjective clause is also called “non-modifying, non-defining, non-
descriptive, non-essential and non-identifying” adjective clause.
Key points
1) Non-identifying adjective clause does not identify the antecedent but it gives extra
information about the antecedent in the main clause.
2) Commas are used in non-identifying adjective clause.
3) The antecedents are usually proper nouns in non-identifying adjective clause.
4) Non-identifying adjective clause is common in written English.
5) The deletion of relative pronouns is not possible in any case in non-identifying
adjective clause.
6) The whole relative clause can be deleted without any confusion or affecting the
meaning of the sentence.
7) The relative pronoun “that” is not used in non-identifying adjective clause.
8) Non-identifying adjective clause is used to talk about a whole / complete group with
a plural antecedent.
9) Non-identifying adjective clause is used to mean only one with a singular
antecedent.
Ex: Ali, who loves Sana, is my classmate.

Ex: Kabul, which is the capital city of Afghanistan, is full of snow these days.
Ex: Ashraf Ghani, who is the president of Afghanistan, will visit India next week.
Ex: The boys, who wanted to play, went to the ground.
Ex: The book, which is on the table, is Ali’s.
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Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clause
There are some expressions of quantity which are followed by the preposition “of” can
be used in adjective clause.
An adjective clause containing expressions of quantity can take the relative pronoun
“which” for things “whom” for people and the relative adjective “whose” is used to
show possession or ownership.
Structure: Expression of quantity + of + relative pronoun + verb + comp
Ex: I have many students in the class. Most of them are from Afghanistan.
Ex: I have many students, most of whom are from Afghanistan.
Ex: He needed five books, two of which are found in London book store.
Ex: I have a friend, one of whose quality is telling the truth.
Ex: Ali bought two dozens of eggs, half of which are spoiled.
Using Noun+ of Which

The above structure is used to show or talk about possession or ownership and it can be
used like “of which + noun” and gives the same meaning as “whose” but “whose” shows
the possession of both people and things.
Ex: He has a car, the color of which is golden.
Ex: He has a car, of which color is golden.
Ex: He has a car, whose color is golden.
Connective / Sentential Adjective Clause:

It is a kind of an adjective clause which modifies the idea of whole sentence that’s why
it is called a sentential adjective clause.
A comma is used to separate the sentence from clause and only the relative pronoun
“which” is used.
Structure: Sentence + comma+ which + verb + comp
Ex: Ali has an ant in his pant, which disturbs him a lot.
Ex: I failed the test, which made me nervous.
Ex: My mobile does not work, which is too bad.
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Reduction of Adjective Clause to Adjective Phrase
Reduction means to make short of brief.
An adjective clause can be changed or reduced into an adjective phrase under one
condition and that is the adjective clause must be used in subjective case.
An adjective phrase is also called reduced adjective phrase.
How to change or reduce an adjective clause into an adjective phrase?
Use the following steps while changing or reducing an adjective clause to an adjective
phrase.
1) Delete relative pronoun.
2) Delete “to be verb” if there is any.
3) Change the active main verb into “ing” form.
4) No change will occur in passive main verb.
5) Use (having + verb.3) for perfective tenses.
Ex: The boy who sells potatoes is my friend.

Ex: The boy selling potatoes is my friend.
Ex: The teacher who is teaching L.3 in that room is Seddiqullah.
Ex: The teacher teaching L.3 in that room is Seddiqullah.
Ex: The student who has gotten the first position is very happy.
Ex: The student having gotten the first position is very happy.
Ex: The students who were arrested by police come back to class.
Ex: The students arrested by police come back to class.
Ex: The player who played well yesterday was Rashid Khan.
Ex: The player playing well yesterday was Rashid Khan.
Ex: The country which is located in the heart of Asia is Afghanistan.
Ex: The country located in the heart of Asia is Afghanistan.
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PERSPECTIVES THREE
Chapter # 04
Showing Relationship between Ideas Part 1
Parallel Structure
Parallel structure: The word parallel means “equal, balance and level”.
Parallel structure is a kind of structure which is used to combine words, phrases, clauses and
sentences that have the same grammatical function.
Purpose of Using Parallel Structure:
It is used for the following two purposes.
1) Parallel structure is an economical way through which we include several pieces of
information in a single clause.
2) A parallel structure is used to avoid wordiness and it gives a good balance, form, clarity to a
sentence.
Ex: I bought potatoes. I bought onions. I bought tomatoes. I bought meat.
Ex: I bought potatoes, onions, tomatoes and meat.
Marker of Parallel Structure:
A parallel structure is introduced through the following two markers.
1) Coordinative Conjunctions
2) Correlative Conjunctions
Coordinative Conjunction:
They are those conjunctions which are used to combine words, phrases and clauses of equal
rank. Coordinative conjunctions are also called coordinate conjunctions and coordinating
conjunctions.
Kinds of Coordinative Conjunctions:
The following are kinds of coordinative conjunctions.
a) Cumulative or Copulative Conjunctions:
They are those conjunctions which are used to combine two main clauses and they are: So and
And.
b) Alternative Conjunctions:
They are those conjunctions which are used to show the choice between two alternatives and
they are: Or and Nor.
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c) Disjunctive Conjunctions:
They are those conjunctions which are used to show the contrast between places, people, things
and they are: But and Yet.
d) Illative Conjunction:
It is a conjunction which is used to show the inference and it is: For.
Note:
o All the above coordinate conjunctions are known as “FANBOYS”.
o Before and after the “FANBOYS” an equal structure should be used and with
“FANBOYS” parallel structure begins two parts and can have many parts.
Parallel structure containing more than two parts requires a series of commas and a
comma before the “FANBOYS” is optional.
Structure:
Noun + FANBOYS + noun
Verb + FANBOYS + verb
Adjective + FANBOYS + adjective
Adverb + FANBOYS + adverb
Gerund + FANBOYS + gerund
Infinitive + FANBOYS + infinitive
Clause + FANBOYS + clause
Phrase + FANBOYS + phrase
Ex: I was sick, so I went to the doctor.
Ex: He went to the store and he bought something.
Ex: They didn’t play well, yet they won the match.
Ex: The children were hungry, for there was no food at home.
Ex: I saw a mouse and a cat in my room.
Ex: They invited Ali, Wali, Ahmad and Sana to the party.
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Correlative Conjunctions:
They are those conjunctions which are used in pair in order to introduce a parallel structure and
they are also called paired conjunctions and they are the followings:
a) Both………......and…………
b) Either…….……or…………..
c) Neither…….…..nor………....
d) Not only…..…but also……....
a) Both……..and……:
This paired conjunction is used when we want to combine two positive and equal sentences.
Ex: Ali is intelligent. Sana is intelligent.
Ex: Both Ali and Sana are intelligent.
Ex: The project will take both time and money.
Note: We use plural verb when we join two sentences by using the paired conjunction
(both…and...).
b) Either…….or……:
This paired conjunction is used to talk about the choice between two persons, places, things and
possibilities.
Ex: We will stay either in a hotel or friend’s house.
Ex: Either Naveed or Seddiq will help you.
c) Neither………nor……:
This paired conjunction is used when we want to combine two negative and equal sentences.
Note: The paired conjunction (neither…….nor……) can take either singular or plural verb
depending on the last noun.
Ex: Ahmad does not play cricket. Ali does not play cricket.
Ex: Neither Ahmad nor Ali plays well.
Ex: He speaks neither accurately nor logically.
d) Not only…….but also….:
This paired conjunction is used to show an equal importance between people, places and things.
Ex: We are interested not only in traveling but also meeting the people of other countries.
Ex: Bilal is not only intelligent but also handsome.
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Ways through Which We Can Combine Independent Clauses
Independent clauses can be combined through the following ways.
(1) Main clause + semi colon (;) + main clause
Ex: I was sick; I did not come to class.
(2) Main clause + coordinate conjunction + main clause
Ex: I was sick so I did not come to class.
(3) Main clause + comma + coordinate conjunction + main clause
Ex: I was sick, so I did not come to class.
(4) Main clause + semi colon + coordinate conjunction + main clause
Ex: I was sick; so my brother took me to the doctor.
Note: A semi colon can be used before coordinate conjunction when it shows close
relationship (proximity) of the two ideas and the subjects are different.
(5) Main clause + comma + main clause
Ex: I was sick, I did not come to class.
Note: The above punctuation is wrong because a “comma” cannot combine main clauses.
(6) Main clause + full stop + coordinate conjunction + main clause
Ex: I was sick. So I did not come to class.
Note: Sometimes in informal writing a conjunction may begin a sentence.
Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a type of dependent clause which functions the same way as an adverb
because it shows where, when and how an action happens and it is also used to show time
relationship, cause and effect relationship, opposition and condition.
Or an adverb clause is a group of words containing subject and verb and functions the same
way as an adverb in a sentence.
Key points
1) An adverb clause is introduced by the subordinating conjunctions such as (when, while,
before, after, until, by the time, because, since, though, if, unless and etc).
2) A future tense is usually not used in adverb clauses.
3) An adverb clause cannot be used in interrogative sentences.
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4) An adverb clause is used to modify verb, adjective and another adverb in a sentence or it
shows where, when and how an action happens.
5) An adverb clause can be used before and after the main clause.
Structure: Adverb clause + comma + main clause

Structure: Main clause + adverb clause
Ex: When I get a job, I will buy a mobile.
Adverb clause Main clause
Ex: I will buy a mobile when I get a job.
Main clause Adverb clause
Kinds of Adverb Clause

Adverb clause mainly has the following kinds.
1) Adverb Clause of Time
2) Adverb Clause of Place
3) Adverb Clause of Cause and Effect
4) Adverb Clause of Purpose
5) Adverb Clause of Manner
6) Adverb Clause of Comparison
7) Adverb Clause of Contrast
8) Adverb Clause of Condition
1) Adverb Clause of Time:

It is a kind of an adverb clause which is used to show the time of an action and it is
introduced by the following subordinating conjunctions:
Before, after, when, while, since, until, by the time, as soon as, whenever and etc.
When: It means at that time and it can be used with both past and present tenses.
Ex: When he comes, I will call you.
Adverb clause of Time Main clause
Ex: When Ali came, I had eaten lunch.

After: It means after that period and it can be used with simple present tense to give future
meaning or it can be used with past perfect tense.
Ex: After I get my degree, I will start working in Afghanistan.
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Ex: After I had gotten my degree, I started working in Afghanistan.
Before: It means before that period and it can be used with simple present or simple past tenses.
Ex: Before he left for the airport, he had packed his suitcase.
Ex: Before he leaves for the airport, he will pack his suitcase.
Until / Till: They both mean up to that time and they can be used with simple present or simple
past tenses.
Ex: I will wait here until he comes.

Main clause Adverb clause of Time
Ex: I waited till he came.

While / As: They both mean during that time and they can be used with past continuous tense.
Ex: While he was leaving for the airport, he called me.
Ex: As he was watching movie, he fell asleep.

Since: It means from that time and it can be used with Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Present
Perfect Progressive tenses.
Ex: I have learned a lot, since I have joined KELC.

2) Adverb Clause of Place:

It is a kind of an adverb clause which is used to show the place or location of an action and
it is introduced by the marker (Wherever).
Ex: Wherever they want to go, they can go.
c
Ex: I can meet them wherever they want.
3) Adverb Clause of Cause and Effect:

It is a kind of an adverb clause which is used to show the cause and effect relationship
which means reason and result and it is introduced by the markers: because, since, now that,
as long as, so long as and inasmuch as.
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Ex: Because he was sick, he went to the doctor.
Cause Effect
Ex: They passed the exam since they studied hard.
Effect Cause
Note: Cause and effect relationship can be shown through the following ways.
a) Cause and effect relationship can be shown by using the subordinating conjunctions
(because, since, now that, as long as, so long as and inasmuch as). All these
conjunctions are followed by a subject + verb structure (clause).
Ex: Sana cannot attend the party now that she is busy.
Effect Cause
Ex: They lost the match inasmuch as they did not play well.
Effect Cause
b) Cause and effect relationship can be introduced by the prepositions (because of, due
to) and these prepositions are not followed by a subject + verb structure (clause) but
they are followed by a noun object.
Ex: I missed my flight because of my brother.
Effect Cause
Ex: He died due to taking the wrong pills.

Effect Cause
Ex: Because of the weather, they cancelled their trip to Salang.

Cause Effect
Note: Sometimes in more formal English writing the preposition (due to) is followed
by a “noun clause” introduced by “the fact that”.
Ex: Due to the fact that it is raining, we are not going to school.
Cause Effect
Ex: He died due to the fact that he took the wrong pills.
Effect Cause
c) Cause and effect relationship can be introduced by using the transitions (therefore
and consequently).
Ex: He works hard. Therefore, he earns a lot of money.
Effect Cause
Ex: He works hard. He, therefore, earns a lot of money.
Effect Cause
Ex: He works hard. He earns a lot of money, therefore.
Effect Cause
Ex: They played well; consequently, they won the match.
Effect Cause
Ex: They played well; they, consequently, won the match.
Effect Cause
Ex: They played well; they won the match, consequently.
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Effect Cause
d) Cause and effect relationship can be expressed by using the coordinating

conjunctions (so and for).
Ex: I was busy, so I did not attend the call.
Cause Effect
Ex: He did not attend the call, for he was busy.
Effect Cause
e) Cause and effect relationship can be expressed by the following two structures.
Structure #01: So + adjective / adverb + that
Note: In the above structure the usage of an “adverb and adjective” depends on the
verb. If the verb is “to be verb or linking verb” then “so” is followed by an
“adjective”, but if the verb is an “action verb” then “So” is followed by an “adverb”
in a sentence.
In the above structure “so clause” shows the cause and “that clause” shows the
effect.
Ex: Sana looks so beautiful that everyone loves her.
Cause Effect
Ex: The weather is so nice that they want to go to the park.
Cause Effect
Ex: Ali drives so slowly that he will lose the race.
Cause Effect
Ex: Gul Pana sings so beautifully that all the audience like her singing.
Cause Effect
 So can be used with “many and few” followed by plural countable noun.
Structure: So + many / few + plural countable noun + that
Ex: He has so many problems in his life that he does not know what to do.
Ex: I have so few friends that I always get lonely.
 “So” can also be used with “much and little” followed by non-countable noun.
Structure: So + much / little + non countable noun
Ex: He has so much money that he can buy whatever he wants.
Ex: There is so little water in the glass that it can’t quench my thirst.
 So + adjective + a / an + singular count noun + that

Ex: Ali so polite a boy that everyone likes him.
Ex: Fardin is so nice a teacher that all the students respect him.
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Structure #01: Such + a / an + adjective + noun + that
Note: In the above structure the usage of “a or an” depends on the “noun”. If the “noun”
is singular countable then we can use “a or an”, but if the “noun” is plural countable or
non-countable then the articles “a or an” are not used.
Ex: It is such an interesting novel that I want to read it again and again.
Ex: It was such a boring movie that everyone fell asleep.
Ex: These are such expensive shoes that I can’t afford to buy it.
Ex: This is such hot coffee that no one can take it.
4) Adverb Clause of Purpose:
It is a kind of an adverb clause which is used to show the purpose of an action and it is
introduced by the markers “so that and in order that”.
Structure: Subject + verb + comp + so that / in order that + Simple Present Tense
Ex: We come to KELC so that we learn English.
Ex: He works hard so that he earns a lot of money.
Structure: Subject + verb + comp + so that / in order that + subject + will / can /
may + verb.1 + comp
Ex: They go to university so that they will get degree.
Ex: We watch movies so that we can entertain ourselves.
Structure: Subject + verb.2 + comp + subject + could / would + verb.1 + comp
Ex: They played well so that they would qualify to the semi-final.
Ex: He called home so that he could talk to his folks.
Reduction of Adverb Clause to Adverb Phrase
Some adverb clauses can be changed or reduced into an adverb phrase.
Key Points
1) An adverb phrase is also called a modifying phrase.
2) The reduction of an adverb clause to an adverb phrase is possible with the markers
such as (when, while, before, after, by the time, because and since).
3) While changing or reducing an adverb clause to an adverb phrase the marker “when”
is changed to “upon or on”.
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4) While changing or reducing an adverb clause to an adverb phrase the marker
“because” is totally deleted.
5) While changing or reducing an adverb clause to an adverb phrase the marker “while”
is optional. If the idea of during the same time is clear then the marker “while” can
be deleted.
6) An adverb clause can be changed or reduced into an adverb phrase only when the
subject of an adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.
How to Reduce or Change an Adverb Clause to an Adverb Phrase?

Use the following steps while changing or reducing an adverb clause to an adverb
phrase.
a) Delete the subject of an adverb clause.
b) Delete to be verbs.
c) Change active main verb into “ing” form.
d) No change will occur to passive main verb.
e) Use “having+ verb.3” for perfective tenses.
Ex: After I ate lunch, I came to class.

Adverb Clause Main Clause
Ex: After eating lunch, I came to class.
Adverb Phrase Main Clause
Ex: Before they go to class, they will have finished their homework.
Ex: Before going to class, they will have finished their homework.
Ex: After he had gotten his degree, he went to go to Kabul.
Ex: After having gotten his degree, he went to go to Kabul.
Ex: Because he needed some money, he called me.
Ex: Needing some money, he called me.
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Ex: Because she was busy, she did not attend the party.
Ex: Being busy, she did not attend the party.
Ex: When I reached to my office, I called home.
Ex: Upon reaching to my office, I called home.
Ex: On reaching to my office, I called home.
Ex: While he was driving a car, he got an accident.
Ex: While driving a car, he got an accident.
Ex: Driving a car, he got an accident.
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PERSPECTIVES THREE
Chapter # 05
Showing Relationship between Ideas Part ll
Adverb Clause of Contrast or Opposition:
It is a kind or an adverb clause which is used to show an unexpected result or it is used to
show a contrast either direct or indirect between words and clauses.
Adverb clause of contrast or opposition is introduced by the markers such as (though,
even though, while and whereas).
Ex: Sana got the first position though she did not come to class regularly.
Main Clause Adv Clause of Contrast
Ex: He bought that car even though it was expensive.
Main Clause Adv Clause of Contrast
Opposition: The word opposition can be translated in the following two ways.
a) According to dictionary “opposition” means “conflict”.
b) According to grammar “opposition” is a grammatical term which is used to show
either two opposite ideas or two opposite words in a particular sequence.
Ex: I was sick though I attended my classes.
Ex: Ali is rich, while Ahmad is poor.
Kinds of Opposition:
In English grammar we have the following two kinds of opposition or contrast.
1) Direct Opposition or Contrast
2) Indirect Opposition or Contrast
(1) Direct Opposition or Contrast:

It is also called “factual opposition or contrast” which is used to show or introduce two
opposite words.
Direct opposition or contrast is shown through the following ways.
a) By using the subordinating conjunctions “while and whereas”.
Ex: Sana is beautiful, while Laila is ugly.
Ex: Ali is intelligent, whereas Ahmad is lazy.
b) By using the coordinating conjunction “but”.
Ex: My car is expensive, but yours is cheap.
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Ex: That class is interesting, but this one is boring.
c) By using the transitions “however and on the other hand”.
Ex: Adnan is rich; however, Mahmood is poor.
Ex: Adnan is rich; Mahmood, however, is poor.
Ex: Adnan is rich; Mahmood is poor, however.
(2) Indirect Opposition or Contrast:

It is also called “unfactual opposition or contrast” which is used to show or introduce
two opposite ideas and it also shows unexpected result.
Indirect opposition or contrast is shown through the following ways.
a) By using the subordinating conjunctions “though, all though and even though”.
Ex: The weather was not very hot although they went to the pool.
Ex: They played well though they lost the match.
Ex: Even though I was not tired, I went to bed early.
b) By using the conjunctions (but…….any way, but……still, yet………..still).
Ex: They played well, but they lost the match any way.
Ex: The weather was not very hot, but they still went to the pool.
Ex: I was not tired, yet I still went to the bed early.
c) By using the transitions (nevertheless, nonetheless, however).
Ex: He studied hard. However, he failed the test.
Ex: They played well. Nevertheless, they lost the match.
Ex: Ali was too busy. Nonetheless, he came to the meeting.
d) By using the prepositions (despite and in spite of).
Note: The prepositions “despite and in spite of” are followed by a noun object they are
not followed by a subject and verb structure (clause).
Ex: I am teaching despite having a sore throat.
Ex: In spite of fast driving, he didn’t get an accident.
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Adverb Clause of Condition:
It is a kind of an adverb clause which is used to show a particular condition for a specific
result.
Adverb clause of condition is also called “if clause and conditional clause”.
Adverb clause of condition is introduced through markers such as If, whether or not,
even if, only if, providing that, provided that, in case that, in the event that and unless.
If:
According to grammar “if” is a subordinating conjunction which is used to introduce
adverb clause of condition.
Ex: If you study hard, you will get a better grade.
Adv Clause of Condition Main Clause
Ex: If they had played well, they would have won the match.
Whether or Not:
It means “if or if not” and according to grammar it is subordinating conjunction which is
used to introduce adverb clause of condition in order to show that none of the condition
can change the result or it shows the idea that neither this condition nor that condition
matters the result will be the same.
Ex: Whether she invites me or not, I will attend her party.
Ex: Whether or not she invites me, I will attend her party.
Ex: I will get a job whether I graduate or not.

Main Clause Adv Clause of Condition
Even If:
It means just “if” and according to grammar it is a subordinating conjunction which is
used to introduce adverb clause of condition in order to show that a particular condition
cannot change the result.
Note: Sentences with “even if” are closed in meaning to those with “whether or not”.
“Even if” gives the idea that a particular condition does not matter (the result will not
change).
If clauses are followed by expected result while clauses with even if are followed by
unexpected result.
Ex: You will fail the test even if you study hard.
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Ex: We will come to the class even if it rains.
Only If:
It means just “if” and according to grammar it is a subordinating conjunction which is
used to introduce an adverb clause of condition in order to show that a particular
condition can change the result.
Ex: The cricket match will be called off only if it rains.
Ex: You will pass only if you struggle.

Note: When the subordinate conjunction (only if) begins the sentence then the subject
and verb of the main clause are inverted.
Ex: Only if you struggle, will you pass.
Ex: Only if he tells the truth, will you help him.

Provided That and Providing That:

According to grammar they are subordinating conjunctions which are used to introduce
adverb clause of condition and they are used the same way as “if” and “only if”.
Ex: Provided that they drive carefully, they will not get an accident.
Ex: Providing that they drive carefully, they will not get an accident.
In Case That and In the Event That:

According to grammar they are both subordinating conjunctions which are used to
introduce an adverb clause of condition in order to express the idea that something will
not happen but it might happen.
Ex: Incase that it rains, we will stop playing cricket.
Ex: In the event that you failed, you will study the same class again.
Note: “In case of” and “in the event of” have the same meaning as “in case that” and “in
the event that”, but they are prepositions and followed by a noun object not by a subject
+ verb structure (clause).
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Ex: In case of rain, we will stop playing cricket.
Ex: In the event of failing, you will study the same class again.
Unless:
It means “if not” and according to grammar it is a subordinating conjunction which is
used to introduced the adverb clause of condition in order to express the idea of “if not”.
Ex: Unless you study, you will not get a better grade.
Ex: He will not marry her unless she is beautiful.

Ex: We will be late unless you hurry.

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GRAMMAR OF PERSPECTIVE THREE

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PERSPECTIVES THREE

Note: To learn tenses should know about five forms of verb.

2) Continuous Form of Tense:

Usages of Simple Present Tense

3) It shows an action which a particular person does as a habit.

4) It shows a general or universal fact.

5) It replaces present continuous tense with Stative or non-progressive verbs.

9) In newspaper headlines simple present tense gives past meaning.

4) Present continuous tense is used to express changing and developing situation.

Usages of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

2009 2010 20122 2017

4) It is used to express a present or future unreal meaning or desire when it is used in

Usages of Past Continuous Tense

5) It expresses particularly obstinate habit or persistent action (long going action).

6) Past continuous tense expresses a gradual process or development in the past.

(C) Past Perfect Tense + before + Simple Past Tense

(E) Past Perfect Tense + when + Simple Past Tense

(F) When + Simple Past Tense +, + Simple Past Tense

(G) Past Perfect Tense + by the time + Simple Past Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Usages of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Ex: She came to our house at 7:00 pm.

4) It has past continuous meaning with (if and wish).

Simple Future Tense

1) Using (will + verb.1)

b) It shows a weak plan which is not based on evidence.

c) It shows willingness for doing something.

d) It shows promise and determination.

b) It is used for promise and determination as a heavier word than “will”.

d) In questions it is used to make suggestion for doing something.

e) It is used to talk about formal rules and regulations.

3) Using be going to + verb.1

b) It shows prior plans or strong actions based on evidence.

c) It shows those actions which are out of human control.

d) It also shows someone’s predictions which are likely to take place.

Usages of Past Perfect Continuous Tense

3) It is used to express an action or event which will be in progress as a result of a previous

Kinds of Non-Finite Verb

Ex: We enjoy watching movies.

Ex: They are playing cricket.

Some Structure Related to Gerund

Cases or Usages of Gerund

Some Structures Related to Infinitive

B) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + singular noun + singular verb

C) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + plural noun + singular verb

D) Infinitive (to + verb.1) + and + infinitive (to + verb.1) + plural verb

Cases or Usages of Infinitive

2) Verbs which are followed by Infinitive:

3) Verbs Followed by both Gerund and Infinitive:

4) Verbs Followed by both Gerund and Infinitive:

Using Gerund as Subjects and using “it + infinitive”

Using Infinitive with “Too” and “Enough”

1) Present Active Infinitive 1) Present Active Gerund

2) Present Passive Infinitive 2) Present Passive Gerund

3) Past Active Infinitive 3) Past Active Gerund

4) Past Passive Infinitive 4) Past Passive Gerund

(1) Present Active Infinitive:

(3) Past Active Infinitive:

(4) Past Passive Infinitive:

(2) Present Passive Gerund: