1.

Electrochemistry

Aim :To study the variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+ || Cu2+/Cu with change in concentration of
electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature.
Theory :Reduction potential of an electrode increases with increase in concentration of the electrolyte.
Mn+(aq) + ne– ———-> M(s)
In the zinc-copper electrochemical cell zinc electrode acts as anode while copper electrode acts as
cathode.
Ecll=Ecathode-Eanode
Ecell increases if Ecathode increase and Eanode decrease..Thus ,using higher cons of Cu2+ and lower cons of
Zn2+ ions increase the E Cell of Zn I Zn2+ II Cu2+ I Cu+
The relation between conc of the electrolyte and the std electrode potential is given in the form of Nernst
Equation, E=E0-0.0592/n log [product ion]/[reactant ion]

Procedure:
● Take copper sulfate solution in a clean beaker.
● Clean the copper strip with the help of sandpaper and dip it into copper sulfate solution.
● Take zinc sulfate solution in a porous pot.
● Clean the zinc strip with the help of sandpaper and dip it into a zinc sulfate solution.
● The two solutions are connected with each other through an inverted U -tube containing a solution

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of potassium sulphate.This U-tube called salt bridge.
● Connect the copper strip with the positive terminal and zinc strip with the negative terminal of a
voltmeter
● Change the concentration of solution and note the reading of the voltmeter..
Diagram (LHS)
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Observation :(LHS)

SN Conc of ZnSO4 solution EMF of the cell

Conc of CuSO4 solution

1 1M 1M

2 1M 0.5 M

3 0.5M 1M

4 0.5M 2M

Conclusion EMF of the cell increases with decrease in cone, of the electrolyte around anode and increase
in cone, of the electrolyte around cathode..
2.Chemical Kinetics
Aim :To Study the Effect of Change in Temperature on the Rate of Reaction Between Sodium Thiosulphate
and Hydrochloric Acid
Material requirement :Conical flask (250 ml), measuring cylinders (50 ml and 5 ml), stop-watch,
thermometer, tripod stand, wire-gauze and burner.
0.1 M Na2S203 solution, 1 M HCl, distilled water and cone. HN03

Theory :The rate of a chemical reaction depends to a great extent upon temperature. The rate of reaction
increases with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature increases the kinetic energy of the
molecules. Therefore, the fraction of molecules having energy greater than its threshold energy increases
which results in the increase in the number of effective collisions per second. It has been observed that in
most of the cases for every 10°C rise in temperature, the rate of the reaction becomes almost double. The
rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid also increases with increase in
temperature.

Procedure
● Take 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2S203 solution in a 100 ml conical flask and note its temperature with the help
of a thermometer.
● Add 10 ml of 1 M HCl to it and start the stop-watch immediately when half of the hydrochloric acid
solution has been added.

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● Shake the contents of the flask gently and place it on the tile with a cross-mark..
● Observe the cross-mark from the top and note the time taken for the mark to become just invisible.
● Empty the flask and clean it thoroughly with a cone. HN03 and then with water.
● Take again 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2S203 in a conical flask and heat it so that the temperature of the
solution becomes (T + 10°)C.
● Remove the flask from the tripod-stand and add 10 ml of 1 M HCl to it and start the stop-watch.
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● Shake the contents gently and place it on the tile having a cross-mark.
● Note the time taken for the mark to become just invisible.
● Repeat the experiment at (T + 20)°C, (T + 30)°C and (T + 40)°C temperatures and record the
observations.
Observation
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Volume of 0.1 M Na2S203 solution taken each time = 50 ml
Volume of 1 M HCl added each time = 10 ml.
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SN Temperature Time taken for cross to becomes just invisible

Conclusion :Rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid increases with the
increase in temperature
3.Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
Aim :Preparation of double salt of Potash Alum.
Theory :When a mixture containing equimolar proportions of potassium sulfate and
aluminum sulfate e is crystallized from its solution, a double salt is formed
Procedure
1. Take 10 mL of distilled water in a 50 mL beaker and heat it to about 40°C.
Dissolve 6.6 g of aluminum sulfate in it and add about 0.4 mL of dilute
sulphuric acid.
2. Weigh 2.4 g of powdered potassium sulfate and transfer to the above solution.
3. Heat the solution with constant stirring till potassium sulfate dissolves completely.
4. Allow the solution to cool to room temperature slowly.
5. On cooling, white crystals of potash alum separate out.
6. Decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals by gently shaking with 1:1 cold water and alcohol
mixture.
7. Filter the crystals, dry these between the folds of a filter paper and note the yield.
Result:Yield of potash alum/Mohr’s salt is __________g.
Precaution
● Cool the solution slowly to get good crystals. Avoid rapid cooling.
● Do not disturb the solution while cooling.
● Avoid prolonged heating while preparing crystals of ferrous ammonium sulfate,as it may oxidize

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ferrous ions to ferric ions and change the stoichiometry of the
crystals

4.Preparation of organic compounds

Aim :Preparation of Organic Compounds of 2-Naphthol aniline dye.

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Theory
Aniline is an aromatic primary amine. It forms diazonium salt when treated with nitrous acid at 0-5°C.
Nitrous acid is generated in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid.
The process is called diazotization. The diazonium salt is coupled with an alkaline solution of β-naphthol to
form an orange-red azo dye.
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Material Requirements:
● Beaker (250mL) : One
● • Conical flask (100mL) : One
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● • Glass rod : One
● • Thermometer (210°C) : One
● • Filter paper : As per need
● • Funnel : One
● Aniline : 2 mL
● • Conc. HCl : 6.5 mL
● • Sodium nitrite : 1.6 g
● • β-naphthol : 3.2 g
● • Sodium hydroxide : 2.0 g
● • Glacial acetic acid : 12.0 mL
● • Ice : As per need
● • Distilled water : As pe
Procedure:
● Take 6.5 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid in a 100 mLbeaker. Dilute it with 6.5 mL of water and
dissolve 2 mL of aniline in it.
● Cool the above mixture by placing the beaker in an ice bath maintained at 0-5°C temperature.
● Diazotise the above mixture by adding a solution of 1.6 g of sodium nitrite in 8 mL water.
● Dissolve 3.2 g β-naphthol in 18 mL of 10% sodium hydroxide solution. Add about 25 g of crushed
ice to it.
● Stir the β-naphthol solution well and add chilled diazonium chloride solution very slowly to it with
constant stirring.
● An orange red dye of phenyl-azo-β-naphthol is formed.
● Allow the mixture to stand in the bath for 30 minutes with occasional shaking.
● Filter the crystals obtained and wash them well with cold water.
● Recrystallise about one-fourth of the crude product from glacial acetic acid.
● Filter the recrystallised sample, wash with a little alcohol to remove acetic acid. Dry the
recrystallised sample between the folds of a filter paper.
● Record the yield and the melting point of the compound.
Result :Yield of phenyl–azo–β–naphthol is ______g and its

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