Chennai Clean Air Action Plan
Chennai Clean Air Action Plan
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Chennai Clean Air Action Plan
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√∑Á\› >VBÔ›][ ‘ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_ ]‚¶D’ (Chennai
Clean Air Action Plan) kÁ´° ∂§¬ÁÔ *m ∂Á™›m >´©∏™ˆ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^
ÿ√≈©√‚|, xøÁ\BV™ ∂§¬ÁÔ ÿkπl¶©√|D. ∂>™Ω©√Á¶l_, #B
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www.bit.ly/cleanairchennai
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www.bit.ly/chennaiairreport
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Clean Air Programme - NCAP) 2019gD gıΩ_ ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ]BV xøkmD 132 ÂÔ´∫Ôπ[
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kVˆBD ÿkπl‚|^· ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔV™ ]‚¶\V™m (Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Million
Plus City of Tamilnadu, Chennai U.A) xøÁ\BV™>VÔºkV, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ cıÁ\BVÔºk
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2. Speed & Scale : Ø°ÈÁÔ¬ ÔV¬Ô ÷mºk >¬Ô >ÚD! 7
3. ÿƒ[Á™l[ WÁÈÁ\ 9
4. >tμÂV| ∂´E[ ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶D 12
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7. ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D 18
8. ÔVuÆ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^ 19
9. ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A (AQM) 22
10. ÂÔÏ©A≈› #B ÔVuƬÔV™ ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ 26
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zwÕÁ>Ô^ g¸m\V! 15
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4. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© º√ˆw©A 21
5. n.ÂV. 2030 ÷ȬzÔÁe ∂Á¶B ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô ºkı|D. 25
6. ÿƒ[Á™l_ g‚º¶V \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›m>_ 43
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“Given the devastating impacts of poor air quality on people’s lives, health
and human rights, actions must be taken rapidly and systematically...
Fulfilling the right to breathe clean air goes hand in hand with achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals, ...and effective action to address climate
change.”
- “Clean Air” Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on
Human Rights and the Environment, UNHRC 2019
“fighting air pollution is not just a job, but a service to humanity.
Public participation is key to achieving cleaner air for all with sensitisation of
mayors, NGOs, students, and the public.”
- Bhupender Singh Yadav, Union Minister for
Environment, Government of India, 23.11.2021
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70 ÷È‚ƒD º√ÚD, ÷Õ]BVs_ 17 ÷È‚ƒD º√ÚD, ÿƒ[Á™l_ 11,000 º√ÚD \´\Á¶˛≈VÏÔ^.
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÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂m xu§KD ƒV›]B\V™m >V[.
÷Õ]B ∂´E[ º>EB› #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶D (National Air Programme - NCAP) 2019gD gı|
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. 2017gD gıΩ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚| ∂·°¬z¬ ˇwVÔ, ∏®D 10 \uÆD ∏®D 2.5
mÔ^\∫Ô^ ∂¶Ï›]l_ 20% x>_ 30% zÁ≈©Á√ 2024gD gıΩ_ ®‚¶ ºkı|D ®[√m
÷›]‚¶›][ ÷ȬÔVzD. ÷›]‚¶›]_ x>o_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ 102 ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´D ÷_ÁÈ.
>tμÂV‚Ω[ #›m¬zΩ ÂÔ´D \‚|º\ ÷ÚÕ>m. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÁ´ ÷›]‚¶›]_ ºƒÏ¬Ô ºkı|D ®™
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#›m¬zΩ ÂÔ´∫Ô^ º>EB› #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›]_ >uº√Vm c^·™.
ÿƒ[Á™ c‚√¶© √›m ÷È‚ƒD º√Ú¬z º\_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ 42 ÷Õ]B ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ (Mil-
lion-Plus Cities) ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> º\D√|›mk>uÔVÔ 15gkm W]¬zøs[ JÈD 2021-22 x>_
2025-26kÁ´lÈV™ nÕ>Vı|Ô”¬z ‘. 12,139 ºÔVΩ W] √ˆÕmÁ´¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ÷>[√Ω
2021-22gD gı|¬ÔVÔ ‘. 4400 ºÔVΩ W] Œm¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷]_ ‘. 181 ºÔVΩ W] 2021-22
gı|¬ÔVÔfl ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬z ∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ÷›]‚¶›][ ˇμ 2021-22 \uÆD
2025-26 gD gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> cBÏ›mk>uÔV™
AˆÕmÏ° Œ©√Õ>›]_ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑, >tμÂV| ∂´∑, ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´V‚E g˛B™ 4.2.2022-÷_
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gı|¬z^ ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô˃\VÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D ®[√m ÷Õ]B
∂´∑D, >tμÂV| ∂´∑D, ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´V‚E•D x[Ák›m^· ÷Ȭz gzD.
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ #B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶D (City Clean Air Action Plan), ∂§sB_
ØÏk\VÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D; ∂>[ˇμ Oı ]‚¶∫Ô^ (Micro Action Plan) cÚkV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
∂kuÁ≈fl ÿƒB_√|›mk>uÔV™ W]•D, \M> k·xD Œm¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D. z§›> ÔVÈ›]uz^
]‚¶∫Ô^ ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√|kÁ>¬ ÔıÔVË›m cÆ] ÿƒFB ºkı|D. ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´D º>EB›
#B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶ ÷Ȭ˛Á™ ∂Á¶k>uz ÷ÁkÿB_ÈVD Ô‚¶VB› º>ÁkÔ^ gzD.
g™V_, >tμÂV| \V∑ Ô‚|©√V| kVˆBD cÚkV¬˛lÚ¬zD ‘ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ ÔVuÆ
\V∑ >|©AflÿƒB_]‚¶D’ (Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Million Plus City of Tamilnadu, Chennai
U.A) ∂§sB_ØÏk\V™>VÔºkV #B ÔVuÆ ÷Ȭ˛Á™ ∂Á¶B kaÿƒFk>VÔºkV ÷_ÁÈ. cÈÔ
ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©AD, n.ÂV. ∑uÆflÛw_ ]‚¶xD x[Ák¬zD ÿ\F©∏¬Ô©√‚¶ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫ÔÁe
÷m ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ôs_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>D Ô‚|km, º\D√VÈ∫Ô^ Ô‚|km,
ƒVÁÈÔÁe sˆkV¬zkm º√V[≈ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ ∂]Ô\V¬zD ]‚¶∫ÔÁe•D ̶› #B ÔVuÆ›
]‚¶\VÔ x[Ák›m^·m >tμÂV| ∂´∑.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ®[√m ŒÚ ÿ√Vmfl ∑ÔV>V´ ∂kƒ´WÁÈ (Public Health Emergency) gzD.
Ø°ÈÁÔºB ∂as[ sπD∏_ WÆ›]•^· x©ÿ√ÚD غÔV· ∂kƒ´ WÁÈÔ·V™ ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D,
clˆ©√[\B ∂a°, \V∑√V| (The Triple Planetary crisis : Climate Change, Pollution and Biodiversity
loss) g˛B ∂Á™›m¬zD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ_ xøÁ\BV™
#B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶›Á>fl (Chennai Clean Air Action Plan) ÿƒBÈV¬zk>[ JÈD, ÷Õ> x©ÿ√ÚD
غÔV· ∂kƒ´WÁÈÁB ®]ÏÿÔV^”D \Vÿ√ÚD √Ël_ ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´D √∫ºÔuÔ xΩ•D.
#B ÔVuÆ ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ ®–D c[™>\V™ ÷ȬÁÔfl ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ô”¬z cÆ] ÿƒFB xΩ•D.
ÿƒ[Á™l_ gı|¬z 11,000 º√Ï ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ÷≈¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷Õ> ÷w©AÔÁe©
ÿ√Ú\·° >|¬Ô xΩ•D. ∂>Vkm ÿƒ[Á™l_ ∂|›> 9 gı|Ôπ_ ∑\VÏ ŒÚ ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚|¬z© √oBVÔ¬ Ì|D ®–D º√ˆw©Á√ x[Ì‚ΩºB >|¬Ô xΩ•D! cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ°
∂Á\©∏[ ÔVuÆ› >´ ∂·°¬z ~¶VÔfl ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÁ≈› #FÁ\BVÔ \Vu§™V_,
ÿƒ[Á™kVμ \¬Ôπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ kVμÂVπ_ ∑\VÏ 4 gı|ÔÁe ∂]Ô\V¬Ô xΩ•D ®[Æ {Ï gF°
(Unversity of Chicago) ÌÆ˛≈m. ÷m ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ôπ[ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >´›Á> º\D√|›mk>uÔV™
\Vÿ√ÚD Â_kVF©A gzD.
ÿ\V›>›]_, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√>[ JÈD ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ[ ŒÚ ºÔVΩ© º√Ú¬zD
Ì|>ÈV™ \¬Ô^ \uÆD ÷MkÚD √È >ÁÈxÁ≈l™´m ÂÈkVμ°¬z kaÿƒFB xΩ•D ®[√m
∂§sB_ØÏk\V™ cıÁ\ gzD.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√]_ \¬Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©A tÔ x>[Á\BV™ º>Ák gzD. ÿƒ[Á™kVμ
\¬Ô”D, ∂´∑D, ∂Á\©AÔ”D g¬Ô©ØÏk\VÔ Œ[§ÁÕm ÿƒB_√¶ x[kÕ>V_, ÿƒ[Á™
\VÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÁ≈› #FÁ\BV¬zkm ƒV›]B\VÔ¬ ÌΩB Œ[Æ>V[. g™V_, ÔVu§Á™ \V∑√|›m
ºkVÚD, ∂Á>¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkıΩB ∂´∑ ∂]ÔVˆÔ”D >V™VÔfl ÿƒB_√‚|› #B ÔVuƬÔV™
cˆÁ\ÁB WÁÈÂV‚¶ \V‚¶VÏÔ^. ∂wV> ∏^Áe¬z© √V_ ˛Á¶¬ÔVm ®[√m º√VÈfl ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ô^
>V\VÔ x[kÕm #B ÔVuƬÔVÔ¬ z´_ ÿÔV|¬ÔV>kÁ´, ÷Õ> x¬˛B\V™ E¬ÔK¬z› yÏ°
˛Á¶¬ÔVm.
®™ºk, ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÿƒ[Á™kVμ \¬Ô”¬z› #B ÔVu§[ º>Ák z§›> Aˆ>ÁÈ ∞u√|›]›
#B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶›]_ \¬Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©Á√ cÆ] ÿƒFm, ∂Á™›m© ∏ˆs™ˆ[ √∫Ôπ©A¶[
ÿƒ[Á™l[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|›m› #B ÔVuÁ≈fl ƒV›]B\V¬Ô cÆ]ºBuº√VD.
6
Speed & Scale :
Ø°ÈÁÔ¬ ÔV¬Ô ÷mºk >¬Ô >ÚD!
Øt©√ÕÁ> x©ÿ√ÚD ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^ ÛμÕm^· ÔVÈ›]_ ÂVD kVμ˛º≈VD. ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D,
clˆ©√[\B ∂a°, \V∑√V| (Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Pollution) g˛B™ Œ‚|ÿ\V›>
cÈÁÔ•D Ô|Á\BVÔ© √V]¬zD ºÔ¶VÔ \V§•^·m¶[, g≈Vkm clˆ™©º√´a° ªa¬ÔVÈ›Á>
(6th Mass Extinction) ºÂV¬˛© Ø°ÈÔD √Bˬ˛≈m.
Ø°ÈÔD ÷M *ı|D Ê´Á\¬Ô xΩBV>, ]ÚD∏© √ÁwB WÁȬz¬ ÿÔV´ xΩBV> (Point of no
return) >Ú›Á> ºkÔ\VÔ¬ Ô¶Õm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. x©ÿ√ÚD ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ”¬z› yÏ°ÔVbD
k_ÈÁ\ ÷©º√Vm^· >ÁÈxÁ≈l™Ú¬z \‚|º\ c^·m. ∂|›> 8 gı|Ô^, ∂>Vkm 2030gD
gı|¬z^ tÔ› ys´\V™ ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· tÔ ºkÔ\VÔ ®|›>V_ \‚|º\ ªa¬ÔVÈ© º√´a°Ô^
ºÂ´V\_ >|¬Ô xΩ•D. ÷[Á≈B >ÁÈxÁ≈l™Ú¬z \‚|º\ cÈÁÔ¬ ÔV¬zD kVF©A c^·m.
÷MkÚD >ÁÈxÁ≈l™Ú¬z ∂Õ> Â_kVF©A ÷_ÁÈ.
x©ÿ√ÚD ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^ ºÂÏk>uÔV™ ÔV´∫Ô^ m_oB\VÔ¬ Ôı¶§B©√‚|^·™. ∂¬ºÔ|
ÔÁe¬ ÔÁek>uÔV™ O‚√∫Ô”D c^·™. ∂>Á™fl ÿƒBÈV¬zk>uÔV™ k·xD cÈÔ ÂV|Ôπ¶D
c^·m. g™V_, ÷kuÁ≈fl ÿƒBÈV¬zk>uÔV™ Ì‚| xBuE•D ∂´EB_ cÆ]•D \‚|D>V[
÷_ÁÈ. cÈÔ ÂV|Ô^ Œ[Æ√‚| c¶™ΩBVÔ°D º>Ák©√|D ∂·sKD ÿƒB_√‚¶V_ ÷Õ> x©ÿ√ÚD
ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ”¬z› yÏ° ÔVı√m ƒV›]Bº\. ®™ºk, ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D, clˆ©√[\B ∂a°, \V∑√V|
g˛B ºÔ|Ô”¬z ®]´V™ tÔ ºkÔ\V™, tÔ©ÿ√ˆB (Speed & Scale) ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ º\uÿÔV^·©√¶
ºkı|D ®[√m ∂§sBÈV·ÏÔπ[ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ gzD.
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D, clˆ©√[\B ∂a°, \V∑√V| g˛B x©ÿ√ÚD ºÔ|Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔV´∫Ôπ_
Œ[≈VÔ ÷Ú©√m ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| gzD. ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ \‚|D gı|¬z 11,000 º√ˆ[ ÷≈©A¬zD,
11,000 ºÔVΩ ‘√VF ÷w©A¬zD ÔV´\VÔ c^· \Vÿ√ÚD ºÔ| ÷mkVzD. kVÔ™∫Ô·V_ ÿkπBVzD
Âfl∑©AÁÔÁB¬ Ô‚|©√|›m>_, ƒVÁÈÔπ_ ®øD Aø]ÁB Œa›>_, ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›Á>
º\D√|›m>_, ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ \V∑¬ÔÁe› >|›>_ c^π‚¶ kaÔπ_ ÷Õ>© º√´V√›Á>› >|¬Ô
xΩ•D. ∂>uÔV™ O‚√∫Ô”D ƒ‚¶∫Ô”D c^·™. g™V_, ÷kuÁ≈fl ÿƒBÈV¬zk>uÔV™ ∂´EB_
cÆ]•D Ì‚| xBuE•D>V[ º√Vm\V™ ∂·s_ ÷_ÁÈ. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬z ®]´V™ tÔ ºkÔ\V™,
xø ∂·sÈV™ (Speed & Scale) ÿƒB_√V|Ô^>V[ ÷©º√VÁ>B c¶™Ω› º>Ák gzD.
√|º>V_sBÁ¶Õ> \Vÿ√ÚD ÷È‚EB∫Ô^!
2017gD gıΩ_ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÿkπBV™ \V∑¬ÔVuÁ≈ s¶, 20% x>_ 30% ˇwVÔ
2025gD gı|¬z^ zÁ≈©º√VD ®[˛≈ ‘º>EB› #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶ ÷Ȭz’ ¿ˆ_ ®ø]B ®ø›>VÔ
÷Ú¬Ô¬ ̶Vm. cÆ]BVÔfl ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√|D ÷È‚EB\VÔ ∂Á\B ºkı|D. Ô¶Õ> ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ ÔVu§_
√≈¬Ôs¶©√‚¶ ÿkuÆ xw¬Ô∫ÔÁe© º√V[Æ ÷m°D ∂Á\Õms¶¬ ̶Vm.
1. ÿƒ[Á™ J[≈Vkm xøÁ\› ]‚¶D 2008
2008gD gıΩ_ ÿƒV[™m ®[™? - 2026gD gı|¬z^ ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›m©
√B›]_ 70% º√ÚÕm, ´l_ c^π‚¶ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m kƒ]Ôπ[ √∫ÔVÔ ÷Ú¬Ôºkı|D.
cıÁ\l_ ¶Õ>m ®[™? - 2008gD gıΩ_ ÷ÚÕ>Á>s¶ WÁÈÁ\ tÔ º\Vƒ\VÔ
c^·m. 2008 \uÆD 2018gD gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›][ tÔ x>[Á\BV™
∂∫Ô\V™ º√ÚÕm© √B∫Ôπ[ √∫z 26% ∂·soÚÕm 23% gÔ¬ zÁ≈Õm^·m. g™V_,
ÔVÏ √BD 6% ∂·soÚÕm 7% gÔ°D, ÷Úƒ¬Ô´ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™© √BD 25% ∂·soÚÕm
7
30% gÔ°D ∂]Ô\V˛•^·m. ∂>Vkm, ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›Á> ∂]Ô\V¬˛› >MBVÏ º√V¬zk´›Á>¬
zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ÷È‚EBD >ÁÈˇwVÔ© √|º>V_sl_ xΩÕm^·m.
2. ƒVÁÈ© √VmÔV©A¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ 2007
2007gD gıΩ_ÿƒV[™m ®[™? - 2006gD gıΩ_ >tμÂV‚Ω_ 11,009 º√Ï ƒVÁÈ
s√›mÔπ_ ÷≈Õ>VÏÔ^. ÷Õ> ®ıˬÁÔl_ 20% zÁ≈©Á√ 2013gD gı|¬z^ ®‚¶ ºkı|D.
∂>[∏[ zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D. (∂>Vkm, 2013gD gıΩ_ ƒVÁÈs√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ 8800-¬z
zÁ≈kVÔ ºÂ´ ºkı|D. ∂>uz© ∏[™Ï º\KD zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D).
cıÁ\l_ ¶Õ>m ®[™? - 2013gD gıΩ_ >tμÂV‚Ω_ 15,563 º√Ï ƒVÁÈ s√›mÔπ_
÷≈Õ>VÏÔ^. ∂>Vkm, ∂´∑ WÏl›> 8800 ÷ȬÁÔs¶fl ∑\VÏ 6,750 º√Ï Ì|>ÈVÔfl
ƒVÁÈs√›mÔπ_ ÷≈Õ>VÏÔ^. ÿ\V›>›]_ ƒVÁÈ s√›m ÷≈©AÔÁe 20% zÁ≈©√>uz© √]ÈVÔ
62% ∂]Ô\V¬˛fl ƒV>Á™ √Á¶›>VÏÔ^. >tμÂV‚Ω[ ƒVÁÈ s√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ 2015gD gıΩ_
17,218 ®–D cflƒ›Á> ®‚ΩBm.
cflƒ¿]\[≈› yÏ©√V_ kÕ> ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ gÆ>_
√V‚¶Vπ \¬Ô^ Ô‚E ÿ>V|›> kw¬˛_, 2017gD gı| ∞©´_ x>_ ÿÂ|fiƒVÁÈÔπ_ c^·
\m¬ÔÁ¶ÔÁe J¶ ºkı|D ®™ cflƒ¿]\[≈D c›>´s‚¶m. ÷>™V_, 2017gD gı|¬z© ∏[™Ï
>tμÂV‚Ω_ ƒVÁÈs√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ √Ω©√ΩBVÔ¬ zÁ≈Õm. 2019gD gıΩ_ 10,525 ®–D WÁÈÁB
®‚ΩBm. (2020gD gıΩ_ 8060 ®™ ÷≈©AÔ^ º\KD zÁ≈Õ>>uz ÿÔVº´V™V x¶¬ÔD
ÔV´\VzD).
g™V_, >tμÂV‚Ω[ ƒVÁÈs√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ ®ıˬÁÔ 2021gD gıΩ_ *ı|D 14,912
®™∂]Ô\V˛s‚¶m. ÿÂ|fiƒVÁÈ \m¬ÔÁ¶ÔÁe J|D c›>´s_ sȬzÔ^ ÿ√uÆ ∂_Èm
s]ÔÁe› ]Ú›] \m¬ÔÁ¶ÔÁe *ı|D ]≈Õ>mD ƒVÁÈ s√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ *ı|D ∂]Ô\VÔ¬
ÔV´\VzD.
ÿ\V›>›]_, >tμÂV‚Ω[ ƒVÁÈs√›m ÷≈©AÔ^ ®ıˬÁÔÁBfl ∑\VÏ 8800 ÷≈©AÔ”¬z¬
ˇwVÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D ®[˛≈ >tμÂV| ∂´E[ 2007gD gı| ƒVÁÈ© √VmÔV©A¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ÷Ȭz, ‘ÿÔVº´V™V x¶¬Ô›>V_’ Œº´ ŒÚ xÁ≈ ºÂÏÕ>º> >s´, ºkÆ ®©º√VmD
¶¬Ôºk ÷_ÁÈ.
3. ÿƒ[Á™ kVÔ™t_ÈV© º√V¬zk´›m¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ 2014
2014gD gıΩ_ ÿƒV[™m ®[™? - ÿƒ[Á™l[ 80% ƒVÁÈÔ^ \uÆD ÿ>Ú¬Ôπ_
xÁ≈BV™ ÂÁ¶√VÁ>ÔÁe•D t]kıΩ© √VÁ>ÔÁe•D 2018gD gı|¬z^ ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D.
cıÁ\l_ ¶Õ>m ®[™? - 2018gD gı| Ô¶Õm 4 gı|Ô^ ÿƒ[≈ ∏[™ÚD ÷Õ>
÷Ȭz ŒÚ ÿ√ˆB ØÎB\VÔ (‘0’) xΩÕm^·m. ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÂÁ¶√V>ÔÁe•D t]kıΩ©
√VÁ>ÔÁe•D ∂Á\¬zD √È ]‚¶∫Ô^ ÁÔs¶©√‚|^·>VÔfl ÿƒF]Ô^ ÌÆ˛[≈™.
ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆ ÷È‚EBD ®‚¶©√|\V?
º\uÔı¶ √È ÿkuÆ kV¬zÆ]Ô^ º√V[Æ, ‘ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω_ 2 0% x>_ 30%zÁ≈©Á√ ∂|›>
J[≈Vı|Ôπ_ ®‚¶ ºkı|D’ ®[˛≈ ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶ ÷ȬzD √|º>V_s
∂Á¶Õms¶¬ ̶Vm. ∂>uz \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈ›Á> x>[Á\ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ
xøÁ\BV™, ∂§sB_ØÏk\V™ #B ÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶›Á> cÚkV¬˛fl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
÷>uÔVÔ ∂Á™›m©∏ˆs™ÚD z´_ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı|D.
8
ÿƒ[Á™l[ WÁÈÁ\
ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›][ WÁÈÁ\
ÿƒ[Á™ ºkÔ\VÔ k·ÏÕmkÚD ÂÔ´D gzD. ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´D 1189 ƒm´¬ ˛ºÈV *‚¶Ï
√´©√·° ÿÔVı¶m. 2011gD gıΩ_ 89 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï ÷∫z kVμÕ>™Ï. >tμÂV‚Ω[ √_ºkÆ
√z]Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, ÷Õ]BVs[ √_ºkÆ \VWÈ∫ÔπÚÕmD ÷∫z \¬Ô^ zΩºB§B kıD
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. 2026gD gıΩ_ ÿƒ[Á™l[ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 1.26 ºÔVΩ© º√´VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ®™
\]©∏¶©√‚¶m.
ÿƒ[Á™l[ ÷´›> {‚¶\VÔ ÷Ú©√m ∂>[ º√V¬zk´›m>V[. ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›Á>fl
Ê´Á\›m º\D√|›mk>uÔV™ kaxÁ≈ÔÁe 2008gD gıΩ_ >tμÂV| ∂´∑ x[Ák›>m.
G.O.Ms. No. 190 H&UD ÂV^ 2.9.2008 ∂´ƒVÁ JÈD ∞uÔ©√‚¶ ÿƒ[Á™ xøÁ\› ]‚¶D 2026
(Second Master Plan for Chennai Metropolitan Area 2026) gk›]_ ‘ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ôπ[ ∂[≈V¶©
√B›]_ º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ c^π‚¶ ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›][ √∫z 70%gÔ°D, >MBVÏ
º√V¬zk´›][ √∫z 30%gÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D’ ®[Æ 2026gD gı|¬ÔV™ ÷Ȭz WÏl¬Ô©
√‚¶m. g™V_, ∂Õ> ÷Ȭz E§>·° ̶fl ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√¶s_ÁÈ.
CMDA Chennai Comprehensive Transportation Study 2010 ∂§¬ÁÔl_, 2008 \uÆD 2026gD
gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB, Œ‚|ÿ\V›> º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™© √B›]_ º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ g˛B ÿ√Vm©
º√V¬zk´›Á> 41% ®–D ∂·s_ ÷ÚÕm 70%gÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô ºkı|D ®[ÆD, ÔVÏ, ÷Úƒ¬Ô´
º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™D g˛B >MBVÏ kVÔ™© º√V¬zk´›Á> 48% ®–D ∂·s_ ÷ÚÕm 22%gÔ¬
zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D ®[ÆD ÷Ȭz WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m. g™V_, ∂>uz ºÂÏ \V≈VÔ›>V[ ∂Á™›mD
¶Õm^·m.
2008 \uÆD 2018gD gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›][ tÔ x>[Á\BV™
∂∫Ô\V™ º√ÚÕm √B∫Ôπ[ √∫z 26% ∂·soÚÕm 23%gÔ zÁ≈Õm^·m. g™V_, ÔVÏ
√BD 6% ∂·soÚÕm 7%gÔ°D, ÷Úƒ¬Ô´ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™© √BD 25% ∂·soÚÕm
30%gÔ°D ∂]Ô\V˛•^·m. ∂>Vkm, ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›Á> ∂]Ô\V¬˛› >MBVÏ º√V¬zk´›Á>¬
zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ÷È‚EBD >ÁÈˇwVÔ© √|º>V_sl_ xΩÕm^·m. ÿ√ˆB ÷È‚EB∫ÔÁe
kz›ms‚|, ∏[™Ï ∂Õ> ÷È‚EB∫ÔÁe¬ z©Á√l_ T∑k>V_ ºÂÏÕm^· sÁe° ÷mkVzD.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´© º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ô^ 2008 - 2018
k.®ı. º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ 2008 2018
1 ÂÁ¶ 28.0% 25.1%
2 t]kıΩ 6.0% 2.9%
3 g‚º¶V ˆ¬ƒV 4.0% 7.1%
4 ÔVÏ / ºk[ 6.0% 7.1%
5 ÷Úƒ¬Ô´ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™D 25.0% 29.6%
6 º√ÚÕm 26.0% 22.6%
7 ´l_ 5.0% 5.6%
ÿ\V›>D 100% 100%
Action Plan for Control Air Pollutuion in Million Plus City of Tamilnadu (Revised) Chennai U.A 2021
9
2008, 2018 gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ √›>Vı|Ôπ_ ÂÁ¶, t]kıΩ, º√ÚÕm g˛B ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚Á¶ \‚|©√|›mD √B∫Ô^ ÿ√ˆmD zÁ≈Õm^·™. ÔVÏ, ÷Úƒ¬Ô´ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™D,
g‚º¶V g˛B \V∑√|›mD √B∫Ô^ ÿ√ˆmD ∂]Ôˆ›m^·™. ´l_ º√V¬zk´›m E§>·°
∂]Ô\V™m \‚|º\ ÷]_ c^· ƒV>Ô\V™ ∂DƒD gzD.
ÿƒ[Á™ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| WÁÈÁ\
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´D ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚|^· ŒÚ ÂÔ´D gzD. ƒVÁÈ© Aø], kVÔ™©
AÁÔ, Ô‚|\V™¬ Ôa°Ô^, ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^, z©Á√ g˛Bku≈V_ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ #FÁ\
ÿÔ‚¶ WÁÈl_ c^·m.
gıΩ[ Ô˃\V™ ÂV‚Ôπ_ ÿƒ[Á™l[ ÔVuÆ \V∑ ∂·° g√›>V™ WÁÈlºÈºB c^·m
®[√m ÔVuÆ› >´ gF°Ô^ JÈD ÿ\F©∏¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ®ıIÏ, ÿÔV|∫ÁÔRÏ, ÿ√Ú∫zΩ
c^π‚¶ √z]Ôπ_ tÔ º\Vƒ\V™ WÁÈÁ\ c^·m. ÔVuÆ \V∑ cÚkV¬Ô©√|D ∂·s_ Am]_o¬z
∂|›> ÷´ı¶Vkm ÷¶›Á>© ∏Ω¬zD ∂·°¬zfl ÿƒ[Á™l_ WÁÈÁ\ º\Vƒ\VÔ ÷ÚÕm^·m.
®M–D Ô¶uÔVu§[ ÔV´\VÔfl ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ ys´D zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∂>Vkm,
\M>ÏÔ^ ÔVuÁ≈ tÔ°D \V∑√|›m˛[≈™Ï. ®M–D ÷BuÁÔl[ ÔÚÁBV_ E§>·° ys´D
zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ωuz¬ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒ ∂·° ®[Æ ®m°D ˛Á¶BVm. ÔVu§_ E§>·° \V∑
÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂m \M>ÏÔÁe•D, ÷BuÁÔÁB•D √V]¬zD. ®M–D \M>ÏÔ·V_ ∞u√|D ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚Á¶ xu§K\VÔ Œa©√m ƒV›]Bt_ÁÈ ®[√>V_, \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈ›Á>¬ ÔV¬zD ºÂV¬˛_
cÈÔ·s_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈©√>uÔV™ ÔVuÆ› >´ kÁ´BÁ≈ÔÁe (WHO Global Air Quality
Guidelines) cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A 1987gD gı| x>_ ÿkπl‚| kÚ˛≈m. xÕÁ>B
kÁ´BÁ≈Ô^ 2006gD gıΩ_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶™. A]B kÁ´BÁ≈Ô^ 2021gD gıΩ_ ÿkπl¶©
√‚¶™.
÷Õ]BVs[ º>EBfl ∑uÆ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ› >´ WÏB∂·°Ô^ (National Ambient Air Quality Stan-
dards - NAAQS) \›]B \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V| kVˆB›>V_ 1982gD gı| x>o_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶m. 1994
\uÆD 2009gD gı|Ôπ_ ]Ú›] ÿkπl¶©√‚¶m.
÷Õ]B \uÆD WHO ÔVuÆ› >´ ∂·°Ô^ - Œ©¨|
÷Õ]B º>EB¬
\V∑√|›] ƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVÈ ∂·° ÔVuÆ› >´ ∂·° WHOÔVuÆ› >´
(Pollutant) (Average Period)
NAAQS 2009
kÁ´BÁ≈ 2021
∏®D 10 mÔ^\D gı| ƒ´Vƒˆ 60 15
(Particulate Matter 10)
24 \Ë ºÂ´D 100 45
∏®D 2.5 mÔ^\D gı| ƒ´Vƒˆ 40 5
(Particulate Matter 2.5)
24 \Ë ºÂ´D 60 15
Á‚´¸ Á¶BV¬Áƒ| gı| ƒ´Vƒˆ 40 10
(NO2)
24 \Ë ºÂ´D 80 25
ÔÕ>Ô Á¶BV¬Áƒ| (SO2) 24 \Ë ºÂ´D 50 40
(∂·°Ô^ Á\¬º´V ˛´Vt_)
10
º\ºÈ c^· ∂‚¶kÁl_ c^·kVÆ, ∂Á™›m \V∑√|›]Ô”¬ÔV™ >´ ∂·sKD cÈÔ
∑ÔV>V´ WÆk™›][ cflƒk´DÁ√ s¶ ∂]Ô\V™ \V∑√V‚Á¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔVuÆ› >´ WÏB ∂·°
∂–\]¬˛≈m. ®™ºk, ÷Õ]B ∂·sÈV™ ÔVuÆ› >´D ®[√m cıÁ\l_ √VmÔV©√V™ ∂·°
÷_ÁÈ ®[√Á>¬ Ôk™›]_ ÿÔV^· ºkı|D.
ŒÚ Ô™ *‚¶Ï ÔVu§_ ∏®D 2.5 OımÔ^ \V∑ 15 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD ∂·°¬z^ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D
®™ cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A WÏl›m^·m. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ 60 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD ®[√Á> cflƒ ∂·kVÔ
∂§s›m^·m. g™V_, 2019gD gıΩ_ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ ∏®D 2.5 OımÔ^ \V∑ 300 ∂·Ák¬
Ô¶Õm 450 ®–D ∂·Ák ®‚ΩBm. ÿÔV|∫ÁÔRˆ_ cflƒ\VÔ 935 ®–D ∂·sÁ™ ®‚ΩBm.
2019gD gıΩ[ Ô¬z©√Ω ÿƒ[Á™l_ gı|¬z 100 ÂV‚Ô^ Âfl∑¬ÔVuÁ≈fl ∑kVE¬zD
WÁÈl_ \¬Ô^ c^·™Ï. \o ÔVuÆ \V∑ ÔıÔVË©A¬ ÔÚs √]°Ô^ √Ω, 365 ÂV‚Ôπ_ 119
ÂV‚Ô^ ÔVuÆ \V∑ ∂·° ∂–\]¬Ô©√‚¶Á> s¶¬ Ì|>ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕm^·m. ÿ√Vm ∂Á\©AÔ^
ÿƒ[Á™l[ 15 ÷¶∫Ôπ_ º\uÿÔVı¶ gFs_ ∂Á™›m ÷¶∫ÔπKº\ 70 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD
∂·°¬z º\_ 187 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD kÁ´ ÷ÚÕ>m Ôı¶§B©√‚¶m.
ÿƒ[Á™l[ 8 ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A ∂Á\©AÔπ[ A^πsk´∫ÔÁe 2021gD gıΩ_
˛Z[¨¸ ∂Á\©A gF° ÿƒF>]_ ∂Á™›m ÷¶∫ÔπKD cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ >´ ∂·Ák
s¶ 4 x>_ 5 \¶∫z Ì|>ÈVÔ ∏®D 2.5 \V∑ ÷ÚÕm^·m. ∏®D 10 \V∑ ∂·kV™m cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ°
∂Á\©∏[ ∂·Ák s¶ 5 \¶∫z ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m \‚|t[§, J[Æ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÷Õ]B ÔVuÆ› >´
cflƒ ∂·Ák s¶°D º\Vƒ\VÔ ÷ÚÕm^·m.
ÿ\V›>›]_ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ \¬Ô^ ∑kVE¬zD ÔVuÆ √È ÂV‚Ôπ_ ∂√VB WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕ>m,
÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[√m ÿ>πkV™ cıÁ\ gzD.
ÿƒ[Á™ ÔVuÆ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^
Urban Emissions Info ∂Á\©∏[ 2017 \]©¨‚Ω[ √Ω ÿƒ[Á™ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬z¬ ÔV´\V™
\V∑√V| JÈ∫Ô”D ∂ku§[ √∫Ôπ©AD :
\V∑√V‚Ω[ JÈD sø¬ÔV| (%)
kVÔ™© AÁÔ 24.6%
Aø] 23.5%
z©Á√ 15.6%
ÿƒ[Á™¬z ÿkπloÚÕm kÚD \V∑ 13.3%
∂™_t[ WÁÈBD & ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ 12.8%
T|Ô^ 3.6%
ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁe 3.1%
Ô¶_ c©A 1.8%
œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶Ï 1.6%
APnA City Program, Urban Emissions Info 2017
11
>tμÂV| ∂´E[ ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶D
º>EB› #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›][ ˇμ, ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›mk>uÔV™
Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution in Million Plus City of Tamilnadu, Chennai U. A-®–D ]‚¶›]Á™
2021 ∂¬º¶V√Ï \V>D >tμÂV| \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V| kVˆBD ÿkπl‚|^·m. ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔV™ #B ÔVuÆ›
]‚¶›Á> 2021-22 \uÆD 2025-26 ÷Á¶ºB ÿƒB_√|›mk>uÔV™ AˆÕmÏ° c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔl_
4.2.2022∂[Æ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑, >tμÂV| ∂´∑, ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´V‚E g˛BÁk Ì‚¶VÔ¬ ÁÔÿBV©√
t‚|^·™. 2025gD gı|¬z^ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω_ 20% x>_ 30% ∂·°
zÁ≈©√m ÷›]‚¶›][ ºÂV¬ÔD gzD. 2021 -22gD gı|¬ÔV™ W]BVÔ ‘.181 ºÔVΩ ‘√VF ÷Õ]B
∂´ƒV_ ∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ®]ÏÔVÈ›Á>› yÏ\VM©√]_ tÔ°D x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ> ÷›]‚¶D,
WÏl¬Ô©√‚|^· ÷ȬÁÔ ∂Á¶•D kÁÔl_ ∂Á\Bs_ÁÈ.
ŒÚ ƒˆBV™ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶\V™m ÂÔ´›][ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬z¬ ÔV´\V™ x>[Á\ \V∑
JÈ∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶§Õm >|©√>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ∂]Ô\VÔ© √V]¬Ô©√|D
\¬ÔÁe¬ ÔV©√VuÆk>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D, #B ÔVuÆD \¬Ôπ[ ÂÈkVμ°D ∂>[ x>[Á\BV™
ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
#B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›Á> cÚkV¬Ô© ∏[kÚD kaxÁ≈ÔÁe© ∏[√u≈ ºkı|D. 1. ]‚¶ kΩkÁ\©A
\uÆD √∫ºÔu√V·Ï ÔÚ›m¬ºÔ‚A, 2. >uº√VÁ>B WÁÈ z§›> Baseline gF°, 3. ƒˆBV™ ÷ȬÁÔ
WÏl›>_, 4. ∂Õ> ÷ȬÁÔ ∂Á¶k>uÔV™ ƒˆBV™ kaxÁ≈ÔÁe› º>Ï° ÿƒF>_, 5. ]‚¶›Á>
xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒBÈV¬z>_ \uÆD ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√|kÁ>¬ ÔıÔVˬzD xÁ≈ÁB cÚkV¬z>_,
6. \¬Ôπ¶D ]‚¶›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| ºƒÏ¬zD ∏´flƒV´› ]‚¶›Á>› >BVˆ›>_, 7. #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›Á>©
√´Õm√‚¶ ÂÔÏ©A≈ º\D√V‚|› ]‚¶∫Ô”¶[ ÷Á›>_ ®[˛≈ kal_ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶D
kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[Æ #B ÔVuƬÔV™ WA›mk ∂Á\©AÔ^ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™.
Step-by-Step Guide for Cities to Develop Clean Air Action Plans. Clean Air Asia, 2021.
BOX - 1
ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ôπ[ kVμÂVπ_ 4 gı|ÔÁe ¿‚Ω¬ÔÈVD!
∂>uÔV™ ÷´ÔEBD ÷m>V[!
÷Õ]BVs_ 130 ºÔVΩ©º√Ï \V∑√‚¶ ÔVuÁ≈ºB ∑kVE¬˛≈VÏÔ^. 2019gD gıΩ_,
÷Õ]BVs[ ÔVu§_ \V∑›mÔ^ ∂¶Ï›]BV™m cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ, 70.3 Á\¬º´V ˛´V\VÔ
÷ÚÕm^·m. ÷m cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ ∂©º√VÁ>B >´WÏB ∂·kV™ 10
Á\¬º´V˛´VD cflƒk´DÁ√ s¶ 7 \¶∫z ∂]Ô\VzD. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ÷Õ]BÏÔπ[
kVμÂVπ_ ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 5.9 gı|Ô^ zÁ≈k>VÔ \]©∏¶©√‚|^·m. ®™ºk, ÷Õ]B \¬Ô^
∑kVE¬zD ÔVu§Á™ cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ >´WÏB ∂·°¬z ~¶VÔ› #FÁ\BV¬˛™V_
÷Õ]BÏÔ^ ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ ∑\VÏ 6 gı|Ô^ Ì|>ÈVÔ clÏ kVμkVÏÔ^.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ gı|¬z 11,000 º√Ï ÷≈¬˛[≈™Ï. ÷∫zfl ∑\VÏ 4
gı|Ô^ kVμÂV^ ÷w©A ºÂÏk>VÔ gF°Ô^ \]©∏|˛[≈™. ®™ºk, ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|›m, cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ >´WÏB ∂·°¬z ~¶VÔ \Vu§™V_,
ÿƒ[Á™kVμ \¬Ôπ[ kVμÂVπ_ ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 4 gı|ÔÁe ¿‚Ω¬Ô xΩ•D.
ŒÚ ºÔVΩ© º√Ú¬zD Ì|>ÈV™ \¬Ô^ kVøD ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´ \¬Ôπ[ kVμÂVÁe 4
gı|Ô^ Ì|>ÈV¬zkm ®[√m ŒÚ \Vÿ√ÚD, Œ©∏_ÈV> ÂuÿƒBÈVÔ ÷Ú¬zD.
g>V´D: THE AIR QUALITY LIFE INDEX (AQLI), University of Chicago 2021
12
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|D ∂>[ √V]©AÔ”D
ÔVu§[ ÷BuÁÔBV™ √ıAÔÁe \Vu≈¬ÌΩB ºk]©ÿ√VÚ^, ÷Buÿ√VÚ^ ∂_Èm clˆ©
ÿ√VÚ^ JÈ\VÔ c^·´∫Ô ∂_Èm ÿkπ©A≈fl ∑uÆflÛwÁÈfl ÊÏÿÔ|©√m ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| gzD.
T|Ôπ_ √B[√|›mD ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ô^, ÿ√‚º´V_ ∂_Èm œƒo_ ÷B∫zD kVÔ™∫Ô^, Ô‚|\V™¬
Ôa°Ô^, ƒVÁÈ© Aø], ∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ô^, ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^, ÔV‚|›y ®™© √ÈkÁÔ¬
ÔV´∫Ô·V_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√|˛≈m.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ŒÚ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÿ√Vm ÂÈkVμ°¬ ºÔ| gzD (Public Health Emergency). mÔ^\©
ÿ√VÚ^, ÔˆBtÈkV•, {ºƒV[, Á‚´¤[ Á¶BV¬Áƒ|, ÔÕ>Ô Á¶BV¬Áƒ| c^π‚¶Ák ÔVuÁ≈
\V∑√|›] \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈ›Á>© √V]¬˛[≈™.
cÈÔÿ\∫zD ∂]Ôˆ›mkÚD ÿ>Vu≈V ºÂVFÔ”¬z (Noncommunicable diseases - NCDs)
AÁÔlÁȬz ∂|›> tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÔV´D ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|>V[. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ >V¬ÔD ÂV”¬zÂV^
∂]Ô\V˛ tÔ OıËB \V∑›mÔ^Ô^ OÁ´X´K¬z^ OÁwÕm, ÷´›>›]_ ÔÈÕm c¶ÁÈ©
√V]¬˛[≈™. ÷Ú>B ºÂVFÔ^, Jfl∑¬zw_ ºÂVFÔ^, g¸m\V, AuƺÂVF ®™© √È ºÂVFÔ^
>V¬z˛[≈™. J[§_ ŒÚ √∫z √¬ÔkV> \´∫Ô^, J[§_ ŒÚ √∫z ÂV‚√‚¶ Jfl∑¬zw_ ºÂVF
\uÆD OÁ´X´_ AuƺÂVF \´∫Ô^, ÔV_ √∫z \V´Á¶©A \´∫Ô^ ÷kuƬÿÔ_ÈVD ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V| ÔV´\VÔ c^·m
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ÷BuÁÔ› >Vk´∫Ô”D √V]¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ∂tÈ \ÁwBV_ \´∫Ô”D,
>Vk´∫Ô”D ∂aÕm, \ıÁ k·\u≈>VÔ \VuÆ˛≈m. WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV™V_ >Vk´∫Ôπ[ ∑kVƒD
>Á¶√|kº>V| \‚|\_ÈV\_ ŒπflºƒÏ¬ÁÔ•D zÁ≈k>V_ ∂ku§[ k·ÏflE √V]¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚¶V_ sÈ∫zÔ”D √V]¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV™V_ sÈ∫zÔπ[ OÁ´X´_ ]∑kV™m
√V]¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∞ˆÔ^ \uÆD {Á¶Ôπ_ kVøD *[Ô^ ∂tÈ \ÁwBV_ √V]¬Ô©√‚| ∑kVE¬Ô
kal_ÈV\_ ÷≈¬˛[≈™.
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›m¬zD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ŒÚ x>[Á\¬ ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. Asÿk©√D
∂]Ôˆ©√>uz tÔ x¬˛B c¶™Ω¬ ÔV´\VÔ ÷Ú©√Ák ‘zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈD ¿Ω¬zD \V∑¬Ô^’ (Short -
Lived Climate Pollutants - SLCPs) gzD. ÷Õ> kÁÔÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> Ôˆ›mÔ^, WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[, *›º>[
c^π‚¶Ák ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ JÈD c¶_ÂÈ›Á>© √V]©√m¶[ \Æ√¬ÔD Asÿk©√\Á¶>K¬zD
x>[Á\BV™ ÔV´\VÔ c^·™.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω_ c¶_ÂÈ›m¬z ∞u≈ cflƒ ∂·° ®[Æ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ. √_ºkÆ \M>
ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ JÈ\VÔ ÿkπBVzD ÔVuÁ≈ \V∑√|›mD \V∑√|›]Ôπ[ ∂–\]¬Ô¬ ÌΩB
cflƒk´DÁ√ cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A WÏl›m^·m. ∂Õ>› >´ ∂·Áks¶ ∂]ÔD \V∑√‚¶
ÔVuÁ≈ºB cÈÔ \¬Ôπ_ 99 sø¬ÔV‚Ω™Ï ∑kVE¬˛[≈™Ï.
x>[Á\BV™ ÔVuÆ \V∑√|›]Ô^
OımÔ^ (Particulate Matter)
ÔVuÁ≈ \V∑√|›mD ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ_ tÔ x>[Á\BV™m ÔVu§_ t>¬zD OımÔ^ (PM -
Particulate Matter) gzD. ∏®D 10 ®[√m 10 Á\¬º´V *‚¶Ú¬zD zÁ≈kV™ s‚¶D ÿÔVı¶ OımÔ^,
∏®D 2.5 ®[√m 2.5 Á\¬º´V *‚¶Ú¬zD zÁ≈kV™ s‚¶D ÿÔVı¶ OımÔ^ gzD. ÷ku§_ tÔ
º\Vƒ\V™m ∏®D 2.5 OımÔ^ >V[. ÷m ŒÚ \M> xΩÁB s¶ 100 \¶∫z OıËBm. OÁ´X´
K¬z^ OÁwÕm ÷´›>›]_ ÔÈÕm ÷Ú>B ºÂVFÔÁe cÚkV¬zD ∂·° º\Vƒ\V™m. ∏®D 2.5
OımÔÁe cÚkV¬zD x>[Á\¬ ÔV´Ë kVÔ™© AÁÔ gzD. ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ \V∑, ∂™_t[
WÁÈBD c^π‚¶ku§KD OımÔ^Ô^ cÚkV˛[≈™. kπ\ı¶È›]_ ºk]©ÿ√VÚ‚Ô”¬z^
WÔøD ºk]lB_ ®]ÏsÁ™Ô^ ÔV´\VÔ°D OımÔ^Ô^ cÚkVzD.
13
OımÔ^ (Particulate Matter)
ÔÚD Ôˆ\D (Black Carbon)
ÔVu§_ t>¬zD OımÔ^ kÁÔÔπ_ Œ[Æ ÔÚD Ôˆ\D gzD. kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ƒˆBVÔ ®ˆBV>
®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÔÚD Ôˆ\D ÿkπBV˛≈m. z§©√VÔ, œƒo_ ÷B∫zD √ÁwB kVÔ™∫Ô·V_
∂]ÔD ÿkπBV˛≈m. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ∞u√|D √Ès>\V™ c¶_ÂÈ© √V]©AÔ”¬z ÷m ÔV´\VÔ
c^·m. º\KD, ÔˆBtÈ kV•Ák s¶ 460 \¶∫z x>_ 1200 \¶∫z kÁ´ ÿk©√›Á>© ∏Ω¬zD
gu≈_ t¬Ôm ÔÚD Ôˆ\D. tÔ ∂]Ô ÿk©√›Á> ~Ï›m©∏Ω¬zD ]≈[ ÔV´\VÔ© Asÿk©√D
∂]Ôˆ©√>uÔV™ tÔ x¬˛B¬ ÔV´\VÔ°D c^·m.
Á‚´¤[ g¬Áƒ| (Nitrogen Oxides)
Á‚´¤[ g¬Áƒ| (NOx), Á‚´¤[ Á¶BV¬Áƒ| (NO2) c^π‚¶Ák œƒ_, WȬԈ, ®ˆkV•
º√V[≈ AÁ>√Ωk ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe ®ˆ©√>V_ cÚkV˛[≈™. ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z º\ºÈ √ø©A W≈ JΩ º√V[≈
ÛwÁÈ ÷Ák ∞u√|›m˛[≈™. \M>ÏÔ”¬z Jfl∑¬zw_ ºÂVFÔ^, skƒVB›m¬zD ÷BuÁÔ
k·∫Ô”¬zD √V]©A c^π‚¶ ºÔ|Ô^ ÷>™V_ ºÂÏ˛[≈™.
ÔÕ>Ô g¬Áƒ| (Sulfur Oxide)
ÔÕ>Ô g¬Áƒ| (SOx), ÔÕ>Ô Á¶BV¬Áƒ| (SO2) c^π‚¶Ák ÔVuÆ \ı¶È›Á> º\Vƒ\VÔ
\V∑√|›mD Âfl∑ kV•¬Ô·VzD. ÔÕ>ÔD ÔÈÕ> WȬԈ \uÆD œƒ_ c^π‚¶ku≈V_ ÷Ák cÚ
kV˛[≈™. ∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ôπ_ ÷Ák ∂]ÔD ÿkπBV˛[≈™. √¬ÔkV>D, OÁ´X´_ AuƺÂVF
c^π‚¶ ÿ√ÚDºÔ|Ô”¬z ÷Ák ÔV´\V˛[≈™. ÷ku≈V_ skƒVBD √V]¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∂tÈ
\Áw¬zD ÔÕ>Ô Á¶BV¬Áƒ| ÔV´\VÔ c^·m.
WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[ (Ground-level Ozone)
{ºƒV[ \V∑ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ÿkπl¶©√|km ÷_ÁÈ. ÔVuÆ \V∑¬Ô·V™ Á‚´¤[ g¬Áƒ|Ô^
\uÆD ®π]_ gsBVzD Ôˆ\flºƒÏ\∫Ôπ[ (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs) *m ÛˆB Œπ
√|k>V_ {ºƒV[ cÚkV˛≈m. kπ\ı¶È º\È|¬˛_ c^· {ºƒV[ √¶ÈD Â[Á\BV™>VÔ
14
÷ÚÕ>VKD WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[ ÔVuÁ≈ \V∑√|›m˛≈m. \M> c¶_ÂÈ›Á>•D skƒVB cu√›]ÁB•D
WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[ √V]¬˛≈m.
ÔVÏ√[ º\V™V¬Áƒ| (Carbon Monoxide)
∂Á´zÁ≈BVÔ ®ˆÕ> ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ô·V_ ÔVÏ√[ º\V™V¬Áƒ| (CO) ÿkπBV˛≈m. kVÔ™∫Ô^,
WȬԈ© √B[√V|, ÿ√‚º´VoB© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^, s≈z ®ˆ›>_, z©Á√ ®ˆ©A, AÁÔ∏Ω›>_ c^π‚¶ √È
JÈ∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD ÔVÏ√[ º\V™V¬Áƒ| ÿkπkÚ˛≈m. ®ˆ\ÁÈ, ÔV|Ô^ ®ˆ>_ º√V[≈ ÷BuÁÔ¬
ÔV´∫Ô·VKD ÷Õ> kV• ÿkπBV˛≈m. ®M–D cÈ˛[ Œ‚|ÿ\V›> ÔVÏ√[ º\V™V¬Áƒ|
ÿkπºBu≈›]_ 60 sø¬ÔV‚Ωuz \M>ÏÔºe ÔV´\VzD.
®π]_ gsBVzD Ôˆ\flºƒÏ\∫Ô^ (Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs)
∂Á´zÁ≈BVÔ ®ˆÕ> ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ô^, gsBVzD ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ \uÆD ÔÁ´©√V[Ô^, skƒVB¬
Ôa°Ô^ \uÆD z©Á√ ®ˆ©A, ÿ>VauƒVÁÈfl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ g˛Bku≈V_ ®π]_ gsBVzD
Ôˆ\flºƒÏ\∫Ô^ (VOCs) ÿkπBV˛[≈™.
∂Dº\VMBV
W≈\u≈ kV•kV™ ∂Dº\VMBV, c´D >BVˆ©A, √>©√|›mD WÆk™∫Ô^, skƒVBD, z©Á√
º√V[≈ JÈ∫ÔπoÚÕm ÿkπ©√|˛≈m. ÔVu§_ Oı mÔ^Ô^ cÚkVÔ kaÿƒF˛≈m.
BOX - 2
ÿƒ[Á™l_ 5 gı|Ôπ_ 2 \¶∫z ∂]Ô\V™
zwÕÁ>Ô^ g¸m\V!
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ zwÕÁ>Ô^ g¸m\VkV_ √V]¬Ô©√|km ∑\VÏ 5 gı|¬ ÔVÈ›]_
÷´ı| \¶∫z ∂]Ô\V™>VÔ 2018gD gıΩ_ \Ú›mkÏÔ^ ÿ>ˆs›>™Ï. ÿƒ[Á™
\VÂÔˆ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑ ∂]Ô\V™m>V[ ÷>uz¬ ÔV´D ®[√Á>•D ∂kÏÔ^ ÿ>π°√|›]™Ï.
∂>uz© √›>Vı|Ô”¬z x[A Respiratory Foundation of India ®–D ∂Á\©∏™Ï ÿÂfiƒÔfl
ºƒV>Á™ xÔVD ¶›]Bº√Vm 5% x>_ 7%zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z g¸m\V √V]©A ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ°D,
∂]oÚÕm ∑\VÏ 5 x>_ 6 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏[™Ï ∂º> ºƒV>Á™ÁB ¶›]Bº√Vm,
g¸m\V √V]©A ∂·°D 10% x>_ 15% gÔ ∂]Ôˆ›]ÚÕ>>VÔ°D \Ú›mkÏÔ^
ÿ>ˆs›>™Ï. zwÕÁ>Ô^ g¸m\V ºkÔ\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ©√m ÿƒ[Á™¬ ÔVuÆ› >´›][
º\Vƒ\V™ WÁÈÁB¬ ÔV‚|˛≈m.
g>V´D: Asthma cases in Chennai double in 5 years, The Hindu 05.09.2018
15
c¶_ÂÈ© √V]©AÔ^
ÔVuÆ \V∑ ŒÚ º\Vƒ\V™ clϬÿÔV_o. ÷>™V_ cÈ˛_ gı|¬z 70 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï ÷≈Õm
º√V˛[≈™Ï. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÔVuÆ\V∑√V‚|¬z© √oBVºkVÏ ®ıˬÁÔ gı|¬z 17 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï
gzD. ÷Õ]BVs_ ∏.®D 2.5 OımÔ^ \V∑ \´∫Ô^ Ô¶Õ> 20 gı|Ôπ_ 2.5 \¶∫z ∂]Ô\V˛
•^·m.
c¶_ÂÈx^· g‚Ô^ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ŒÚ EÈ \Ë ºÂ´›]uz© √V]¬Ô©√|D º√Vm ÔVm,
J¬z, ÿ>VıÁ¶ g˛Bku§_ ®ˆflƒ_ c^π‚¶ √V]©AÔ^ ∞u√|˛[≈™. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ¿∫˛B
∏[™Ï ∂Õ>© √V]©AÔ^ zÁ≈˛[≈™. ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ ŒÀkVÁ\, g¸m\V, OÁ´X´_ ºÂVFÔ·V_
√V]¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD g‚Ô”¬z¬ zÆ˛B ÔVȬ ÔVuÆ \V∑D̶¬ Ô|D √V]©AÔÁe ∞u√|›m˛≈m. ÷>B
ºÂVFÔ·V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©º√VÚ¬z \V´Á¶©A ∞u√|D g√›mD, ∂>™V_ clˆw¬Ô¬ ÌΩB WÁÈ•D
̶ ∞u√|˛≈m.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ¿ı¶ÔVÈ ∂·s_ √V]¬Ô©√|km>V[ tÔ º\Vƒ\V™ WÁÈÁ\ gzD.
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ √V]¬Ô©√|ºkVÚ¬z ÂV‚√‚¶ ÷Ú>B ºÂVFÔ^, OÁ´X´_ ºÂVFÔ^,
Jfl∑¬zw_ ºÂVFÔ^, OÁ´X´_ AuƺÂVF, ¿ˆa° c^π‚¶ √ÈkÁÔBV™ ºÂVFÔ^ cÚkVzD
kVF©A c^·m. ÷B_√V™ kVμÂV”¬z x[™>VÔºk ÷≈Õm º√VzD º√´V√›mD c^·m.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω™V_ zwÕÁ>Ô^, ÔÚ°u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^, kB>Vº™VÏ ∂]Ô\VÔ© √V]¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏÔ^.
÷Ú>BD, OÁ´X´_ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ºÂVFÔ·V_ ∞uÿÔ™ºk √V]¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©º√VÚD tÔ ∂]Ô ∂·s_
√V]¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏÔ^. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ∞u√|D ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ© √z]Ô^, z©Á√¬
˛¶∫zÔ^, ÿˆƒÈV™ º√V¬zk´›m ÷¶∫Ô^ c^π‚¶ √z]Ôπ_ kVøD \¬Ô^ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™
√V]©AÔ”¬z c^·V˛≈VÏÔ^. ÿƒ[Á™ c^π‚¶ ÂÔ´©√z]Ôπ_ kVøD \¬Ô^ ÷B_√VÔºk
g√›>V™ √z]Ôπ_ kE©√kÏÔ”¬z ~¶V™ WÁÈl_>V[ c^·™Ï.
g¬E¤[ zÁ≈kV_ ∞u√|D ÷>B ºÂVF (Ischemic Heart Disease)
÷>B› >\MÔ^ ÿ\_oB>Vk>V_ ∞u√|D ºÂVF ÷mkVzD. ÷>B› >\M zÆzk>V_ ÷>B›
>ÁƒÔ”¬zfl ÿƒ_KD ÷´›>xD clϬÔVuÆD zÁ≈˛≈m. ÷Æ]l_ \V´Á¶©A¬z ka ÿƒF˛≈m.
÷ÕºÂVl™V_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 91.4 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï \´\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ_ 20% º√ˆ[
\´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©√‚|^·m.
√¬ÔkV>D (Stroke)
JÁe¬z© º√VzD ÷´›>D ]œÿ´™› >Á¶√‚|, JÁe ÷B∫zk>uz› º>ÁkBV™ ƒ¬] ÷_ÈV\_
ÿƒ_ >ÁƒÔ^ √V]©√Á¶km √¬ÔkV>D gzD. ÷>™V_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 65.5 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï
\´\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ_ 26% º√ˆ[ \´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©
√‚|^·m.
¿ˆa° ºÂVF (Diabetes)
¿ˆa° ®[√m kVμÂV^ xøkmD ŒÚ zÁ≈√V¶V˛ s¶¬ÌΩB ºÂVBVzD. ÷´›> {‚¶›]_ c^·
ƒÏ¬ÔÁ´ xøkÁ>•D c¶ÈV_ √B[√|›> xΩBV> º√Vm ¿ˆa° ºÂVF ∞u√|˛≈m. \M>ÏÔ^ c°
c‚ÿÔVı¶ ∏[™Ï, c¶_ ÔVϺ√VÁ«‚º´‚|ÔÁefl ƒÏ¬ÔÁ´BVÔ (z”¬ºÔV¸) cÁ¶¬˛≈m.
ÔÁB›]_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|D ÷[∑o[ ®[≈ «VϺ\V[ ∂Õ>fl ƒÏ¬ÔÁ´ÁBfl ƒ\[ ÿƒFB
c>°˛≈m. ÷[∑o[ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√¶V>º√Vm ∂_Èm ƒˆBVÔ ºkÁÈ ÿƒFBV>º√Vm ÷´›>›]_
ƒÏ¬ÔÁ´ ∂]Ô\V˛ ¿ˆa° ºÂVF ∞u√|˛≈m. ¿ˆa° ºÂVBV_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 15.5 ÷È‚ƒD
º√Ï \´\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ_ 20% º√ˆ[ \´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©
√‚|^·m.
16
ÂV‚√‚¶ OÁ´X´_ ∂Á¶©A ºÂVF (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - COPD)
Ô|Á\BV™ OÁ´X´_ ∂wuE ºÂVFÔÁe ÷ÀkVÆ ÌÆ˛≈VÏÔ^. OÁ´X´K¬zfl ÿƒ_ȬÌΩB
ÔVuº≈V‚¶›]_ >Á¶ºBu√|›mD ¿ı¶ÔVÈ Jfl∑¬ zwVF ∂wuE (chronic bronchities), ÔVuº≈u≈ sˆ°
(emphysema) c^π‚¶ ºÂVFÔ^ ÷ÁkBVzD. ÷ÕºÂVFÔ·V_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 32.8
÷È‚ƒD º√Ï \´\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ_ 40% º√ˆ[ \´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™
\]©∏¶© √‚|^·m.
OÁ´X´_ AuƺÂVF (Lung Cancer)
OÁ´X´_ AuƺÂVF ∞u√|k>uz¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|D ŒÚ x¬˛B¬ ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. AuÆ
ºÂVFÔ·V_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 20 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï \´\Á¶Õ>™Ï. ∂kÏÔπ_ 19% º√ˆ[
\´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©√‚|^·m.
∑kVƒ ºÂVF› ÿ>VuÆÔ^ (Acute Lower-Respiratory Lung Infections)
Wº\VMBV c^π‚¶ ∑kVƒ› ÿ>VuÆ ºÂVFÔ”¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ŒÚ ÔV´\VÔ c^·m.
∑kVƒ› ÿ>VuÆ ºÂVFÔ·V_ 2019gD gıΩ_ cÈ˛_ 24.9 ÷È‚ƒD º√Ï \´\Á¶Õ>™Ï.
∂kÏÔπ_ 30% º√ˆ[ \´›m¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©√‚|^·m.
zwÕÁ>© ∏≈©∏_ √V]©A (Adverse Birth Outcomes)
zwÕÁ>Ô^ ∏≈Õ> ŒÚ \V>¬ ÔVÈ›]uz^ ÷≈©√>uz¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®Á¶•D, zÁ≈©∏´ƒkxD ŒÚ
ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. ÔÚ°u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ √V]¬Ô©√|kmD ÷¬zÁ≈√V|Ô”¬z¬
ÔV´\VzD. 2019gD gıΩ_ ÷ÀkV≈V™ 5 ÷È‚ƒD E∑ \´∫Ô”¬z¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÔV´\VÔ
÷ÚÕm^·m.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ºÂVFÔ^
State of Global Air 2020, Health Effects Institute, Boston, USA
17
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈xD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|D Œº´ ÂVB›][ ÷´ı| √¬Ô∫Ô^ gzD. ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe
÷Ák ÷´ı|º\ Ô|Á\BVÔ© √V]¬˛[≈™. ̶ºk, ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›Á>¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|
ºkÔ©√|›m˛≈m. ®™ºk, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›Á>› >|¬Ô°D,
∂>[ √V]©AÔÁe¬ zÁ≈¬Ô°D ̶© √B[√|D.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ωuz¬ ÔV´\V™ kV•¬Ô^ Asÿk©√›Á> ∂]Ô\V¬zD √∑∫zΩ_ kV•¬Ô·VÔ°D
c^·™. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ωuz x>[Á\¬ ÔV´\VÔ c^· ÔÚD Ôˆ\› (Black Carbon) mÔ^Ô^ As
ÿk©√\Á¶>ÁÈ ºkÔ©√|›>¬ÌΩB zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈD ¿Ω¬zD \V∑ (Short-Lived Climate Pollutants -
SLCPs) mÔ·VÔ°D c^·™. √M©√VÁ≈Ôπ_ √Ω•D ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÿkı√MÁB¬ ÔÚ©√V¬˛ ∂]Ô
ÿk©√›Á> ~Ï©√m¶[, √M©√VÁ≈Ô^ cÚÔ°D ÔV´\V˛≈m. \Áw º\Ô∫ÔÁe¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|
√V]©√>V_ ¿ı¶ÔVÈ ºÂV¬˛_ \Áw©ÿ√Vas_ √V]©Á√ ∞u√|›m˛≈m.
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›>V_ ÂÔ´∫Ô^ º\Vƒ\VÔ© √V]¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ®]Ï√V´V> ÿ√Ú\Áw, AB_
ÔVu§[ ºkÔD ∂]Ôˆ›>_, ÿk^·D c^π‚¶ ºÔ|Ô^ ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe º\Vƒ\VÔ› >V¬z˛[≈™.
ºÔVÁ¶¬ÔVÈ ÿk©√ ∂]Ôˆ©√V_ ÂÔ´∫Ô^ Ô|Á\BVÔ© √V]¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D
>ıßÏ› >‚|©√V‚Á¶•D ∂]Ô\V¬z˛≈m.
÷ÀkV≈VÔ¬ ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈D, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|, c¶_ÂÈ© √V]©AÔ^, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© √V]©AÔ^
÷Ák ∂Á™›mD Œ[ƶ[ Œ[Æ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏA√|›>¬ ÌΩB>VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬
Ô‚|©√|›mD ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ cÈÁÔ© √V]¬zD √_ºkÆ E¬Ô_Ô”¬zD z§©∏¶›>¬Ô yÏkVÔ ∂Á\
˛[≈™. ®™ºk, ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›Á>¬ Ô‚|©√|›mk>uzD, ƒ\Vπ©√>uz\V™ ]‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÔVuÆ
\V∑ √V‚Á¶› >|©√mD ŒÚ x>[Á\ ∂∫Ô\VÔ ÷¶Dÿ√≈ ºkı|D.
BOX - 3
A]B ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ÿƒB_ ]‚¶D
(New Urban Agenda)
n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^ ∂Ákl[ ˇμ cÈÔ ÂV|Ô·V_ 2016gD gıΩ_ ∞uÔ©√‚¶
x>[Á\BV™ ŒÚ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ A]B ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ÿƒB_ ]‚¶D (New Urban Agenda) gzD.
cÈ˛[ ∂Á™›m ∂´∑Ô^, ∂Á\©AÔ^, ƒJÔ∫Ô^ Œ[§ÁÕm º\uÿÔV^· ºkıΩB
ÂÔÏ©A≈ k·ÏflE› ]‚¶∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kaÔV‚|>ÁÈ ÷Õ> cÈÔ·VsB c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
x[Ák¬˛≈m. ÷Õ]BV c^π‚¶ 197 ÂV|Ô^, gl´›m¬z º\u√‚¶ c^·V‚E ∂´∑Ô^,
gl´›m¬z º\u√‚¶ ÿ√Vm ∂Á\©AÔπ[ ∏´]W]Ô^ (√∑Á\› >VBÔD c‚√¶) ÷Õ>fl
ÿƒB_]‚¶ cÚkV¬Ô›]_ √∫ºÔu≈™Ï.
A]B ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ÿƒB_]‚¶›][ 54 gkm ∏ˆ° ‘ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶’ zÁ≈©√>uÔV™
kV¬zÆ]ÁB x[Ák¬˛≈m:
UN New Urban Agenda 54: We commit ourselves to the generation and use of renewable
and affordable energy and sustainable and efficient transport infrastructure and services, where
possible, achieving the benefits of connectivity and reducing the financial, environmental and
public health costs of inefficient mobility, congestion, air pollution, urban heat island effects
and noise
º\KD A]B ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ÿƒB_ ]‚¶›][ ∏ˆ° 65 ÷BuÁÔ k·∫ÔÁe ÔV©√>[ JÈ\VÔ
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ >|©√>uÔV™ kV¬zÆ]ÁB ∂π¬˛≈m. ∏ˆ° 119, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶
>|©√>uÔV™ x>‹‚|¬z kV¬zÆ] ∂π¬˛≈m.
18
ÔVuÆ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√>uÔV™ tÔ x¬˛B\V™ º>ÁkBVÔ ÷Ú©√m, ∂Õ> \V∑√V‚|¬ÔV™
JÈ∫ÔÁe› m_oB\VÔ¬ Ôı¶§Õm, \V∑√V‚Ω_ ∂ku§[ √∫Ôπ©Á√ ∂·s|k>VzD. ∂Õ>
kÁÔl_ ÔVuÆ \V∑ ctμ° Ô¬ÿÔ|©A (Emission Inventory) ®[√m ÔVuÆ \V∑ ÷Ú©A¬ Ô¬ÁÔ
∂·s|D tÔ x¬˛B\V™ ¶kΩ¬ÁÔ gzD. ®[™ ºÂVF, ∂>uÔV™ ÔV´D ®[™ ®[Æ Ôı¶§Õm
E˛flÁƒ ∂π©√m º√V[º≈ ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe© √V]¬zD ÔVuÆ \V∑ ºÂVlÁ™ ∂·s|D xÁ≈ ÷mkVzD.
÷>[JÈD ®Õ>© √z]l_, ®Àk·° \V∑, BV´V_ ∞u√|˛≈m ®[√Á>› m_oB\VÔ¬ Ô¬˛‚|,
∂>uºÔu√¬ Ô‚|©√V‚| ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁe º\uÿÔV^· xΩ•D.
÷BuÁÔ \V∑D ÿƒBuÁÔ \V∑D
ÔVuÆ \V∑ ctμs[ JÈ∫ÔÁe ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^. Œ[Æ ÷BuÁÔBV™ (Natural)
\V∑ JÈ∫Ô^, ∂|›m \M>ka (Anthropogenic) ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^ gzD. c©A¬ ÔVuÆ,
Aø]¬ ÔVuÆ, ®ˆ\ÁÈ ÿkΩ©A º√V[≈Ák ÷BuÁÔ \V∑¬Ô^ gzD. º√V¬zk´›m \V∑, ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ
\V∑, ƒVÁÈ©Aø], s≈z ®ˆ›>_ c^π‚¶Ák \M>ÏÔ·V_ cÚkV¬Ô©√|D ÿƒBuÁÔ \V∑¬Ô^
gzD. ÔV‚|›y >V™VÔ ®ˆÕ>V_ ÷BuÁÔ \V∑, \M>ÏÔ^ yÁk›m¬ ÿÔV”›]™V_ ÿƒBuÁÔ \V∑.
WÁÈBV™ \V∑D, ÷¶Dÿ√BÚD \V∑D
\M>ÏÔ·V_ ∞u√|D ÿƒBuÁÔ \V∑√V‚ΩÁ™ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷¶›]oÚÕm ÿkπ kÚ˛≈>V ∂_Èm
÷¶D ÿ√BÚD JÈ›]oÚÕm kÚ˛≈>V ®[√Á> Ák›m, WÁÈBV™ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^ (Stationary Sources)
∂_Èm ÷¶Dÿ√BÚD \V∑JÈ∫Ô^ (Mobile Sources) ®™ ÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬˛≈VÏÔ^.
\V∑√V‚Ω[ 3 kÁÔÔ^ : {ˆ¶D, k‚¶V´D, ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶ \V∑
(Point, Area and Line Sources)
\M>ÏÔ·V_ ∞u√|D ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ JÈ∫ÔÁe {ˆ¶D, k‚¶V´D, ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶D (Point, Area
and Line Sources) ®™ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
‘{ˆ¶JÈ∫Ô^’ (Point Sources) ®[√>[ ˇμ ŒÚ ÷¶›]_ ÷ÚÕ>kVÆ ∂]Ô ∂·s_ \V∑√|›mD
JÈ∫Ô^ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈™. ∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ô^, ÿ√‚º´VoB ∑›]Ôˆ©A gÁÈÔ^ c^π‚¶Ák
÷ku§_ ∂¶∫zD. ÷Õ> xÁ≈l[ JÈD ŒÀÿkVÚ >M› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ•D ®Õ> ∂·° \V∑√V‚|¬z¬
ÔV´\VÔ c^·m ®[√Á> \]©∏¶ xΩ•D.
‘k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^’ (Area Sources) ®[√>[ ˇμ ŒÚ √z]l_ c^· ckÔ∫Ô^, T|Ô^, z©Á√
º√V[≈ √_ºkÆ EÆ EÆ \V∑ JÈ∫ÔÁe•D ÷Á›m Œ[≈VÔ¬ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m. k‚¶V´
\V∑√V‚|¬z› >M©√‚¶ g‚ÔÁeºBV, >M©√‚¶ ÿ>VaÁȺBV ∏ˆ›m ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚¶ xΩBVm.
‘k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^’ (Area Sources) \uÆD ‘{ˆ¶ JÈ∫Ô^’ (Point Sources) ÷Ák ÷´ı|D
WÁÈBV™ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^ (Stationary Sources) kÁÔÁBfl ºƒÏÕ>Ák. ®_ÈV WÁÈBV™ \V∑
√V‚ΩÁ™•D {ˆ¶ JÈ∫Ô^ ∂_Èm k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^ ®™ ÷´ı| WÁÈÔπKD kÁÔ©√|›> xΩ•D.
®M–D ÂÁ¶xÁ≈¬ ÔV´∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ© ÿ√ˆB ∂·s_ \V∑√|›mD JÈ∫ÔÁe {ˆ¶ JÈ∫Ô^
®[ÆD, E§B ∂·s_ \V∑√|›mD JÈ∫ÔÁe k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^ ®[ÆD Ô¬˛|˛≈VÏÔ^. \›]B
\V∑¬ Ô‚|©√V| kVˆB\V™m ŒÚ ÂVπ_ 15 ˛ºÈV ˛´VD ∂·°¬z ∂]Ô\VÔ \V∑ ctøD
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔÁe {ˆ¶ JÈ∫Ô^ ®[ÆD ∂>uz¬ ˇwV™kuÁ≈ k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^ ®[ÆD
kÁÔ©√|›m˛≈m. ÿ√VmkVÔ© AÁÔ º√V¬˛l[ cB´D 20 *‚¶Ú¬z º\_ c^· ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^
{ˆ¶ JÈ∫Ô^ ®[ÆD, ∂>uz¬ ˇwVÔ c^·Ák k‚¶V´ JÈ∫Ô^ ®[ÆD kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™.
J[≈Vkm kÁÔBV™, ‘ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶ JÈ∫Ô^’ (Line Sources) ®[√m kVÔ™© √B∫Ôπ_
√B[√|›>©√|D ÿ√‚º´V_, œƒ_ c^π‚¶ AÁ>√Ωk ®ˆÿ√VÚ‚Ô·VKD, ∂ku§[ \V∑√V‚Á¶
19
xÁ≈BVÔ¬ Ô‚|©√|›>VÁ\l™VKD cÚkVzD \V∑√V| gzD. ƒVÁÈÔπ_ ˛¶¬zD \ı kVÔ™∫
Ô·V_ Aø]BVÔ ®øDAkmD ka›>¶ JÈD gzD. ka›>¶ \V∑ JÈ∫ÔÁe÷¶Dÿ√BÚD \V∑ JÈ\VÔ
(Mobile Sources) kÁÔ©√|›m˛[≈™Ï.
{ˆ¶D, k‚¶V´D, ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶D ®™ J[≈VÔ© ∏ˆ›m ∂Á¶BV·D ÔVbD xÁ≈ÁBfl ÿƒ[Á™›
]‚¶›]_ ∏[√uÆ˛[≈™Ï. ÷ÁkB[§ ÂV[ÔVk>VÔ s\V™D, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ, Ô©√_ º√V¬zk´›m
\V∑√V|Ô^ c^π‚¶Ák ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶D ƒV´V> JÈ∫Ô^ (Non-Line Sources) ®™©√|˛[≈™.
Emission source classification, Emission Inventory and Pollution Reduction Strategies for Bengaluru,
Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy 2022
ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÔVuÆ \V∑ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A¬ÔV™ kÁÔ©√|›>_.
{ˆ¶D, k‚¶V´D, ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶ \V∑ (Point, Area and Line Sources) g˛B J[Æ ÔVuÆ \V∑ JÈ∫
Ô”D ÿƒ[Á™l_ Ô¬ÿÔ|¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D. ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ÿƒ[Á™l[ ∑uÆflÛwÁÈfl
ÊÏÿÔ|›m \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈÁ™© √V]¬zD \V∑¬Ô^ ®∫˛ÚÕm ®Õ> ∂·°¬z kÚ˛≈m ®[√Á>¬
Ô¬˛|k>uÔV™ Source Apportionment and Carrying Capacity Assessment gFÁk› º>EB› #B
ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›][ ˇμ ÿƒ[Á™ nnΩ WÆk™D ¶›] kÚ˛≈m.
ƒVÁÈ© Aø], ÔˆÁB© √B[√|›mD ckÔ∫Ô^, √ÈkÁÔ kVÔ™∫Ô^, ®ıÿF© √B[√V|,
Ô‚|\V™∫Ô^ ®™© √ÈkuÁ≈•D {ˆ¶D, k‚¶V´D, ƒVÁÈ ka›>¶D ƒVÏÕ> \V∑¬Ô^ ®™¬ Ô¬
ÿÔ|¬zD √ËÔÁe› ÿ>V¶∫˛•^·>VÔ› ÿ>ˆs›m^·VÏÔ^. ∂>uÔV™ ∂‚¶kÁ ∏[kÚ\VÆ
∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
{ˆ¶D (Point) k‚¶V´D (Area) ka›>¶D (Line)
25 *‚¶Ú¬z ∂]Ô\V™ T|Ô^ kVÔ™∫Ô^
cB´© AÁÔ©º√V¬˛ ÿÔVı¶ ckÔ∫Ô^ ƒVÁÈ© Aø]
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^ ÿ>ÚºkV´ ckÔ∫Ô^ s\V™D
ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁe Ô‚|\V™© √ËÔ^
®ˆBVÁÈÔ^ (Incineration) ]¶¬Ôa°
∑|ÔV|Ô^ 25 *‚¶Ú¬z¬ zÁ≈kV™
œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶ÏÔ^ cB´© AÁÔ©º√V¬˛ ÿÔVı¶
∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ô^ ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^
Source Apportionment and Carrying Capacity Assessment for Chennai city under
National Clean Air Mission, Interim Progress Report, IIT Madras 2021
20
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´D xøÁ\•D >ÈV 2 x 2 ˛ºÈV *‚¶Ï ƒm´© √´©√·° ÿÔVı¶ 142 Ô‚¶∫Ô·VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|, ∂ku§_ c^· º\uÔı¶ \V∑ JÈ∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mD √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|fl ÿƒ[Á™ ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V| z§›> xøÁ\BV™ A^πsk´∫Ô^ ÿkπl¶©√|D ®[Æ ÿ>ˆs›m^·VÏÔ^. ŒÀÿkVÚ
\V∑√V|D 142 ƒm´© √z]Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[§KD ®Õ> ∂·° ÿkπBV˛≈m, ∂>uz ®[™ ÔV´D ®[˛≈
>Ôk_Ô^ ÷>[ JÈD ÿ>πkVzD kVF©A c^·m.
BOX - 4
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© º√ˆw©A
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflEl[ sÁekVÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√|km ÷B_√V™m. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
k·Ïk>uÔVÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶© ÿ√VÆ›m¬ÿÔV^·›>V[ ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ÔÚ›m
ÿ√VmkVÔ c^·m. g™V_, cıÁ\ ÷>uz ºÂÏ ®]´V™m. ÷Õ]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚¶V_ gı|¬z 7 ÷È‚ƒD ºÔVΩ ‘√VF ÷w©A ∞u√|˛≈m. ÷m ÂV‚Ω[ Œ‚|ÿ\V›>
c^ÂV‚| cu√›]l_ 3% gzD. ®™ºk, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|›>V_ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© √B[Ô^ ˛Á¶¬zD ®™ CII ÷Õ]B ÿ>Va_Ì‚¶Á\©∏[ ∂§¬ÁÔ ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m.
ÿ>VaÈV·ÏÔπ[ cu√›]›]≈[ zÁ≈>_, OÔϺkVˆ[ ÿƒÈs|D gu≈_ zÁ≈>_,
x[Ì‚ΩB ÷≈©A, ÿƒV›m¬Ôπ[ cu√›] \]©A zÁ≈>_, \Ú›mkfl ÿƒÈ°Ô^ ∂]Ôˆ›>_
c^π‚¶ kaÔπ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω™V_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D √V]¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÷ku§_
ÿ>VaÈV·ÏÔπ[ cu√›]›]≈[ zÁ≈>_, kVΩ¬ÁÔBV·Ï zÁ≈>_, x[Ì‚ΩB ÷≈©A g˛B
J[ÆD ÷Õ]B ÿ>Va_WÆk™∫ÔÁe ºÂ´ΩBVÔ© √V]¬˛[≈™
2019gD gı| \]©¨‚Ω[ √Ω, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ √V]¬Ô©√|D ÿ>VaÈV·ÏÔ^
s|xÁ≈ ®|›>>[ ÔV´\VÔ 130 ºÔVΩ ºkÁÈ ÂV‚Ô^ ÷w©√V˛•^·™. ÷>[ \]©A 600
ºÔVΩ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ¶VÈÏ. º\Vƒ\V™ \V∑ ÂV‚Ôπ_ ÿ>VaÈV·ÏÔπ[ cu√›]›]≈[ 8% x>_
10% zÁ≈Õ>>[ ÔV´\VÔ 2400 ºÔVΩ ¶VÈÏ ÷w©A ∞u√‚|^·m. OÔϺkVÏ ÿƒÈs|>o_
1.3% zÁ≈Õ>>V_ 2200 ºÔVΩ ¶VÈÏ ÷w©A ∞u√‚|^·m. ÷Õ]BVs_ ºÂÚD ÷≈©AÔπ_ 18%
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ºÂÏk>V_, 380 ºÔVΩ ºkÁÈÂV‚Ô^ TV˛•^·™. ÷>[ \]©A 4400
ºÔVΩ ¶VÈÏ gzD.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω™V_ ºÂÚD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÷w©A gı|¬z 11,000
ºÔVΩ ‘√VF gzD. ÷Õ> ÷w©A >sϬԬ ÌΩB \´∫Ô·V_ \‚|D ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬z
ºÂÏÕm kÚk>VÔ IQAir ®–D ∂Á\©A ÿ>ˆs›m^·m.
÷ÀkV≈VÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω™V_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ∑\VÏ 9500 ºÔVΩ ¶VÈÏ ∂·°¬z
gı|º>VÆD ÿ√ÚD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÷w©A ∞u√|˛≈m. ÷m ÷Õ]BVs[ c^ÂV‚| cu√›]l_
3% gzD. ®™ºk, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›mk>[ JÈD ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB x[º™u≈D ∞u√|D ®™ ∂§QÏÔ^ \]©∏‚|^·™Ï.
÷Õ]B ÿ>Va_ WÆk™∫Ô^ >\>·s_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›mkm
\‚|t_ÈV\_, ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©AÏ° (CSR) ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ JÈ\VÔ°D #B ÔVuÆ›
]‚¶∫Ô”¬z c>k ºkı|D ®[˛≈m CII ÷Õ]B ÿ>Va_ Ì‚¶Á\©∏[ ∂§¬ÁÔ.
g>V´D: Air pollution-the silent pandemic and its impact on business, CII, 2021
21
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A
(AQM - Amibent Air Quality Monitoring)
\¬Ô^ ®Á>¬ ÔıV_ ÔVı˛≈VÏÔºeV, ∂Á>›>V[ ÂDAkVÏÔ^. \¬Ôπ[ Ôk™›m¬z k´V>
E¬Ô_ ∂´E[ Ôk™›Á> ~ϬÔVm. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ®[√m ®_ÈV ºÂ´∫ÔπKD ÔıV_ ÔV¬
ÌΩBm ∂_È. ∂m ®©º√V>Vkm ŒÚÂV^ WÔμkmD ∂_È. Ôı √VÏÁkl_ ∑uÆ©A≈D ÿ>πkVÔ¬
ÔV‚EBπ¬zD ÛwoKD ̶ ÂÔÏ©A≈∫Ôπ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√‚¶ ÂfiƒVÔ ÷Ú¬zD kVF©A tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ
c^·m. ®™ºk, ∂§sB_ xÁ≈l_ ÔVuÆ›>´›Á>¬ ÔıÔVË©√mD, ∂>Á™ c¶–¬z¶[
\¬Ô”¬z© Aˆ•D kıD ÔV‚E©√|›mkmD º>ÁkBVzD.
ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ[ ÿkπ©A≈¬ ÔVu§_ ®Õ> ∂·°¬z \V∑¬Ô^ c^·™ ®[√Á> ∂·s|km x>_
º>ÁkBVzD. ∏®D 2.5 \V∑›mÔ^ ∂·°>V[ ÷Ú©√]ºÈºB tÔ°D x¬˛B\V™>VzD. ∂>–¶[
WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[, Á‚´¤[ Á¶BV¬Áƒ|, ÔÕ>Ô Á¶BV¬Áƒ| c^π‚¶ku§[ ∂·Ák› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ
∂·s¶ ºkı|D.
ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> ∂·s¶ \M>ÏÔ^ ÷B¬zD ÁÔxÁ≈ ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A ∂Á\©AÔ^
(Manual Air Quality Monitoring System), ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ∑uÆ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A ∂Á\©AÔ^
(Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Equipment Systems - CAAQMS), kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ®|›mflÿƒ[Æ
ÔıÔVˬzD ÷¶Dÿ√BÚD ÔÚsÔ^ (Mobile Air Quality Monitoring System) ®™ \VÆ√‚¶ kÁÔÔπ_
ÿ>Va_O‚√∫Ô^ c^·™. zΩ\¬Ôºe ÔıÔVˬzD zÁ≈Õ> sÁÈ› ÿ>Va_O‚√∫Ô”D c^·™.
ÔVuÆ› >´ ∂·Ák¬ ÁÔxÁ≈l_ ∂·s|D ∂Á\©AÔ^ (Manual Air Quality Monitoring System)
ÔVÈ∫Ô¶Õ>Ák gzD. ∂Ák m_oBt_ÈV>Ák, ÔVÈ>V\>›m¬z¬ ÔV´\VÔ ÷Ú©√Ák.
Œ©¨‚¶·s_ √B–D zÁ≈°>V[.
ÔVuÆ \VÁƒ› m_oB\VÔ ∂·s|k>uz› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ∑uÆ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A
∂Á\©AÔ^ >V[ (Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Equipment Systems - CAAQMS) tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>
\V™Ák gzD. >uº√Vm ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÿ\V›>D 7 CAAQMS ∂Á\©AÔ^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
÷m tÔ¬zÁ≈kV™ ®ıˬÁÔ gzD. ÿƒ[Á™¬z ÷ÁBV™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ Èı¶[
\VÂÔˆ_ 120 CAAQMS ∂Á\©AÔ^ c^·™. ÿƒ[Á™l_ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒD 40 CAAQMS ∂Á\©A
Ô·Vkm ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ®|›mfl ÿƒ_KD kÁÔlÈV™ ÷¶D ÿ√BÚD ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A √B[
>´¬ÌΩBm. ÷kuÁ≈fl ÿƒ[Á™l_ ∂§xÔ©√|›> ºkı|D. zΩ\¬Ôºe ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> ∂·s|D
zÁ≈Õ> sÁȬ ÔÚsÔ”D kVF©A^·kÏÔ·V_ √B[√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D. ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ W´Õ>´\VÔ
∂Á\¬Ô©√|D CAAQMS ÔÚsÔ”¬z \Vu≈VÔ kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ®|›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÔÚsÔÁeºBV,
zÁ≈Õ> sÁȬ ÔÚsÔÁeºBV ÔÚ>¬Ì¶Vm ®[√m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
ÔVuÆ› >´ WÏBD
ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> ∂·s|D ÔÚsÔÁe©º√Vm\V™ ®ıˬÁÔl_ ∂Á\›m, ∂kuÁ≈›
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ÷B¬˛fl ƒˆBV™ >´°ÔÁe› ]´‚Ω™VKD ̶, ∂Õ>› >´°Ô^ >V™VÔºk √B™π¬ÔVm.
ÔVuÆ›>´›Á> ∂·s|km \‚|\_ÈV\_, ∂>Á™ \¬Ô”¬z© Aˆ•D kÁÔl_ c¶–¬z¶[
ÔV‚E©√|›> ºkı|D. ∑kVE¬zD ÔVu§[ >´D z§›> sa©AÏÁk c¶–¬z¶[ ∞u√|›>
ºkı|D. ÷ÀkV≈V™ Aˆ>_>V[ ∂Á™kÁ´•D ÿƒB_√¶› #ı|D.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ωuz¬ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒ ∂·° ®[Æ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ. ÔVuÆ tÔ°D #FÁ\BVÔ,
÷BuÁÔBVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D ®[√º> sÚD√›>¬Ôm gzD. ®M–D cÈ˛[ ∂Á™›m ÂV|Ô”D,
ÂÔ´∫Ô”D, \¬Ô”D ∂Á¶B ºkıΩB ÷ȬÔVÔ, gı| ƒ´Vƒˆ ∏.®D 2.5 ∂·° Ô™ *‚¶Ú¬z 5
22
Á\¬º´V ˛´Vx¬z¬ ˇwVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D ®[Æ cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A WÏBD ÿƒFm^·m.
÷[Á≈B Ûwo_ cÈ˛[ tÔ© ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÂV|Ôπ_ ÷Õ> ÷Ȭz ƒV›]Bt_ÁÈ. ®™ºk, ∂]Ô\VÔ
\V∑√|›>©√‚|^· √z]Ôπ_ xÁ≈ºB 35 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD, 25 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD, 15 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD,
10 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD ®™© √Ω©√ΩBVÔ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈›m¬ ÔÁ¶El_ 5 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD ÷Ȭ˛Á™
®‚Ω©∏Ω¬Ô ºkı|D ®[Æ √ΩWÁÈ kaÔV‚ΩÁB ÿkπl‚|^·m cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A.
∂]ÔD \V∑√‚¶ √z]Ôπ_ √Ω©√ΩBVÔ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬
zÁ≈©√>uÔV™ cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ kaÔV‚Ω 2021
\V∑√|›] ƒ´Vƒˆ ∂·° ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ WHO
(Pollutant)
(Average ÔVuÆ› >´
Period)
÷Ȭz 1 ÷Ȭz 2 ÷Ȭz 3 ÷Ȭz 4 WÏB ∂·°
∏®D 10 mÔ^\D gı| 70 50 30 20 15
(Particulate ƒ´Vƒˆ
Matter 10)
24 \Ë
ºÂ´D 150 100 75 50 45
∏®D 2.5 gı| 35 25 15 10 5
mÔ^\D ƒ´Vƒˆ
(Particulate
24 \Ë 75 50 37.5 25 15
Matter 10)
ºÂ´D
Á‚´¸ gı| 40 30 20 — 10
Á¶BV¬Áƒ| ƒ´Vƒˆ
(NO2)
24 \Ë 120 50 — — 25
ºÂ´D
ÔÕ>Ô 24 \Ë 125 50 — — 40
Á¶BV¬Áƒ| ºÂ´D
(SO2)
(∂·°Ô^ Á\¬º´V ˛´Vt_) WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines 2021
g™V_, ÷Õ]BVs_ gı| ƒ´Vƒˆ ∏®D 2.5 ÷Ȭz 40 Á\¬º´V ˛´V\VÔ c^·m. ∂>Vkm cÈÔ
ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©∏[ ¿ı¶ ÔVÈ ÷ȬÔV™ 5 Á\¬º´V ˛´VD ®[√Á>s¶ 8 \¶∫z Ì|>ÈV™ ÔVuÆ
\V∑ ∂·°, ÷Õ]BVs_ ‘Â_È ÔVu≈VÔ’ \]©∏¶©√|˛≈m.
®™ºk, ÔVuÆ \V∑ >´›Á> \]©∏‚| ∂>Á™¬ ÔV‚E©√|›mD º√Vm, ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔVuÆ›
>´¬Ô‚|©√V| ∂·°¶[ Œ©∏‚|¬ ÔV‚|km \‚|D º√Vm\V™m ∂_È. ̶ºk, cÈÔ ÂÈkVμ° ∂Á\©A
WÏl›m^· ∂·Ák s¶¬ Ì|>ÈVÔ ®Àk·° \V∑√‚|^·m ®[√Á>•D ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D.
ÿ√VmkVÔ¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ WÁÈ º√V¬zk´›m ÁƒÁÔ s·¬z xÁ≈l_ ÔV‚E©√|›>©√|
˛≈m. ∑kVE¬Ô› >zÕ> ÔVu§Á™© √flÁƒ W≈›]KD, {´·°¬z \V∑√‚¶ ÔVuƬz \fiƒ^ W≈D, ∂]ÔD
\V∑√‚¶ ÔVuƬz g´fi∑ W≈D, tÔ°D \V∑√‚¶ ÔVuƬzfl Ek©A W≈D ®™© √Ω©√ΩBVÔ kıD
\Vu§ s·D√´© √|›mkm cÈ˛[ √È ÂV|Ôπ_ kw¬Ô\VÔ c^·m.
÷Õ]BVsKD ∂ÀkVÆ ÔV‚E©√|›mD xÁ≈ c^·m. g™V_, ∂Ák c¶–¬z¶[ ºÂ´ÁÈBVÔ©
ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ \¬Ôπ[ ÔıË_ √|DkÁÔl_ √´Õm√‚¶ ∂·s_ s·D√´D ÿƒFB©√|km ÷_ÁÈ.
23
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ z§X‚ÿ¶ı (Air Quality Index)
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ ÔıÔVË©A ∂Á\©AÔ^ JÈ\VÔ ÂVÿ¶∫zD √_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑¬Ô^
∂·s¶©√|˛[≈™. ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÷ÀkV≈V™ ÔıÔVË©A ∂Á\©AÔ^ Ô˃\VÔ WÆk©√‚|^·™.
÷ku§_ OımÔ^ (Particulate Matter), WÈ\‚¶ {ºƒV[ (O3), Á‚´¤[ Á¶BV¬Áƒ| (MNO2), ÔVÏ√[
º\V™V¬Áƒ| (CO) º√V[≈ 8 \V∑¬Ôπ[ ctμ° ∂·s¶©√|˛≈m. º>EBfl ∑uÆ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ› >´
WÏB ∂·°Ô^ (NAAQS) ŒÀÿkV[ƬzD ºkÆ√|k>V_ ∂kuÁ≈ ®π>VÔ© AˆÕm ÿÔV^km
ÔΩ™\VzD.
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ WÁÈÁB ®π]_ ®_ºÈVÚD AˆÕmÿÔV^”D kÁÔl_ º>EB¬ ÔVuÆ› >´¬
z§X‚ÿ¶ı (AQI) √B[√|›>©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> xÁ≈l[ ˇμ 8 kÁÔBV™ \V∑¬Ô”D ∂ku§[
\V∑√|›mD ∂·°¬z ∞u√ Œº´ >´\VÔ \]©∏¶©√|˛≈m. ∂>Vkm NAAQS >´ ∂·s[ √Ω ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÁÔ \V∑√|›]¬zD ŒÀÿkVÚ cflƒk´DA c^·m. AQI xÁ≈l_ ∂Ák Œº´ >´\VÔ \Vu≈©√‚|¬
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ z§X‚ÿ¶ı ∂§s¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ, NAAQS ∂·T‚Ω[ √Ω PM 10 ∂·° 50-¬z¬ ˇwVÔ°D, PM 2.5 ∂·° 30-¬z¬
ˇwVÔ°D, NO2 ∂·° 40-¬z¬ ˇwVÔ°D ÷Ú©√m ‘Â_Èm’ ®™ ÿkÀºkÆ ®ıÔπ_ ∂·s¶©√|˛≈m.
÷Ák ∂Á™›Á>•D AQI xÁ≈l_ 50-¬z¬ ˇμ ®™ Œº´ ∂·T‚Ω_ z§©∏|˛[≈™Ï. ®™ºk, AQI
xÁ≈l_ PM2.5 ∂·° 50 ®[≈V_ ∂m cıÁ\l_ 30gÔ°D, ∂mºk AQI xÁ≈l_ 100 ®[≈V_
∂m cıÁ\l_ 60gÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD. ÷Õ> cıÁ\ ∂·° 8 kÁÔ \V∑√|›]Ô”¬zD \VÆ√|D.
∂ku§_ ®>–Á¶B \V∑ ∂·° ∂]Ô\VÔ c^·º>V, ∂mºk Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ÔVuÆ› >´¬ z§X‚ÿ¶ı
(AQI) gÔ ∂§s¬Ô©√|D.
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ z§X‚ÿ¶ı (AQI) xÁ≈l[ ˇμ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ω[ WÁÈ Â_Èm (Good) ,
]Ú©]Ô´\V™m (Satisfactory), t>\V™ \V∑ (Moderately Polluted), º\Vƒ\V™m (Poor), tÔ°D
º\Vƒ\V™m (Very Poor), Ô|Á\BV™ \V∑ (Severe) ®™ 6 WÁÈÔπ_ ∂§s©√VÔ ÿkπl¶©√|˛≈m.
∂Ák ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ kı∫Ô”¶[ ÿkπl¶©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ WÁÈlKD ∂ku≈V_ ∞u√¶¬
ÌΩB c¶_ÂÈ© √V]©AÔ^ z§›> ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ•D c^·m.
ÔVuÆ› >´¬ z§X‚ÿ¶ı (AQI) kÁÔ•D
c¶_ ÂÈ›m¬ÔV™ ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ•D
Good
Â_Èm (0-50) zÁ≈Õ> √V]©A (Minimal Impact)
√flÁƒ W≈D
Satisfactory ®π]_ ºÂVFkVF©√¶¬ÌΩB g‚Ô”¬z Jfl∑¬ ºÔV·VÆ ∞u√¶
]Ú©]Ô´\V™m (51-100) kVF©Aı|. (May Cause minor breathing discomfort to sensitive
ÿkπÏ √flÁƒ W≈D people).
Moderately Pulluted OÁ´X´_ ºÂVF (g¸m\V), ÷Ú>B ºÂVF ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ”¬zD,
t>\V™ \V∑ (101-200) º\KD E≈VÏ \uÆD x]ºBVÏÔ”¬zD Jfl∑ s|k]_ ºÔV·VÆ
\fiƒ^ W≈D ∞u√|›mD. (May cause breathing discomfort to the people with lung
disease such as asthma and discomfort to people with heart dis-
ease, children and older adults)
Poor \V∑¬ÔVuÁ≈› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ OÔϺkVÚ¬z Jfl∑¬ ºÔV·VÁ≈•D,
º\VƒD (201-300) ∞uÿÔ™ºk ÷Ú>B ºÂVF cÁ¶ºBVÚ¬z ∂]Ô¬ ºÔV·VÆÔÁe•D
g´fi∑ W≈D ∞u√|›mD. (May cause breathing discomfort to people with heart
disease with short exposure)
24
Very Poor \V∑¬ÔVuÁ≈› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ OÔϺkVÚ¬z Jfl∑ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
tÔ º\VƒD (301-400) ºÂVFÔ^ ∞u√|D, º\KD ÷Ú>B, OÁ´X´_ ºÂVF cÁ¶BkÏ
Ek©A W≈D Ô”¬z tÔº\Vƒ\V™ sÁe°ÔÁe ∞u√|›mD. (May cause
respiratory illness to the people on prolonged exposure. Effect may
be more pronounced in people with lung and heart diseases)
Severe Â_È c¶_ÂÈ›m¶[ ÷Ú¬zD g‚Ô”¬z Jfl∑ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
Ô|Á\BV™ \V∑ (401-500) ºÂVFÔ^ ∞u√¶ kVF©Aı|, º\KD OÁ´X´_/÷Ú>B ºÂVF
ÔÚfiEk©A W≈D cÁ¶ºBVÏÔ”¬z¬ Ô|Á\BV™ sÁe°ÔÁe ∞u√|›mD.
(May cause respiratory effects even on healthy people and serious
health impacts on people with lung/heart diseases. The health
impacts may be experienced even during light physical activity)
ÿ\V›>›]_,ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬ÔV™ JÈ∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶§kmD, ÔVuÆ› >´ ∂·Ák¬ Ôı
ÔVË©√mD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD ]‚¶∫Ô”¬z© √B[√¶ ºkı|D. ÷m>V[ tÔ x>[Á\BV™
º>Ák gzD. ®Õ>› mÁ≈l_ ®Õ> ÷¶›]_ ®›>ÁÔÁB kaxÁ≈ÔÁe© √B[√|›]› #B ÔVuÆ
÷ȬzÔÁe ∂Á¶BÈVD ®[˛≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÷Õ>› >´°Ô^ ∂Á™›mD √B[√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D.
∂>uÔVÔ \VÂÔˆ[ ŒÀÿkVÚ √z]lKD ∂Õ>© √z]l[ ÔVu§[ >´D z§›> A^πsk´∫ÔÁe
c¶–¬z¶[ ºÂ´ÁÈBVÔ°D, \¬Ô”¬z© Aˆ•D kıxD ®π>VÔ°D, º√Vm\V™ ∂·°D
s·D√´©√|›> ºkı|D.
BOX - 5
SDGs 2030: n.ÂV. ¿Ω›> k·ÏflE ÷ȬzÔÁe
∂Á¶B¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô ºkı|D
¿Ω›> k·ÏflE ÷ȬzÔ^ 2030 (Sustainable Development Goals) ®–D cÈÔ·VsB
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ 2015gD gıΩ_ n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^ ∂ÁkBV_ ®‚¶©√‚¶m. 2016 - 2030 ÔVÈ›]_
cÈ˛[ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÂV|D ∂Á¶B ºkıΩB 17 º\D√V‚| ÷ȬzÔÁe (Goals) ÷Õ> c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
x[Ák¬˛≈m. ÷>Á™ cÆ] ÿƒFk>uÔV™ 169 z§¬ºÔV^Ô”D (Targets) kÁ´BƬԩ
√‚|^·™. cÈ˛[ ∂Á™›m ÂV|Ô”D ∂Á¶BºkıΩB ÷Õ> ÷È‚EB›]_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶›
>|©√mD c^·¶¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
17 ¿Ω›> k·ÏflE ÷ȬzÔπ_ 3. ÂÈkVμ°, 7. ÿ√≈›>¬Ô sÁÈl_ #B ®ˆƒ¬], 11. ÂÔÏ©A≈
º\D√V|, 12. ¿Ω›> OÔÏ°D cu√›]•D, 13. ÔVÈWÁÈ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ - g˛B ÷ȬzÔ^ #B
ÔVuƶ[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶BÁk.
÷Ȭz 3. ÂÈkVμ°, z§¬ºÔV^ 3.9 (Goal 3 : Good Health and Well-Being, Target 3.9) : 2030gD
gı|¬z^, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ºÂVFÔ·V_ ÷≈©º√VÏ ®ıˬÁÔÁB¬ Ô˃\VÔ¬
zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷Ȭz7. ÿ√≈›>¬Ô sÁÈl_ #B ®ˆƒ¬], z§¬ºÔV^ 7.1 (SDG 7 : Affordable and Clean
Energy, Target 7.1) : 2030gD gı|¬z^, ∂Á™›m T|Ô”¬zD \V∑√|›>V> ÂT™ ®ˆƒ¬]
˛Á¶©√Á> cÆ] ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
÷Ȭz 11. ÂÔÏ©A≈ º\D√V|, z§¬ºÔV^ 11.6 (Goal 11 : Sustainable Cities and Communities,
Target 11.6) : ÔVuÆ› >´›Á> º\D√|›mk]_ E≈©A¬ Ôk™D ÿƒK›] 2030gD gı|¬z^
ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ∞u√|D ∑uÆflÛw_ √V]©AÔÁe¬ zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷Ȭz 12. ÿ√VÆ©A^· OÔÏ°D cu√›]•D, z§¬ºÔV^ 12.4 (Goal 12 : Responsible Consump-
tion and Production, Target 12.4) : ºk]©ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ \uÆD ∂Á™›m¬ Ôa°ÔÁe•D xÁ≈BVÔ
º\ÈVıÁ\ ÿƒFk>[ JÈD, \V∑¬Ô^ ÔVu§_ ÔÈ©√Á> 2020gD gı|¬z^ Ô˃\VÔ¬
zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D.
25
ÂÔÏ©A≈› #B ÔVuƬÔV™ ºÔV‚√V|Ô^
#B ÔVuÆ ®–D ÷ȬÁÔ ∂Á¶k>uz ÂÔ´Á\©A, º√V¬zk´›m º\ÈVıÁ\, ]¶¬Ôa°
º\ÈVıÁ\, t[ƒV´D, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™© √È >·∫Ôπ_ \Vu≈∫Ô^ º>Ák©√|˛[≈™. ∂Õ>
kÁÔl_ #B ÔVuÆ ÷Ȭ˛Á™ ∂Á¶B c>k¬ ÌΩB ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ ˇºw ∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·™. ÿƒ[Á™
\VÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ #BÔVuÆfl ÿƒB_]‚¶›Á> xøÁ\BV™ ∂·s_ cÚkV¬Ô ÷kuÁ≈¬ Ôk™›]_
ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. º\KD, ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ J[≈Vkm xøÁ\› ]‚¶D 2046
cÚkV¬Ô©√|D º√VmD ÷¬ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ Ôk™›]_ ÿÔV^·©√¶ ºkı|D.
º√V¬zk´›m ƒVÏÕ> k·ÏflE (Transit Oriented Development - TOD)
ÔVÏÔÁe•D >MBVÏ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe•D ƒVÏÕ> √ÁwB ÂÔÏ©A≈© º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ô^
∑uÆflÛwÁÈfl ÊÏÿÔ|›m, \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈ›Á>© √V]›m, ∞u≈›>VμÁk ∂]Ôˆ©√>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.
÷>uz ºÂÏ\V≈VÔ ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ>, ÷BuÁÔÁB ∂]ÔD √V]¬ÔV>, \¬Ôπ[ ÂÈkVμ°¬z Â[Á\
√B¬zD º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ÔÁe ª¬zs©√m º√V¬zk´›m ƒVÏÕ> k·ÏflE (Transit Oriented
Development - TOD) gzD.
1. ÂÁ¶√VÁ> (Walk) , 2. t]kıΩ (Cycle), 3. ÷kuƬÔV™ √VÁ>ÔÁe ÷Á›>_ (Connect),
4. ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ √BˬzD ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m \uÆD ∂>–¶[ ÷ÁÕ> √VÁ>Ô^ (Transit),
5. º√V¬zk´›m© √VÁ>ÔπºÈºB √È>´©√‚¶ ºƒÁkÔ”D ˛Á¶¬Ôfl ÿƒF>_ (Mix) , 6. zÆ˛B
√´©√·s_ ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ kE¬zD ÛwÁÈ cÚkV¬z>_ (Densify), 7. ∞uÿÔ™ºk ÷Ú¬zD
ÂÔ´©√z]ÁB k·Ï›>_ (Compact) , 8. >MBVÏ ÔVÏÔ”¬ÔV™ º>ÁkÁB¬ zÁ≈›m, ÂÔˆ_
∂kuƬÔV™ ÷¶›Á>•D zÁ≈›>_ (Shift) g˛B™ º√V¬zk´›m ƒVÏÕ> k·ÏflE¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ·VÔ¬
ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™.
ÿ√VmkVÔ ÔVÏÔ^ √B[√V‚Á¶ sÚD√›>ÔV>>VÔ \VuÆ>_, ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe sˆkV¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶
ÿƒ_ÈV\_ c‚A≈© √z]ÔÁe º\_ ºÂV¬˛ k·Ï›>_ ®[√™ ÷>[ ºÂV¬Ô\VzD. º\KD, ®_ÈV
\¬Ô”¬z\V™ c^·¶¬˛B k·ÏflEÁB•D ÷¬ÿÔV^ÁÔ ko•Æ›m˛≈m.
º√V¬zk´›m ƒVÏÕ> k·ÏflE¬ (Transit Oriented Development - TOD) ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB ÷Õ]B ∂´∑D
>tμÂV| ∂´∑D ∞uƬÿÔVı|^·™ ®[√m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD. ÷Õ]B ÂÔÏ©A≈ k·ÏflE
∂Á\flƒÔD ÷>uÔV™ kaÔV‚|>_ÔÁe ÿkπl‚|^·m. >tμÂV| ∂´∑ ÂÔÏ©A≈ k·ÏflE ∂Á\flƒÔD
2022-23 ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂§¬ÁÔl_ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÷>Á™© ∏[√uƺkVD ®™ ∂§s›m^·m.
TOD Standard, ITDP & UN Habitat
26
º√V¬zk´›]_ \Vu≈D : Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I)
>sÏ - xÁ≈ \VuÆ - º\D√|›m (ASI) ®[√m º√V¬zk´›m \uÆD ÔVuÆ \V∑ >|©√]_
x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ> ŒÚ ºÔV‚√V¶VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛≈m. x>o_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ ∞u√|›mD
º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ÁB› >sÏ¬Ô (Avoid) xBÈ ºkı|D. ∂|›>>VÔ© √B›Á>› >sÏ¬Ô xΩBVm
®–D WÁÈl_ >MBVÏ \˛øÕmÔÁe› >sÏ›m, ÂÁ¶, t]kıΩ \uÆD ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m
xÁ≈ÁB© √B[√|›mD (Shift) WÁÈ k´ºkı|D. º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ g˛B™ ∞Áw, Â|›>´
\¬Ô”¬z \‚|\V™ kVÔ™D ∂_È. √D√Á¶›º>VÚD ∂kuÁ≈© √B[√|›mD ÛwÁÈ cÚkV¬Ô
ºkı|D. J[≈Vk>VÔ© º√V¬zk´›Á> º\D√|›m>_ ®[√m \V∑√|›mD O‚√∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔs‚|,
ÂT™ xÁ≈¬z (Improve) \VÆkm gzD. ÷mºk (Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I) ºÔV‚√V| gzD.
Sustainable Urban Transport : Avoid-Shift-Improve (A-S-I), TUMI, Germany 2019
º√V¬zk´›m› º>Ák º\ÈVıÁ\
(Transportation Demand Management - TDM)
º>ÁkBu≈ TV™ >MBVÏ º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ôπ[ √B[√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈›m, ∂Á™kÚ¬zD
√B[√¶¬ÌΩB \uÆD ∑uÆflÛwK¬z cÔÕ> º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ÔÁe ª¬zs©√m º√V¬zk´›m›
º>Ák º\ÈVıÁ\ (Transportation Demand Management - TDM) gzD. ŒÚA≈D ÿ√Vm© º√V¬z
k´›Á>•D, ¶©√Á>•D, t]kıΩ© √B∫ÔÁe•D ª¬zs©√mD, \ÆA≈›]_ >MBVÏ kVÔ™©
√B[√V‚Ω[ *m ∂>[ cıÁ\fl ÿƒÈÁkfl ∑\›]¬ ÔΩ™\V¬zkmD ÷>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ c^·m.
ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m kƒ]Ô·V™ º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ ºƒÁkÔÁe ∂]Ô\VÔ°D ÂT™\VÔ°D
\VuÆ>_, ÂÁ¶√VÁ> \uÆD t]kıΩ kƒ]ÔÁe© º√Vm\V™ ∂·s_ ∞u√|›m>_, >MBVÏ kVÔ™
WÆ›>∫ÔÁe xÁ≈©√|›m>_, ÷Èkƒ kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫ÔÁe¬ zÁ≈›>_, ÿˆƒ_ Ô‚¶D c^π‚¶
√È kaÔπ_ º√V¬zk´›m› º>Ák º\ÈVıÁ\ xÁ≈Ô^ x[ÿ™|¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
27
15 Wt¶ ÂÔ´D (15 Minute City)
˛´V\©A≈ kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷BuÁÔºBV| ÷ÁÕ>m, ∂Á\]BV™m; ÂÔ´kVμ¬ÁÔ ÿˆƒ_, \V∑√V|,
z©Á√ ®™¬ºÔ|Ô^ ÛμÕ>m ®[˛≈ >k≈V™ ÔÚ›m WÈ°˛≈m. g™V_, ÂÔ´ kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂ÀkVÆ
÷Ú¬Ô ºkıΩBm ÷_ÁÈ. ÂÔ´∫Ô·V_ ∞´V·\V™ Â[Á\Ô^ c^·™. ∞´V·\V™ kƒ] kVF©AÔ^
c^·™. ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ôπ[ º>ÁkÔÁe¬ zÆ˛B ÷¶©√´©∏_ WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>V_ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™
gu≈ÁÈ tflƒ©√|›mD √z]BVÔ°D ÂÔ´∫Ô^ c^·™. Ô_s, \Ú›mkD, zΩ¿Ï, ckÔD,
º√V¬zk´›m, t[ƒV´D, ÿ>VÁÈ›ÿ>V¶ÏA, ÿ√Vømº√V¬z c^π‚¶ √_ºkÆ ºƒÁkÔÁe ª´Ô∫Ôπ_
√´kÈVÔ kVøD \¬Ô”¬z ∂π©√>uz W]•D gu≈KD ∂]ÔD º>Ák©√|D. ∂º> ºÂ´›]_,
ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿÂÚ¬Ô\VÔ kVøD \¬Ô”¬z ÷kuÁ≈ ∂π¬Ô W]•D gu≈KD Œ©¨‚¶·s_
zÁ≈kVÔºk º>Ák©√|D. ÷>™V_ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™ √_ºkÆ ∂´∑ ºƒÁkÔÁe› >MÂ√Ï \]©¨‚Ω[√Ω
zÁ≈Õ> ÿƒÈs_ ∂π¬Ô xΩ•D. >MÂ√Ï \]©¨‚Ω[√Ω ®ˆƒ¬]fl ÿƒÈ° zÁ≈k>V_ ∑uÆflÛwKD
√VmÔV¬Ô©√|D.
ÂÔˆ_ kVøD \¬Ô”¬ÔV™ ®_ÈV› º>ÁkÔ”D 15 Wt¶› ÿ>VÁÈ°¬z^ ˛Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D
®[˛≈ ÷Ȭz¶[ ÂÔ´kVμ¬ÁÔÁB tÔ°D √B–^·>VÔ \VuÆD ºÔV‚√V¶VÔ 15 Wt¶ ÂÔ´D x[
Ák¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÷>[√Ω ÔÁ¶Ô^, √^πÔ^, \Ú›mk\Á™Ô^, ÿ√Vømº√V¬z ÷¶∫Ô^, Ø∫ÔV¬Ô^,
sÁeBV‚|› ]¶_Ô^ º√V[≈ ∂Á™›m º>ÁkÔ”D ¶պ>V t]kıΩÔ^ JÈ\VÔºkV 15 Wt¶
ºÂ´›]_ ∂Á¶B¬ ÌΩB kÁÔl_ ÂÔ´∫Ô^ \Vu≈©√¶ ºkı|D ®[˛≈m ÷¬ºÔV‚√V|.
∂Á™›m kÚkVF© ∏ˆs™Ú¬z\V™ kVF©AÔÁe•D, zΩlÚ©Akƒ]ÔÁe•D ÿÔVıΩÚ›>_,
ÂÁ¶√VÁ> \uÆD t]kıΩ© √VÁ>ÔÁe xøÁ\BVÔ ∂Á\›>_, √ÈkÁÔ› ÿ>Va_Ô^, ºkÁÈÔÁe
c^·¶¬˛lÚ›>_ ®[√™ ÷>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVzD. √[™V‚| º\BÏÔ^ Ì‚¶Á\©AD, nÂV ÔVÈWÁÈ
\Vu≈ ∂§sBÈV·Ï (IPCC) zø°D 15 Wt¶ ÂÔ´D ®[√m ÂÔÏ©A≈fl E¬Ô_Ô”¬zD ÔVÈWÁÈ
\Vu≈›Á> ®]ÏÿÔV^·°D E≈Õ> ∂bzxÁ≈BVÔ ÷Ú¬zD ®[Æ ÌÆ˛[≈™.
15 Minute City
28
√ÈÂÔ´∫Ô^ ÂÔ´Á\©A (Polycentric City)
ŒÚ Á\Bx^· ÂÔ´D (Monocentric City) ®[√m ŒÚ ÿ√ÚÂÔ´›Á> sˆkV¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶
ÿƒ_k>VzD. ÷>uz \Vu≈VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D Polycentric City ®[√m Œ[Ƭz º\u√‚¶ ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe
º\D√|›] ∂kuÁ≈ ŒÚ∫˛Á©√Á> z§©√>VzD. ÷ku§_ Polycentric city ®[√Á> n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^
∂ÁkBV_ ∞uÔ©√‚¶ A]B ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ÿƒB_]‚¶D (New Urban Agenda) ko•Æ›m˛≈m.
ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe sˆkV¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ º√Vkm √_ºkÆ ºÔ|Ô”¬z kaÿƒF˛≈m. ÷BuÁÔ k·∫Ô^
Ê´a˛[≈™, \V∑√V| ∂]Ô\V˛≈m, \¬Ô^ >\m º>ÁkÔ”¬ÔVÔ ∂]Ô› ÿ>VÁÈ° √BD ÿƒFB
ºkıΩ•^·m. ÷ÀkV≈V™ ÂÔ´ sˆkV¬Ô›Á>¬ ÁÔs‚|, ∞uÿÔ™ºk ÷Ú¬zD ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe
c^ºÂV¬˛ ÿÂÚ¬Ô\VÔ°D ÔflE>\VÔ°D k·Ï¬Ô ºkı|D. ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ˛Á¶\‚¶© √´©∏_ k·Ïk>uz©
√]ÈVÔ º\_ºÂV¬˛ cB´ ºkı|D. ÷>Á™ Transit Oriented Development (TOD) xÁ≈l[ ˇwV™
\uÆD Densify ÿÔV^ÁÔ•D ko•Æ›m˛≈m.
ŒÚ √´Õ> ÿ√ÚÂÔ´ sˆkV¬Ô©√´©∏_ c^· Œ[Ƭz º\u√‚¶ ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe ÿÂÚ¬Ô\VÔ°D
ÔflE>\VÔ°D k·Ï›m, ∂kuƬz^ E≈Õ> º√V¬zk´›m¬ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔÁe cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷ÀkV≈V™ √È ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe sÁ´kV™ ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m¬ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔ^ JÈD ÷Á¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷mºk Polycentric City ∂Á\©√VzD.
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ[ >uº√VÁ>B √´©√·° 1189 ƒm´¬ ˛ºÈV *‚¶Ï gzD. ÷>Á™ º\KD
sˆkV¬zD kÁÔl_ ÿƒ∫Ô_√‚|, ÔVfiEA´D, ]Úk^jÏ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ \uÆD ÷´VË©º√‚Á¶
\Vk‚¶›][ ∂´¬ºÔVD k‚¶D g˛B √z]ÔÁe ÷Á›m 5904 ƒm´¬ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï √´©√·Ákfl
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´\VÔ ∂§s¬Ô› >twÔ ∂´∑ ]‚¶t‚|^·m.
Monocentric City xÁ≈l_ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÁ´ ÿ\[º\KD sˆkV¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÿƒ_km y∫ÔV™
sÁe°ÔÁeºB ∞u√|›mD. ÷>uz \Vu≈VÔ› ]Úk^jÏ, ÔVfiEA´D, ]Ú©ÿ√ÚDA#Ï, ∂´¬ºÔVD,
ÿƒ∫Ô_√‚| c^π‚¶ ÂÔ´∫ÔÁe ÿÂÚ¬Ô\V™ ÔflE>\V™ (Densify & Compact) ÂÔ´∫Ô·VÔ º\D√|›>
ºkı|D. ∂Õ> ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB ÷ÈzkV™ º√V¬zk´›m› ÿ>V¶ÏÁ√ cÚkV¬zD ºÂV¬˛_
sÁ´kVÔ°D ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ°D ÷B∫zD ´l_, º√ÚÕm c^π‚¶ ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m kƒ]ÔÁe¬
Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷ÀkV≈VÔfl ÿƒ[Á™ \uÆD ÿƒ[Á™ÁBfl ∑u§•^· ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mD
c^ºÂV¬˛•D cB´\VÔ°D º\D√|›>©√‚|, ÷kuƬz ÷Á¶ºBBV™ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m
kƒ]ÔÁe© √[\¶∫z ∂]Ô\V¬zkm Polycentric City xÁ≈ gzD. ÷Õ> xÁ≈BV_ ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z^
∂]Ô ∂·kV™ \¬Ô^ kVwÈVD. ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB sÁ´kVÔ© √BˬÔÈVD. ˛´V\∫Ô”D
÷BuÁÔ k·∫Ô”D ∂aBV\KD ÔV©√Vu≈©√|D.
29
xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ (Complete Streets)
∂Á™›m© ∏ˆ° \¬Ô^ \uÆD ∂Á™›m kÁÔ ÂÔÏ©A≈© √B[√V|Ô”¬zD ∞u≈ kÁÔl_
ƒ\›mk\V™>VÔ°D c¶_ÂÈ›Á> º\D√|›mk>VÔ°D, ∑uÆflÛwK¬z cÔÕ>ÁkBVÔ°D ∂Á\•D
kÁÔl_ ÿ>Ú¬ÔÁe \VuÆkm ‘xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ ]‚¶D’ (Complete Streets Plan) gzD.
÷Á¶ÿkπ ÷_ÈV> ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÂÁ¶√VÁ>, t]kıΩ© √VÁ>, ÿ>πkV™ ƒVÁÈ Ô¶¬zD
√z]Ô^, xÁ≈©√|›>©√‚¶ kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫Ô^, \´∫Ô^, #FÁ\© √´V\ˆ©A, t[ s·¬zÔ^ c^π‚¶
∂Á™›Á>•D c^·¶¬˛fl EÆkÏÔ^, ÿ√ıÔ^, \VuÆ›]≈™VπÔ^ c^π‚¶ ∂Á™›m© ∏ˆs™
Ú¬zD √B[√|D kÁÔl_ ƒVÁÈÔÁe•D ÿ>Ú¬ÔÁe•D \Vu§BÁ\©√m ÷mkVzD. √VmÔV©A,
ÿ√Vmfl∑ÔV>V´D, ƒJÔ¿], ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE, ∑uÆflÛw_ º\D√V|, kVμ¬ÁÔ› >´ º\D√V| c^π‚¶
∂Á™›m ºÂV¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ÿÔVı¶m xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ ÿÔV^ÁÔ gzD. ÷Ú>B ºÂVFÔ^, ¿ˆa°,
c¶_√Ú\[ ®™ ∞´V·\V™ ºÔ|Ô”¬z› yÏkVÔ°D ÷Ák ∂Á\˛[≈™.
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ ‘xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ (Complete Streets) ]‚¶›Á>’ ∂´∑x[Ák›>m.
÷>Á™fl ÿƒBÈV¬zD kÁÔl_ ÿ\ÔV ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ ]‚¶D (Mega Streets Project) ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. g™V_,
÷›]‚¶D >uº√Vm ÷Á¶WÆ›>©√‚|^·>VÔfl ÿƒF]Ô^ ÌÆ˛[≈™.
Complete Streets Policy Framework, ITDP & Government of India 2019
ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m ŒÚ∫˛Á©A (Transit Alliances)
º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ, ÿ√Vm kVÔ™∫Ô^ c^π‚¶Ák >M›>MBVÔ º\ÈVıÁ\ ÿƒFB©√|km
º√V¬zk´›m ÿˆƒ_, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| c^π‚¶ √Ès>\V™ E¬Ô_Ô”¬z JÈ\VÔ c^·m. ÷Õ>
WÁÈÁB \Vu≈ ÂÔˆ[ ∂Á™›m© ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›mD ŒÚ∫˛Á¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D. ÷>uÔV™
ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ÿ√ÚÂÔ´© º√V¬zk´›m gÁBD (Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority) ÷B∫Ô
ºkı|D. Œº´ √BflÊ‚Ω_ ∂Á™›]KD √BD ÿƒF>_, ∂Á™›m¬zD ÷Á¶ºB √B›Á>
÷Á›>_, ÔVÈ ∂‚¶kÁÁB Œ[≈V¬z>_ ®™© √È kaÔπKD ÂÔˆ[ ∂Á™›m© ÿ√Vm©
º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ô”D Œ[≈VÔ ÷Á¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
E∫Ô©ØÏ, WRBVϬ, Èı¶[, «V∫ÔV∫ ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m ÿku§Ô´\VÔ
÷B∫zk>uz ÷›>ÁÔB gÁBD >V[ ÔV´D. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ÿ√ÚÂÔ´©
º√V¬zk´›m gÁBfl ƒ‚¶D 2010gD gı| >tμÂV| ∂´ƒV_ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶m (Chennai
30
Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority Act, 2010). g™V_ 12 gı|Ô^ Ô¶Õ> ∏[™ÚD ÷Õ>
gÁBD ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z k´ºk ÷_ÁÈ.
\¬Ô^ √∫ºÔuA
#B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫Ô^ ÿku§ÿ√Æk>uÔV™ x[W√Õ>Á™BVÔ¬ ÔÚ> ºkıΩBm \¬Ô^ √∫ºÔuA
gzD. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD xBuEÔ^ ∂Õ>´›]_ ¶©√Ák ∂_È. \V≈VÔ, ∂Ák \¬Ô·V_
\¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚|, \¬Ô·V_ ÿƒB_√|›mD√Ω ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ¸\VÏ‚ E‚Ω ]‚¶D
º√V[≈Ák √È ºÔVΩ ‘√VF ÿƒÈs‚|D √|º>V_s ∂Á¶k>uz, ∂ku§_ º√Vm\V™ ∂·°¬z \¬Ô^
√∫Ôπ©A ÷_ÈV>m>V[ ÔV´\VzD.
ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶∫Ô^ ®[√Ák ÷ÁÕm cÚkV¬zD (Co-creation) xÁ≈l[ ˇμ
ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫Ô^, ÷>´ ÂÔ´∫Ôπ[
]‚¶∫ÔÁe ÿk‚Ω Œ‚|D ]‚¶∫Ô·VÔºk c^·™. ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô ®[™ º>Ák ®[√>uz
x[–ˆÁ\ ÿÔV|¬ÔV\_, ÿƒB_√|›> ®πm ®[√>VKD, Ô‚|\V™ WÆk™∫Ô”¬z© √B™π¬zD
®[√>VKD √È ]‚¶∫ÔÁefl ÿƒB_√|›m˛[≈™Ï. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™
WÆ›>∫ÔÁe•D º\D√VÈ∫ÔÁe•D Ô‚|km ∂ÀkV≈V™ ]‚¶D >V[. ÷Õ>fl Ûw_ \V≈ ºkı|D.
ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶∫ÔÁe› y‚|k]KD ÿƒB_√|›mk]KD ÔıÔVË©√]KD ‘ÿkπ©√Á¶
BV™ ∂´ƒV∫ÔD’ (open government) ºÔV‚√V| ∏[√u≈©√¶ ºkı|D. ÿkπ©√Á¶BV™ ∂´∑ ®[√m
\¬Ô^ √∫Ôπ©A, Ì‚| xBuE, ÿkπ©√Á¶›>[Á\ ®[˛≈ ∂Ω©√Á¶ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶m (Participa-
tion, Collaboration and Transparency). ÷>Á™fl ƒV›]B\V¬Ô› >´°ÔÁe ÿkπ©√Á¶BV¬zkmD (Open
Data) º>ÁkBVzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫ÔÁe cÚkV¬zk]_ zΩ\¬Ô^, ÂÔ´Á\©A
k_KÂÏÔ^, ÿ>Vı| ∂Á\©AÔ^, ÿ>Va_ ∂Á\©AÔ^, zΩlÚ©º√VÏ ∂Á\©AÔ^, Ô_sBV·ÏÔ^
®™© √È ∏ˆs™ÚD xø ∂·s_ √∫ºÔuÔ ºkı|D.
\¬Ô^ √∫ºÔuA¶[ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫ÔÁe cÚkV¬˛fl ÿƒB_√|›mk>V_ ∞´V·\V™ Â[Á\Ô^
˛Á¶¬zD. ÷›]‚¶∫ÔÁe \¬Ô^ ∂kÏÔ·m ]‚¶∫Ô·VÔfl ÿƒVÕ>D ÿÔVı¶V¶°D, kVμ¬ÁÔ xÁ≈l_
Ô˃\V™ \Vu≈∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı|k´°D \¬Ô^ √∫ºÔuA √B[√|D. ]‚¶fl ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_ ªwÁÈ
Œa¬Ô°D z§›> ÔVÈ›]_ ]‚¶D ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√¶°D ÷m kakz¬zD. zÁ≈√V|ÔÁe x[Ì‚ΩºB
Ôı¶§Õm Ê´Á\¬Ô c>°D.
\¬Ô^ √∫ºÔuA¬ÔV™ √[™V‚| ∂Á\©√V™m (International Association for Public Participation)
\¬Ôπ¶D ]‚¶∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı| ÿƒ_k]_ 5 √ΩWÁÈÔÁe¬ z§©∏|˛≈m. ∂Ák ÿ>ˆB©√|›m,
ÔÈÕ>VºÈVE, c‚√|›m, ÷ÁÕm ÿƒF, ∂]ÔV´\π ®[√™kVzD (1. Inform, 2. Consult, 3. Involve,
4. Collaborate, 5. Empower). ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD ÿƒ[Á™ #B ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶›]_ ∏[√u≈©√¶ ºkı|D.
ØÎB z©Á√ (Zero Waste) & EPR
z©Á√› ÿ>V‚Ω, z©Á√ ˛¶∫z, z©Á√ ®ˆ©A - ÷Ák ®m°D ÷_ÈV> WÁÈÁB cÚkV¬Ô ‘ØÎB
z©Á√’ (Zero Waste) ®–D ]‚¶›Á> ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. z©Á√ cÚkVkÁ> zÁ≈›>_, z©Á√
º\ÈVıÁ\ xÁ≈ÁB ÂT™\V¬z>_, \‚zD ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe \‚Ô Ák›>_, \‚ÔV> z©Á√ÔÁe
\Æ∑wuE ÿƒF>_, z©Á√ ®ˆ©Á√ xu§K\VÔ Œa›>_ g˛BÁk ØÎB z©Á√ xÁ≈l[ x>[Á\
∂∫Ô∫Ô^ gzD.
ÔVÏ©√º´‚ WÆk™∫Ô^ cÚkV¬zD z©Á√¬z ∂Õ> WÆk™∫ÔÁeºB ÿ√VÆ©º√uÔ ÿƒF•D
‘cu√›]BV·º´ ÿ√VÆ©º√uzD ÿÔV^ÁÔ’ (Extended Producer Responsibility - EPR) ÷]_
x>[Á\BV™>VzD. ÷>[JÈD ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe ƒÕÁ>¬z ∂–©AD WÆk™∫Ôºe ∂>[ cÁ´ÁB,
ÿ√‚ΩÁB ∂_Èm √V‚ΩÁÈ ]ÚD√©ÿ√≈ ºkı|D. ÔVÏ√º´‚ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ JÈD cÚkVzD z©Á√
∂·Ák zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D. z©Á√ º\ÈVıÁ\¬z gzD xø ÿƒÈÁk•D ∂Õ> ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe
>BVˆ¬zD WÆk™∫Ôºe ∞uÔ ºkı|D.
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ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶›
>|©√>uÔV™ ∂§sB_ kaxÁ≈Ô^
ÂÔ´\B\V>_, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE, º√V¬zk´›m ∂]Ô\V>_ c^π‚¶ ÔV´∫Ô·V_ ÂÔ´∫
Ôπ_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| gı|¬ÔVı| ∂]Ô\V˛fl ÿƒ_KD ®[√º> ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷[Á≈B WÁÈ. ÿ√VÚ
·V>V´ k·ÏflE ∂]Ôˆ›>V_ ∂>–¶[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V|D ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô ºkı|D ®[√m >ÁÈÿBø›m
∂_È. E∫Ô©ØÏ c^π‚¶ √È x[º™§B ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ŒÚ√¬ÔD ºkÔ\V™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈›Á>
•D \Æ√¬ÔD #B ÔVuÆ ÷È‚EB›Á>•D Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ ƒV]›m^·™. ∂§sB_xÁ≈l_ #B
ÔVuÆ› ]‚¶∫ÔÁefl ÿƒB_√|›mk>[ JÈD ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÁ≈•D #FÁ\BV¬Ô xΩ•D. ∂º>
ºÂ´›]_ ®_ÈV \¬Ô”¬z\V™ k·ÏflEÁB•D ƒV›]B\V¬Ô xΩ•D. ∂›>ÁÔB ºÂV¬˛ÈV™, ÿƒ[Á™
\VÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√>uÔV™ x>[Á\BV™ kaxÁ≈ÔÁe¬ ÔVıº√VD:
1. kVÔ™© √´V\ˆ©A \uÆD ºƒV>Á™ (Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance)
kVÔ™© AÁÔÁB› >|¬zD s]xÁ≈ÔÁefl ÿƒBÈV¬zkm ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√>uÔV™ tÔ
x>[Á\BV™ º>Ák gzD. kVÔ™∫ÔÁe kV∫zDº√Vm ÷Ú¬zD \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V‚| O‚√∫Ô^
ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂º> WÁÈl_ ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ∂kuÁ≈› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm xÁ≈BVÔ© √´V\ˆ¬Ôfl ÿƒFk>[ JÈD
ÂÔÏ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô˃\VÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô xΩ•D. ÷>uz xÁ≈BV™ kVÔ™fl ºƒV>Á™Ô”D
ÿ>V¶Ï ÔıÔVË©AD º>ÁkBVzD.
∂Á™›m kVÔ™∫Ô”D gı|¬z ŒÚ xÁ≈ kVÔ™© AÁÔÁBfl ºƒV>Á™ ÿƒFm AÁÔ¬
Ô‚|©√V‚|fl ƒV[Æ ÿ√≈ºkı|D ®[√m \›]B \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V| kVˆB›][ s]BVzD. ÿƒ[Á™l_
\‚|D ∑\VÏ 66 ÷È‚ƒD >MBVÏ kVÔ™∫Ô^ {|˛[≈™. ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ ÿ\V›>D 27kVÔ™© AÁÔfl
ƒV[≈π¬zD (Pollution Under Control - PUC - Certificate) Á\B∫Ô^ c^·>VÔ¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·m.
2015-2020 kÁ´lÈV™ 6 gı|¬ ÔVÈ›]_ ∑\VÏ 10 ÷È‚ƒD kVÔ™∫Ô”¬z PUC ƒV[Æ kw∫Ô©
√‚|^·m. ÷Õ>© A^πsk´∫Ô^ ÿƒ[Á™l_ \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V‚| s]xÁ≈Ô^ xÁ≈BVÔfl ÿƒB_
√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ ®[√>uzfl ƒV[≈VÔ c^·™.
ÿƒ[Á™l_ mÁ≈xÔD \uÆD k¶ÿƒ[Á™© √z] ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ”¬z ∂]Ô ®ıˬÁÔl_
Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô^ kÚ˛[≈™. \VÂÔ´D xøk]KD Ô˃\V™ Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô^ ÷B∫z˛[≈™.
Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ \V∑ ctμk>V_, ∂ku§[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ xÁ≈BVÔfl ºƒV]¬Ô
ºkı|D.
º√ÚÕmÔ^ \uÆD œƒ_ kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπBVzD AÁÔ¬Ôˆ (Soot) ®™©√|D ÔÚD Ôˆ\D
(Black Carbon) ŒÚ tÔ x>[Á\BV™ √∑∫zΩ_ kV• gzD. PM 2.5 mÔπ_ x>[Á\BVÔ ÷Ú©√mD
AÁÔ¬Ôˆ >V[. ®™ºk, Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô^ ∂Á™›]KD AÁÔ¬ÔˆÁB¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkı|D.
ÔVÈWÁÈ \Vu≈›Á>¬ Ô‚|©√|›mk>uzD ÷m º>ÁkBVzD.
2. ˆº\V‚ ÿƒ[ƒVÏ ºƒV>Á™
kVÔ™©AÁÔ s] *≈_ÔÁe› >|¬Ô› ÿ>VÁÈ•Ï°¬ ÔÚsÔ^ JÈD kVÔ™∫Ôπ[
AÁÔB·Ák¬ ÔıÔVˬzD ]‚¶D tÔ°D √B™π¬Ô¬ ÌΩB>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ÿƒ[Á™l_ {|D 66
÷È‚ƒD kVÔ™∫ÔÁe ŒÀÿkV[≈VÔ© √ˆºƒV>Á™ ÿƒFkm ÷M ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ƒV›]BD ÷_ÁÈ.
ÿ>VÁÈ•Ï°¬ ÔÚsÔ^ JÈD kVÔ™∫Ôπ[ AÁÔB·Ák¬ ÔıÔVˬzD ÿ>Va_O‚√D ÷>uz›
yÏkVÔ c^·m. ÷Õ>› ÿ>Va_O‚√D ÿÔV_Ô›>Vs_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ c^·m. Am ]_ol_ ÷Õ>
xÁ≈ÁBfl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D ®™ cflƒ¿]\[≈D 2018gD gı| c›>´s‚|^·m. ÷º>
ÿ>Va_O‚√D ÿƒ[Á™¬zD º>ÁkBVzD.
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3. √ÁwB kVÔ™∫ÔÁe \VuÆ>_
∏®¸ 6 (Bharat Stage 6) \V∑ ctμ° s]Ô^ ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z kÚk>uz x[√VÔ kV∫Ô©√‚¶ œƒ_
kVÔ™∫Ô^ ∂]ÔD \V∑√|›m√ÁkBVÔ c^·™. ∂]KD z§©√VÔ 10 gı|Ô”¬z xu√‚¶ √ÁwB
kVÔ™∫Ô^ º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›m˛[≈™. Am]_ol_ 10 gı|Ô”¬z xÕÁ>B œƒ_ kVÔ™∫
ÔÁe•D, 15 gı|Ô”¬z xÕÁ>B ÿ√‚º´V_ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe•D ÷B¬zk>uz› >Á¶ s]¬Ô©
√‚|^·m. ÷Õ> ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬zD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ ÌΩB>VzD.
√ÁwB œƒ_ kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ AÁÔ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√|›> œƒ_ \V∑›mÔ^ kΩÔ‚ΩÔÁe© (DPF -
Diesel Particulate Filter) ÿ√VÚ›m>_ºkı|D. z§©√VÔ, Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ÷›]‚¶›Á> ∂´∑
\VMB›m¶[ ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. √ÁwB œƒ_ \uÆD ÿ√‚º´V_ ®fiE–¬z© √]ÈVÔ t[ƒV´ ®fiE[
ÿ√VÚ›mkÁ> (retrofitting of old diesel and petrol cars) ∂´∑ ª¬zs¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷›>ÁÔB
¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬Ô c>°D.
4. ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m - º√ÚÕmÔ^
ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√]_ º√ÚÕm©º√V¬zk´›m tÔ°D x>[Á\BV™>VzD. ÔVÏÔπ_
{ˆÚkÏ ÿƒ_k>V_ ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿˆƒKD, kVÔ™© AÁÔ•D ∂]Ô\V˛≈m. ÷>uz ºÂÏ\V≈VÔ©
º√ÚÕmÔπ_ ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ √BË©√>V_ ÿˆƒKD zÁ≈˛≈m, >MÂ√Ú¬z ~¶V™ kVÔ™©
AÁÔ•D zÁ≈˛≈m. ®™ºk, º√ÚÕmÔ^ ®ıˬÁÔÁB ∂]Ô\V¬zkm ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬zD
tÔ x>[Á\BV™ kaBVzD. MTC º√ÚÕmÔ^ t[ƒV´D ∂_Èm AÁÔl_ÈV ÂT™ O‚√∫ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m Ì|>_ √BÁ™› >ÚD.
ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›]_ MTC \VÂÔ´© º√ÚÕmÔπ[ √∫Ôπ©A x>[Á\BV™m. ÿƒ[Á™©
ÿ√ÚÂÔ´© √´©A¬z ∂©√VKD ∂>[ ºƒÁkÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m. ÿƒ[Á™l_ {|D >MBVÏ kVÔ™∫
Ôπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ 2007gD gıΩ_ 30÷È‚ƒD ®–D ®ıˬÁÔl_ ÷ÚÕm √È \¶∫z
∂]Ôˆ›m 2019gD gıΩ_ 66 ÷È‚ƒ›Á>¬ Ô¶Õms‚¶m. g™V_, MTC º√ÚÕmÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ
1998 gıΩ_ 2800 gÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ÷Ú√m gı|Ô^ Ô¶ÕmD ÿkÆD 700 º√ÚÕmÔ^ \‚|º\
∂]Ôˆ›m 2019gD gıΩ_ 3500 ∂·sºÈºB ÷ÚÕ>m. (∂]KD ∑\VÏ 70% º√ÚÕmÔ^ ÔVÈD
Ô¶Õ>Ák). x[A ÂV^º>VÆD ∑\VÏ 50 ÷È‚ƒD √BËÔ^ MTC º√ÚÕmÔπ_ √BË›> WÁÈBV™m,
÷©º√Vm 30 ÷È‚ƒD √BËÔ·VÔ¬ zÁ≈Õms‚¶m.
5. ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m - ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔ^
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ º√V¬zk´›]_ ÂÔÏ©A≈› ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔπ[ √∫Ôπ©A x>[Á\BV™>VzD.
÷ku§[ ºƒÁkÁB ∂]Ô\V¬Ô ºkı|D. ÿƒ[Á™¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´ - >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[‚´_
]Úk^jÏ, ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[‚´_ - zDtΩ©ØıΩ ka© √VÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔ^ ÷B∫z˛[≈™.
g™V_, ÷Õ>› ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔ”¬zD MTC º√ÚÕm© º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈¬zD ÷Á¶ºB ŒÚ∫˛Á©A
÷_ÁÈ.
MRTSÔ¶uÔÁ´ - √´∫˛\ÁÈ √≈¬zD ´l_ ]‚¶D 30 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m.
g™V_, ∂›]‚¶D ÷[™xD xøÁ\BÁ¶BV\_ ∂Õ>´›]_ Wu˛≈m. ÷›>Á™ gı|Ô^ Ô¶Õ>
∏[™ÚD ∂>[ ÔÁ¶E¬ Ô‚¶\V™ g>D√V¬ÔD - √´∫˛\ÁÈ ÷Á©Á√ WÁ≈°ÿƒFm, √´∫˛
\ÁȬzfl ÿƒ[Æ ºƒ´s_ÁÈ. ÷>Á™ sÁ´kVÔ xΩ›m¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ A≈©√|D ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ,
30 gı|Ô^ Ô¶Õ>Vkm, √´∫˛\ÁȬzfl ÿƒ[Æ ºƒÏkÁ> xøÁ\BV¬Ô ºkı|D.
ÿ\‚º´V ]‚¶∫Ô^ E≈Õ> ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m kƒ] gzD. g™V_, º√ÚÕmÔ^, ÂT™ BRT
º√ÚÕmÔ^ º√V[≈kuƶ[ Œ©∏‚¶V_ √È ±Æ \¶∫z ∂]Ôfl ÿƒÈkVzD ]‚¶\VÔ°D ÿ\‚º´V
]‚¶∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂>Vkm, WÈ\‚¶›]_ ÷B∫zD º√ÚÕmÔ^ Œ©¨‚¶·s_ tÔflE≈Õ>
√B[ÔÁe ∂π¬Ô¬ ÌΩBÁk. ®M–D, º\_\‚¶© √VÁ>lKD WÈ›m¬ÔΩlKD ÷B∫zD, tÔ tÔ
∂]Ôfl ÿƒÈ°∏Ω¬zD ÿ\‚º´V ]‚¶∫Ô^ ÿÔV^ÁÔ kz©√V·ÏÔ·VKD Ô˃\V™ \¬Ô·VKD
sÚD√©√|˛[≈™. ∂Ák ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ∏´Vı‚ gÔ°D ∂Á\˛[≈™.
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ÿƒ[Á™ ´l_ \uÆD √≈¬zD ´l_ ]‚¶∫Ôπ_ ∂Ω©√Á¶ kƒ]ÔÁe xø ∂·s_ ÿƒFB°D,
xøÁ\BV™ √VmÔV©A ∞u√V|ÔÁeflÿƒFB°D ºkı|D. ÿ\‚º´V ]‚¶∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™ ´l_ \uÆD
√≈¬zD ´l_ g˛B™ xø ∂·s_ √B[ >´ ºkı|ÿ\[≈V_, ∂Ák º√ÚÕm c^π‚¶ ∏≈
ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m› ]‚¶∫Ô”¶[ ÷Á¬Ô©√|kmD, x>_ Á\_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E Á\_
÷Á©AÔÁe xø ∂·s_ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√mD º>ÁkBVzD.
6.º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™D ÷_ÈV> º√V¬zk´›m (Non-Motorised Transport - NMT)
ÿ√‚º´V_, œƒ_, t[ƒV´D c^π‚¶ ®ˆÿ√VÚ^ √B[√V|Ô^ ÷_ÈV> º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ô·V™
ÂÁ¶√VÁ> \uÆD t]kıΩ© º√V¬zk´›m>V[ ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ tÔ x>[Á\BV™ º√V¬zk´›m
xÁ≈BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ÂÔ´ \¬Ôπ[ ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ∂[≈V¶› º>ÁkÔ^ ŒÚEÈ ˛ºÈV *‚¶Ï
ÿ>VÁÈ°¬z^ ˛Á¶›m s|˛[≈™. ÷Õ>› ÿ>VÁÈ°¬z ÔVÏÔπºÈV, ÷Úƒ¬Ô´ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™›]ºÈV
ÿƒ_È ºkıΩB º>ÁkºB ÷_ÁÈ. g™VKD, ¶©√>uzD t]kıΩl_ ÿƒ_È°D º√Vm\V™
Ô‚¶Á\©AÔ^ ÷_ÈV>>V_ ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™kÏÔ^ º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe© √B[√|›]BVÔ ºkıΩB
Ô‚¶VBflÛwo_ c^·™Ï. ÷Õ> WÁÈÁB \Vu§ ¶¬Ô°D t]kıΩ© √B›m¬zD kƒ]ÔÁe
cÚkV¬zkm ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶© ÿ√Ú\·s_ zÁ≈¬zD.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´V‚E 2014gD gıΩ_ ÿkπl‚¶ kVÔ™t_ÈV© º√V¬zk´›m¬ (Chennai Non-
Motorised Transport Policy) ÿÔV^ÁÔl_ 2018gD gı|¬z^ 80% ƒVÁÈÔπ_ >´\V™
ÂÁ¶√VÁ>ÁB ∂Á\©º√VD ®™ kV¬zÆ] Ì≈©√‚¶m. g™V_, ∂>uz º\ÈVÔ 5 gı|Ô^ Ô¶ÕmD,
÷[™xD ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ƒVÁÈÔπ_ xÁ≈BV™ ÂÁ¶√VÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶s_ÁÈ. t]kıΩ©
√VÁ>Ô^ ÷_Ⱥk ÷_ÁÈ!
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ ‘xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ (Complete Streets) ]‚¶›Á>’ ∂´∑x[Ák›>m.
÷>Á™fl ÿƒBÈV¬zD kÁÔl_ ÿ\ÔV ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ ]‚¶D (Mega Streets Project) ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. g™V_,
÷›]‚¶D >uº√Vm ÷Á¶WÆ›>©√‚|^·>VÔfl ÿƒF]Ô^ ÌÆ˛[≈™.
7. Oı√B (Micromobility) kƒ]Ô^
Oı√BD (Micromobility) ®[√m √›m ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï ÿ>VÁÈ° kÁ´lÈV™ √B∫Ô”¬z
√B[√|›>¬ ÌΩB E§B \uÆD ®Á¶ zÁ≈kV™ kVÔ™© √B∫ÔÁe¬ z§©√>VzD. ̶ºk, \M>
gu≈_ ∂_Èm t[™Vu≈_ JÈD ÷B∫zk>VÔ°D \ˬz 25 ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï ºkÔ›m¬z¬ zÁ≈kV™
>VÔ°D ÷Õ>© √B∫Ô^ ∂Á\B ºkı|D. EÈ ºÂ´∫Ôπ_ ÷Õ> ºkÔ›Á> \ˬz 45 ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï
kÁ´ Ô¬˛¶ÈVD. gÔºk, ÿ√‚º´V_ œƒ_, ®ˆkV• º√V[≈ku§_ ÷B∫zD ∂_Èm \ˬz 45 ˛ºÈV
*‚¶Ú¬z º\ÈV™ ºkÔ›]_ ÷B∫Ô¬ ÌΩB kVÔ™∫ÔÁe Oı√B kÁÔl_ ºƒÏ¬Ô xΩBVm.
t]kıΩÔ^, t[ƒV´ t]kıΩÔ^, t[ƒV´ ˆ¬ƒV¬Ô^, ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe ®|›mfl ÿƒ_KD E§B
kVÔ™∫Ô^ Oı √B›]_ ∂¶∫zD. ÷Õ> kVÔ™∫Ô^ >MBVÚ¬zfl ÿƒVÕ>\VÔºkV, ÿ√Vm kVÔ™∫
Ô·VÔºkV ∂_Èm kV¶ÁÔ¬z¬ ˛Á¶©√>VÔºkV ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÿƒ[Á™l_ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶ Smart
Bike ]‚¶D Oı√B kÁÔÁBfl ºƒÏÕ>m>V[. t]kıΩÔ”¬ÔV™ º√Vm\V™ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔÁe
cÚkV¬ÔV> ÔV´›>V_ ÷›]‚¶D º√Vm\V™ √ÈÁ™ ∂π¬Ôs_ÁÈ.
º√ÚÕmÔ^, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔ^, ÿ\‚º´V ´l_ c^π‚¶ ]‚¶∫Ô”¬zD - \¬Ôπ[ x>_ \uÆD
ÔÁ¶E Á\_ º√V¬zk´›m¬zD ÷Á¶ºB √B[√|›mk>uÔV™ tÔflE≈Õ> º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈
‘Oı√B kƒ]Ô^’ (Micromobility) gzD. ÷Õ> kƒ]ÔÁefl ÿƒ[Á™l_ xø ∂·s_ WÆs
∂kuÁ≈© ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈•¶[ ÷Á©√m x>[Á\BV™ ŒÚ º>ÁkBVzD.
8. kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫Ô^
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ 66 ÷È‚ƒD kVÔ™∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>VKD, ƒVÁȺBV´ kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫Ô·VÔ
12 gl´D kVÔ™∫Ô”¬z \‚|º\ xÁ≈BV™ ÷¶D c^·m. kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫ÔÁe xÁ≈©√|›mkm
º√V¬zk´›Á>fl Ê´Á\¬zD, ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬zD, \VÂÔ´V‚E¬zD tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ∂·°
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kÚ\V™›Á> ~‚Ω›>ÚD. g™V_, ∂>uÔV™ ]‚¶∫Ô^ º\uÿÔV^·©√¶s_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, tÔ º\Vƒ\V™
∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫ÔÁe© (Multi-level Car Parking) ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ∂Á\¬zD √ËÁB
∂´ƒV∫ÔD º\uÿÔVı|^·m. ÿƒ[Á™l_ c^· 65 ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_, ∂>Vkm Ø∫ÔV, ºÔVs_
÷¶D, sÁeBV‚| ÷¶D º√V[≈ √z]Ôπ_ ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>D Ô‚¶ ¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ®|¬Ô©√|D
®[Æ 2019gD gıΩ_ ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. ]BVÔ´VB ÂÔÏ >ËÔVƒÈD ƒVÁÈl_ 41 ºÔVΩ ‘√VF
ÿƒÈs_ Ô‚¶©√‚¶ x>_ ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>D 2021gD gıΩ_ ]≈¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>› ]‚¶D
÷©º√Vm ŒÚ ÿk‚Ω› ]‚¶\VÔ ÷¶›Á> g¬˛´t›m Wu˛≈m. ÷>™V_ ®^ xÁ™B·° ̶© √B[
÷_ÁÈ. g™VKD, O∫ÔD√V¬Ô›]_ 50 ºÔVΩ ‘√VF ÿƒÈsKD, ∏´V‚ºkl_ 800 ºÔVΩ ‘√VF
ÿƒÈsKD ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>D Ô‚¶©√|D ®™› >tμÂV| ∂´∑ ∂§s›m^·m.
9. Ô‚¶¶ ÷Ω√V| ¿¬ÔD
ÂÔÏ©A≈¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Ωuz¬ Ô‚¶¶ ÷Ω√V|Ô^ ŒÚ ÔV´\VÔ c^·™. √ÁwB Ô‚¶¶∫ÔÁe
÷Ω›>_, A]B Ô‚|\V™∫Ô^ g˛Bku≈V_ cÚkVzD \ı Aø] ƒVÁȺBV´∫ÔπKD T|Ô”¬z
x[√VÔ°D ÿÔV‚¶©√|˛≈m. ÷Ák kVÔ™© º√V¬zk´›][ ÔV´\VÔ º\ÿÈøD∏¬ ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚|¬z¬ ÔV´\V˛[≈™. Ô‚¶¶¬ Ôa°ÔÁe º\ÈVıÁ\ ÿƒF•D s]ÔÁefl ÿƒBÈV¬zk>[
JÈD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬Ô xΩ•D.
Ô‚|\V™¬ Ôa°ÔÁe xÁ≈BVÔfl ºƒÔˆ›m, \Æ∑wuE ÿƒFm √B[√|›mk>uÔV™ \›]B
∂´ƒVÁ 2016gD gıΩ_ ÿkπl¶©√‚|D ÷mkÁ´ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ xÁ≈BVÔfl ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©
√¶s_ÁÈ.
10. √^·∫Ô^ ÷_ÈV› #FÁ\BV™ ƒVÁÈ
ƒVÁÈl_ ˛¶¬zD \ımÔ^, kVÔ™© º√V¬zk´›][ º√Vm ÔVu§_ √≈Õm \V∑√V‚Á¶
∞u√|›m˛≈m. ∏®D 10 Âfl∑›mÔ^ cÚkVk>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. ƒVÁÈÔÁe› #FÁ\BVÔ©
√´V\ˆ©√m, ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ƒVÁÈÔÁe ÷ÚA≈fl ∑kÏÔ”¬z ÷Á¶ºB ÷Á¶ÿkπ ÷_ÈV\_ ∂Á\©√m,
¿Ï c‚ÿƒ_KD kÁÔlÈV™ sponge city O‚√›m¶[ ƒVÁÈÔÁe ∂Á\©√m, ƒVÁÈl_ √Ω•D Aø]ÁB
c¶–¬z¶[ ∂Ôu§ xÁ≈BVÔ© √´V\ˆ©√m c^π‚¶Ák ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔπ_
x>[Á\BV™ ∂∫Ô\VzD.
zaÔ^, √V>V·fl ƒV¬ÔÁ¶ g^OÁw°¬ zaÔ^, t[ ÷Á©A \uÆD ƒV¬ÔÁ¶ ÷Á©A¬ÔVÔ›
º>Vı¶©√|D √^·∫Ô^ c^π‚¶ ƒVÁÈ© √^·∫Ô^ Aø] cÚkVÔ°D, kVÔ™©º√V¬zk´›]_
∞u√|D >¶∫Ôo[ ÔV´\VÔ kVÔ™© AÁÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ°D ÔV´\VÔ c^·™. ÷kuÁ≈ xøÁ\BVÔfl
Ê´Á\©√>[ JÈD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬Ô xΩ•D.
11. z©Á√ º\ÈVıÁ\
z©Á√ÔÁe xÁ≈BVÔ¬ ÁÔBV·V\_ s|k>V_ *›º>[, Aø], ∏®D 2.5 \uÆD ∏®D 10
Âfl∑›mÔ^ c^π‚¶ \V∑Ô^ ÿkπBV˛[≈™. z©Á√ÁB xÁ≈BVÔ› >´D∏ˆ›m ∂kuÁ≈ xÁ≈BVÔ¬
Ôa›m¬Ô‚|km ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|©√>uÔV™ kaÔπ_ Œ[≈VzD.
z©Á√ÁB xÁ≈BVÔ º\ÈVıÁ\ ÿƒFk>uÔV™ √_ºkÆ ƒ‚¶ s]Ô^ c^·™. g™V_, ÿƒ[Á™
\VÂÔˆ_ ∂Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÿƒBÈV¬Ô©√|km ÷_ÁÈ. (Solid Waste Management Rules 2016,
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016,
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016, E-Waste (Management) Rules 2016, E- Waste
(Management) Amendment Rules, 2018, Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022)
2019 ¤™kˆ 1 x>_ >tμÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚxÁ≈ √B[√|›]› #¬˛ ®§•D ∏·V¸Ω¬ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô”¬z›
>Á¶ c^·m. g™V_, ∂Õ>fl ƒ‚¶xD xÁ≈BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.
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12. z©Á√ ®ˆ©A Œa©A
z©Á√ ®ˆ©√V_ ∏®D 2.5 Âfl∑›mÔ^, Ô|Á\BV™ ºÂVFÔÁe cÚkV¬zD ¶V¬E[ Âfl∑¬Ô^
ÿkπBV˛[≈™. ÷Õ]B ∂·s_ 2011gD gıΩ_ 552 gl´D ¶[ ∏®D 2.5 Âfl∑›mÔ^
ÿkπBV™>VÔ°D, ÷m 2050gD gıΩ_ ∑\VÏ J[Æ \¶∫z ∂]Ô\VzD ®™°D \]©∏¶©√‚¶m.
®™ºk, z©Á√ ®ˆ©Á√ xu§K\VÔ› >|©√>[ JÈD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬Ô xΩ•D.
z©Á√loÚÕm t[ƒV´D ®|©√>VÔ¬ ̧, ∂´ƒV∫Ôº\ z©Á√ ®ˆ¬zD ]‚¶∫ÔÁefl ÿƒB_√|›mkm
̶¬ÔVuÁ≈ º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›mD ÿƒB_>V[.
z©Á√ ®ˆ©√m ÷Õ]BVs_ ƒ‚¶©√Ω >Á¶ ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m. g™V_, >tμÂV‚Ω_ z©Á√ √È
÷¶∫Ôπ_ ®ˆ¬Ô©√|˛≈m. z§©√VÔ¬ z©Á√ÁB kÁÔ∏ˆ›m º\ÈVıÁ\ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[˛≈
s]ÁBfl ÿƒB_√|›> xΩBV> WÁÈl_, ÂÔ´V‚EÔ·V_ z©Á√Ô^ zs¬Ô©√|D √z]ÔπºÈºB
ÿÔV”›] s¶©√|˛≈m. ÿƒ[Á™l[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB z©Á√¬ ˛¶∫ÔV™ ÿÔV|∫ÁÔRˆKD ÿ√Ú∫zΩ
lKD ∂´∑ z©Á√ º\| ∂Àk©º√Vm ®ˆ˛≈m.
÷>MÁ¶ºB,ÿƒVÕ>fl ÿƒÈs_ ÛMBD Ák›m¬ÿÔV^km º√VÈ tÔ°D g√›>V™ z©Á√ ®ˆ¬zD
‘Waste-to-Energy’ ®ˆBVÁÈ› ]‚¶∫ÔÁe› >tμÂV| ∂´∑ √ȺÔVΩ ‘√VF ÿƒÈs_ ÿƒB_√|›>›
]‚¶t‚|^·m. ̶ºk, ÔVuÁ≈ \V∑√|›mD ¶\V|D z©Á√ ®ˆBVÁÈÁB•D >tμÂV| ∂´∑
ÿƒ[Á™l_ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·m. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®_ÈV¬ z©Á√ ®ˆ©A› (Waste Incinerator)
]‚¶∫Ô”D √|º>V_s ∂Á¶Õ>m º√VÈ ÷Ák•D \¬Ô^ √›Á> TV¬zD; \¬Ôπ[ c¶_
ÂÈ›Á>•D ÿÔ|¬zD.
13. g⼦V
ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÷B∫zD √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬Ô^ º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›m˛[≈™. ∂kuÁ≈ xÁ≈©√|›>
ºkı|D. √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe© º√Vm\V™ \VMBD ÿÔV|›m t[ƒV´ g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔºkV,
ÂT™\V™ ®ˆkV• g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔºkV \Vu§™V_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô˃\VÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô xΩ•D.
g‚º¶V¬Ô^ ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›]_ tÔ x>[Á\BV™ ÷¶›Á>© ∏Ω¬˛[≈™. ÿƒ[Á™
ÂÔˆ_ ∑\VÏ 1 ÷È‚ƒD g‚º¶V¬Ô^ {|˛[≈™. >MBVÏ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe› >sϬzD kÁÔl_ ‘ÔÁ¶E›
ÿ>VÁÈ° ÷Á©A¬z’ (last mile connectivity) x>[Á\© √∫ÔVuÆk>[ JÈD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬
zÁ≈¬Ô°D c>°˛[≈™. g™V_, \V∑¬ÔV‚|©√V‚| s]xÁ≈ÔÁe xÁ≈BVÔ¬ ÔÁ¶©∏Ω¬zD
WÁÈl_ ÷B∫Ôs_ÁÈ. 2009gD gıΩºÈºB ÿƒ[Á™ g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe LPG ®ˆkV• xÁ≈¬z
\Vu≈› >ÈV 3000 ‘√VF \VMBD ∂π©√>VÔ› >tμÂV| ∂´∑ ∂§s›>m. º\KD, ÿƒ[Á™l[
∂Á™›m g‚º¶V¬Ô”D LPG ®ˆkV• JÈD >V[ ÷B∫Ô ºkı|D ®™ c›>´s‚¶m. g™V_,
∂›]‚¶D xÁ≈BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ. ÷©º√Vm œƒ_, ÿ√‚º´Vo_ ÷B∫zD ∂Á™›m
g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe•D ®ˆkV• ∂_Èm t[ƒV´›]uz \VuÆkm tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √BÁ™ ∂π¬zD. ∂ÀkVÆ
\VuÆk>uÔV™ ÿƒÈÁk ∂´∑ ~|Ô‚¶ ºkı|D. ÷>uz› >MBVÏ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ CSR W]ÁB©
√B[√|›>ÈVD.
14. œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶Ï
√ÁwB œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶ÏÔ^ º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›>¬ ÌΩBÁk. ∂kuÁ≈ ÂT™\VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D.
∂ku§[ >´›Á> ∂´∑ ÔıÔVË¬Ô ºkı|D. t[ƒV´›>‚|©√V| ∞u√¶V\_ >sÏ©√>[ JÈD œƒ_
ÿ¤™º´‚¶ÏÔ^ √B[√|›mkÁ>¬ Ì|\V™kÁ´ >|¬Ô ºkı|D. œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶ÏÔπ_ \V∑¬ÔVuÁ≈
kΩÔ‚|D (DPF) ÔÚsÔÁe ∂´∑ \VMB›m¶[ ÿ√VÚ›mkm √B™π¬zD ¶kΩ¬ÁÔBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD.
15. ÿˆƒ_ >sÏ©A
ƒVÁÈ ÿˆƒÁÈ› >sÏ›>_, º√V¬zk´›m ÁƒÁÔÔπ_ ∂]Ô ºÂ´D Wu√Á>› >sÏ›>_ c^π‚¶
¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ÔVuÆ \VÁƒ¬ zÁ≈¬zD. ÷>uÔV™ >VMB∫˛ xÁ≈l_ º√V¬zk´›Á>
Œø∫z√|›mD ÂT™› ÿ>Va_O‚√D (Intelligent Traffic Control System) √B[√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D.
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16. t[ƒV´ kVÔ™D
t[ƒV´ kVÔ™© √B[√V| ÿˆƒÁȬ zÁ≈¬ÔVm. g™V_, kVÔ™© AÁÔÁB© ÿ√Ú\·° >sϬÔ
kaÿƒF•D. ÿƒ[Á™l_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫Ô”¬ÔV™ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔÁe cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D.
º√‚¶ˆÔ”¬z t[º™u≈D ÿƒF•D kƒ]ÔÁe ∂]Ô ®ıˬÁÔl_ ∞u√|›> ºkı|D.
t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe kV∫zDº√Vm, º√‚¶ˆÁB sÁȬz kV∫ÔV\_ kV¶ÁÔ¬z ®|›m
\Vu§¬ÿÔV^”D Battery as a Service (BaaS) xÁ≈ÁB ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ sÁ´kVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
÷>[ JÈD t[ƒV´ kVÔ™›][ sÁÈ zÁ≈•D, T|Ôπ_ t[º™u≈D ÿƒF•D º>Ák•D ÷_ÁÈ.
t[º™u≈D ÿƒFk>uz¬ ÔV›]Ú¬zD ºÂ´D zÁ≈•D.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™∫ÔÁe 2024 \uÆD 2030 ÷Ȭz Ák›m
sÁ´kVÔ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D. ÿ¤Ï\[ ÂV‚Ω[ c>s•¶[ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_
t[ƒV´© º√ÚÕmÔÁe ÷B¬zD ]‚¶D ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. º\KD, m√VF WÆk™›][ √∫Ôπ©A¶[ 100
g‚º¶V¬Ô^ t[ƒV´ g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \Vu≈©√‚|, ∂>Á™ 29.11.2019∂[Æ ∂©º√VÁ>B x>ÈÁ\flƒÏ
ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›>VÏ. ÿ\V›>D 4000 g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe t[ƒV´›m¬z \Vu≈ ∂Õ> WÆk™D x[kÕ>m.
÷ÀkV≈V™ ]‚¶∫Ôπ[ ÷©º√VÁ>B WÁÈ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ. (∂º> ºÂ´›]_, t[ƒV´© º√ÚÕmÔÁe›
>MBVÏ\BD g¬ÔV\_, ∂Ák MTC º√ÚÕmÔ·VÔ ÷B¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√mD z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD).
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™© √B[√V‚|¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB (Chennai Electric Vehicle Policy)
cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D. ƒıΩÔÏ ÂÔÚ¬ÔVÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚|^· Electric Vehicle ÿÔV^ÁÔl_, ∂Õ> ÂÔˆ_
c^· ∂Á™›m© ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™∫ÔÁe•D 5 gı|Ôπ_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫Ô·VÔ \Vu≈
÷Ȭz WÏl¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
17. ÔÁ¶E Á\_ kw∫Ô_ (Last mile delivery)
ÔÁ¶E Á\_ kw∫Ô_ ®™©√|D T|Ô”¬z c° \uÆD OÔÏÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı|kÕm
kw∫zD ¸s¬˛, ÿƒV\V‚º¶V, ¶[ºƒV º√V[≈ ºƒÁk WÆk™∫Ôπ[ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫
Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D. Am]_ol_ ÷ÀkV≈V™ kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ 70% ∂·sÁ™ 2030gD
gı|¬z^ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫Ô·VÔ \VuÆk>[ JÈD 25 ºÔVΩ \´∫Ô^ ‚| k·Ï¬zD √BÁ™
∂Á¶B xΩ•D ®[Æ \]©∏¶©√‚|^·m. ÷>uÔV™ The Delivery Electric Delhi Network ®–D
Ì‚¶Á\©AD Am]_ol_ c^·m.
18. ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^
ÂÔ´D \uÆD A≈ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ c^· ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπBVzD Âfl∑©AÁÔ ÂÔÏ©A≈
\V∑√V‚|¬z¬ ÔV´\VÔ c^·m. \o ®ıÿF ∑›]Ôˆ©A WÁÈBxD \V∑√V‚|¬z x>[Á\¬
ÔV´\VzD. ÷ku§_ \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V‚| s]ÔÁe xø ∂·s_ ÿƒBÈV¬zkm ÂÔÏ©A≈ \V∑√V‚Á¶›
>|¬zD.
19. ∂™_t[ WÁÈBD
∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ô^ º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›>¬ ÌΩBÁk. ∂]KD z§©√VÔ WȬԈl_ ÷B∫zD
∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ô^ tÔ º\Vƒ\V™ √V]©Á√ ∞u√|›>¬ ÌΩBÁk. ∂™_t[ WÁÈB \V∑√V‚Á¶
xøÁ\BVÔ¬ Ô‚|©√|›mkmD, √ÁwB WȬԈ ∂™_t[WÁÈB∫ÔÁe J|kmD, A]>VÔ ∂kuÁ≈
∂Á\¬ÔV\_ >sÏ©√mD ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD.
20.#B ®ˆƒ¬]
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ ckÔ∫Ô^ ∂_Èm T|Ôπ_ s≈z √B[√|›mkm ÷_ÁÈ ®™› >twÔ
∂´∑ ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m. ®M–D ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´D ∂_Èm A≈ÂÔˆ_ ®ˆkV• ÷Á©A kƒ]Ô^ ÷_ÈV
T|Ô^ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ ®[˛≈ WÁÈÁB cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂Á™kÚ¬zD Ô‚|©√ΩBVÔ¬ ÌΩB
sÁÈl_ #B gu≈_ ®–D cˆÁ\ÁB (The Human Right to Access Clean Energy) cÆ] ÿƒFB
ºkı|D.
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21. ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁe
A≈ÂÔ´© √z]Ôπ[ ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁeÔ^ ÂÔ´∫Ôπ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬z ŒÚ ÔV´\VÔ c^·™.
∂ku§_ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈©√>uÔV™ ÿ>Va_O‚√›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›> ºkı|D.
22. \´D & √∑Á\© √z]
\´∫Ô”D, √∑Á\© √z]Ô”D, Ø∫ÔV¬Ô”D tÔ x>[Á\BV™ #B ÔVuƬÔV™ kaÔ^ gzD.
ƒVÁÈÔπ_ Â|©√z]Ô^, ƒVÁÈ {´∫Ô^, ‘]≈Õ> ÿkπ¬ÔV™ Œm¬ˇ‚|’ (OSR - Open Space
Reservation) ÷¶∫Ô^ \uÆD ]≈Õ> ÿkπÔπ_ \´∫ÔÁe•D √∑Á\ÁB•D ∂]Ô\V¬zkmD Ø∫ÔV
\uÆD ÿ√VmÿkπÔ·VÔ (Public Space) ∂Á\©√mD ÂÔ´∫Ôπ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ zÁ≈¬zD. (∂º>
ºÂ´›]_, ÿ\‚º´V ´l_ c^π‚¶ Ô‚|\V™› ]‚¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ© Ø∫ÔV, sÁeBV‚|› ]¶_ c^π‚¶
ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫ÔÁe› >VÁ´ kVϬԬ ̶Vm.)
23. x>_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E Á\_ ÷Á©A (First and Last Mile Connectivity)
º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ, ÿ\‚º´V g˛BkuÁ≈© √B[√|›mD √BËÔ^ >\m T| ∂_Èm
∂KkÈÔ›]oÚÕm º√ÚÕm WÁÈBD, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ WÁÈBD, ÿ\‚º´V WÁÈBD g˛BkuÁ≈
∂Á¶k>uzD, √BxΩs_ >VD sÚDAD ÷¶›m¬zfl ÿƒ_k>uzD E§m ÿ>VÁÈ° √BD ÿƒFB
ºkıΩ•^·m. ÷>Á™ x>_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E Á\_ ÷Á©A ®[˛≈VÏÔ^. ¶պ>V, t]kıΩÔ^
JȺ\V ∂_Èm zÆ˛B ÿ>VÁÈ° ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m kƒ]Ô^ JȺ\V ÷Õ> ÷Á¶ÿkπÁB WÁ≈°
ÿƒFB ºkı|D. ÷>[JÈD ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m© √B[√V| ∂]Ô\V˛¬ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V| zÁ≈•D.
24. ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> º√V¬zk´›mgÁBD (Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority)
\VÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›Á> x>[Á\BV™>VÔ \VuÆD ºÂV¬˛_ º√ÚÕm, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ,
ÿ√Vm kVÔ™∫Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D ÷Á›m ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> º√V¬zk´›m gÁB∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©
√|˛[≈™. E∫ԩ؈[ º√V¬zk´›Á> xøÁ\BVÔ \Vu§BÁ\›m, ∂ÕÂV‚ΩÁ™ cÈ˛uºÔ
kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ \Vu≈¬ ÔV´\V™m ∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ Land Transport Authority (LTA) gzD. WRBVϬ,
Èı¶[, «V∫ÔV∫ ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m ÿku§Ô´\VÔ ÷B∫zk>uz ÷›>ÁÔB
gÁBD >V[ ÔV´D. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ÿ√ÚÂÔ´© º√V¬zk´›m gÁBfl
ƒ‚¶D 2010 gD gı| >tμÂV| ∂´ƒV_ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶m (Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport
Authority Act, 2010). g™V_, ∂>uÔV™ ∂´ƒVÁ 2019 ¤™kˆ \V>D>V[ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶m. ƒ‚¶D
ÿÔVı|k´©√‚| 12 gı|Ô^ Ô¶Õ> ∏[™ÚD ÷Õ> gÁBD ÷[™xD ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z k´ºk
÷_ÁÈ. ÷>Á™ xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z¬ ÿÔVı| kÚkm ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô› mÁ
Aˆ•D.
25. ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ AÁÔ ∏Ω©√Á>› >|›>_
ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ AÁÔ ∏Ω©√m ÷Õ]BVs_ 2008gD gı| x>_ xu§K\VÔ› >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m. ÷Õ>› >Á¶ÁBfl ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›mk>[ JÈD
AÁÔlÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚¶V_ ºÂÚD c¶_ÂÈ© √V]©AÔÁe› >|¬Ô xΩ•D.
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ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔV™ #B ÔVuÆflÿƒB_]‚¶D
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬ÔV™ #B ÔVuÆflÿƒB_]‚¶›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√≈ ºkıΩB ¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^.
kVÔ™© AÁÔ› >|©A
1. kVÔ™© AÁÔfl ºƒV>Á™
kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπBVzD AÁÔÁB¬ Ô‚|¬z^ Ák¬zD s]ÔÁe (Vehicle Emissions
Inspection and Maintenance) xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. kVÔ™© AÁÔ¬ Ô‚|©√V‚| s]ÔÁe
*§fl ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ Œº´ ŒÚ kVÔ™D ̶ ÷B∫Ôs_ÁÈ ®[˛≈ WÁÈÁB cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D.
kVÔ™© AÁÔ¬ Ô‚|©√V‚|fl ºƒV>Á™ÁB gı|¬ÿÔVÚ xÁ≈ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®–D s]xÁ≈ÁBfl
ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. º\KD, ∂>Á™¬ Ô‚¶VB\V¬zD ºÂV¬˛_, ÿƒ[Á™l_ kVÔ™ ®ˆÿ√VÚ^
W´©Ak>uz PUC (Pollution Under Control) ƒV[§>μ Ô‚¶VBD ®–D s]ÁB¬ ÿÔVı|k´ ºkı|D.
2. ˆº\V‚ ÿƒ[ƒVÏ ºƒV>Á™
AÁÔ¬ Ô‚|©√V‚| s]ÔÁe *ÆD kVÔ™∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶§k>uÔVÔ› ÿ>VÁÈ•Ï°¬ (On-road
Remote Sensing Devise) ÔÚsÔ^ JÈD \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V‚| s]ÔÁe *ÆD kVÔ™∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶§•D
xÁ≈ÁBfl ÿƒ[Á™l_ ∂§xÔ©√|›> ºkı|D.
3. >VMÔ^ (g‚º¶V)
ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÷B∫zD œƒ_, ÿ√‚º´V_ g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe© º√Vm\V™ ∂·° \VMBD ÿÔV|›m ÂT™
∏®¸ 6 ®ˆkV• (LPG) g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ ∂_Èm t[ƒV´ g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D. ∂>uÔV™
®ˆkV• W´©AD WÁÈB∫ÔÁe© º√Vm\V™ ®ıˬÁÔl_ ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D.
4. AÁÔ¬Ôˆ ÷_ÈV© º√ÚÕmÔ^
ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÷B∫zD MTC º√ÚÕmÔÁe© AÁÔ¬Ôˆ ÷_ÈV> º√ÚÕmÔ·VÔ (Soot free buses)
\Vu≈ ºkı|D.
5. Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô^
ÿƒ[Á™¬z^ ÷B∫zD \uÆD ÿƒ[Á™› mÁ≈xÔ›]uz kÚD Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ô·V_ ∞u√|D
\V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkı|D.
6. √ÁwB kVÔ™∫ÔÁe \VuÆ>_ & Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
∏®¸ 6 (Bharat Stage 6) \V∑ ctμ° s]Ô”¬z x[A kV∫Ô©√‚¶ œƒ_ kVÔ™∫Ô^ ∂]ÔD
\V∑√|›m√ÁkBVÔ c^·™. ∂]KD z§©√VÔ 10 gı|Ô”¬z xu√‚¶ √ÁwB kVÔ™∫Ô^
º\Vƒ\VÔ \V∑√|›m˛[≈™. ÷ku§[ AÁÔ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√|›> œƒ_ \V∑›mÔ^ kΩÔ‚ΩÔÁe©
(DPF - Diesel Particulate Filter) ÿ√VÚ›m>_ ºkı|D. z§©√VÔ, Ô™´Ô kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ ÷›]‚¶›Á>
∂´∑ \VMB›m¶[ ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. √ÁwB œƒ_ \uÆD ÿ√‚º´V_ ®fiE–¬z© √]ÈVÔ t[ƒV´
®fiE[ ÿ√VÚ›mkÁ> ∂´∑ ª¬zs¬Ô ºkı|D.
º√V¬zk´›m
7. º√ÚÕmÔ^
MTCº√ÚÕmÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔÁB 8000 \VE_ÈV> #B º√ÚÕmÔ·VÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô ºkı|D.
√È gı|Ô·VÔ {|D √ÁwB º√ÚÕmÔ”¬z© √]ÈVÔ© A]B º√ÚÕmÔÁe ÷B¬Ô ºkı|D. MTC
º√ÚÕm WÆ›>∫ÔÁe ÂT™\VÔ°D √VmÔV©√V™>VÔ°D ∂Á™›m ÷¶∫ÔπKD ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D.
(ÂÔÏ©A≈© º√ÚÕm ŒÚ ÿ√VmflºƒÁk. ÷>Á™› >MBVÏ\BD g¬Ô¬ ̶Vm).
8. ÂÔÏ©A≈› ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩ
ÂÔÏ©A≈› ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩfl ºƒÁkÔÁe ∂]Ô\V¬Ô ºkı|D. MRTS Ô¶uÔÁ´ - √´∫˛\ÁÈ √≈¬zD
´l_ ]‚¶›][ ÔÁ¶E¬Ô‚¶ ‘g>D√V¬ÔD - √´∫˛\ÁÈ' ÷Á©Á√ WÁ≈° ÿƒFBºkı|D.
39
9. kVÔ™ WÆ›>D
kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫ÔÁe xÁ≈©√|›> ºkı|D. ÷>uÔV™ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB (Parking Policy)
∂§s›mflÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D. ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ∂´ƒV∫Ôº\ ∂|¬z\VΩ kVÔ™ WÆ›>∫Ô^ (Multi-
level Car Parking) Ô‚|kÁ>¬ ÁÔs¶ ºkı|D.
10. x>_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E› #´ ÷Á©A
´l_, ÿ\‚º´V, √≈¬zD ´l_, º√ÚÕm g˛B ∂Á™›]KD x>_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E› #´ ÷Á©Á√
(First and Last Mile Connectivity) cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>uÔV™ ÂÁ¶√VÁ>, t]kıΩ, c^jÏ EÆ
º√V¬zk´›m kƒ]ÔÁe cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D.
11. ÂT™ ¸\VÏ‚ E¬™_ xÁ≈
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ[ º√V¬zk´›m E¬™_ÔÁe ÂT™ ¸\VÏ‚ E¬™_ ®™©√|D Intelligent Traffic
Control System xÁ≈¬z \Vu≈ ºkı|D.
12. ÿƒ[Á™© º√V¬zk´›m gÁBD
2010gD gıΩ_ ƒ‚¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶, ÿƒ[Á™ ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ÿ√ÚÂÔ´© º√V¬zk´›m
gÁB›Á> (Chennai Unified Metropolitan Transport Authority - CUMTA) ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z¬ ÿÔVı|k´
ºkı|D. ∂>[JÈD k·ÏflE¬ÔV™ º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ÁBfl (Transit Oriented Development - TOD)
ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D. ÿ\‚º´V ´l_, t[ƒV´ ´l_, º√ÚÕm WÁÈB∫Ô^, ÂÁ¶√VÁ>Ô^, t]kıΩ
kƒ]Ô^ ÷ÁÕ> ŒÚ∫˛Á©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D.
t[ƒV´© º√V¬zk´›m
13. t[ƒV´© º√V¬zk´›m
t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe ª¬zs¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂>uÔV™ t[º™u≈¬ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔÁe (Superfast
Eletric Vehicle Charging Stations) cÚkV¬Ô ºkı|D. √ÁwB œƒ_ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe t[ƒV´ kVÔ™\VÔ
\VuÆk>uz ª¬Ô\π¬zD ]‚¶∫ÔÁe c^·¶¬˛fl ÿƒ[Á™l_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe ∂]Ô\V¬z
k>uÔV™ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB (Chennai Eletric Vehicle Policy) ∂§s›mfl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.º√ÚÕmÔ^
c^π‚¶ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™∫ÔÁe 2024 \uÆD 2030 ÷Ȭz Ák›m sÁ´kVÔ t[ƒV´
kVÔ™∫Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D
14. ÔÁ¶E Á\_ kw∫Ôo_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™D
ÔÁ¶E Á\_ kw∫Ô_ (Last Mile Delivery) ®™©√|D T|Ô”¬z c° \uÆD OÔÏÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVı|kÕm kw∫zD ¸s¬˛, ÿƒV\V‚º¶V, ¶[ºƒV º√V[≈ ºƒÁk WÆk™∫Ôπ[ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe¬
z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ t[ƒV´ kVÔ™∫Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D.
Aø]› >|©A
15. Aø] ¿¬z>_
ƒVÁÈÔπ_ zs•D Aø]ÁB ∂Ôu§› #FÁ\BVÔ© √´V\ˆ¬Ô ºkı|D. Aø] ∂ÔuÆD
>VMB∫˛ kVÔ™∫ÔÁe (Mechanical Dust Removal, Vacuum Cleaning of Roads) ∂]Ô ®ıˬÁÔl_
√B[√|›]fl ƒVÁÈ©Aø]ÁB ¿¬Ô ºkı|D.
16. xøÁ\BV™ ƒVÁÈ
ƒVÁÈÔπ_ Aø] √ΩkÁ>› >|¬zD ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ[ ƒVÁÈÔÁefl ‘∑kÏ x>_ ∑kÏ
kÁ´’ (wall to wall paving) >´\VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂ku§_ cˆB \Áw¿Ï ºƒÔˆ©A, \Áw¿Ï kΩÔV_
kƒ]Ô”¶[ ‘√fi∑ ÂÔ´D’ (Spange City) ®–D O‚√›m¶[ ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D.
40
17. Ô‚|\V™© Aø]
÷Õ]B ∂´E[ Ô‚|\V™D \uÆD Ô‚¶¶¬ Ôa° º\ÈVıÁ\ s]Ô^ 2016 (Construction &
Demolition Waste Management Rules 2016) ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ_ xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>©√¶
ºkı|D. ÿ\‚º´V ´l_ ]‚¶›][ Aø] \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô ºkı|D.
√∑Á\© √z]
18. √∑Á\© √z]
ƒVÁÈ {´∫ÔπKD, Â|sKD √∑Á\© √z]ÔÁe ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D. ]≈Õ> ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫ÔÁe©
√∑Á\© √z]Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D.
19. clˆ©√[\Bfl ÿƒB_]‚¶D
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔ´ clˆ©√[\Bfl ÿƒB_]‚¶›Á> (Chennai Biodiversity Action Plan) cÚkV¬˛fl
ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
20.ÿ√VmÿkπÔ^ & Ûw_ Ø∫ÔV, ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ƒm¬ÔD
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√VmÿkπÔ^ xøÁ\› ]‚¶›Á> (Chennai Public Spaces Master Plan) cÚkV¬˛fl
ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D. ÿ√VmÿkπÔ^ & Ûw_ Ø∫ÔV, ÂÔÏ©A≈fl ƒm¬ÔD c^π‚¶kuÁ≈ xø ∂·s_
∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D.
ÂÁ¶√VÁ> & t]kıΩ
21. ÂÁ¶√VÁ>
2014 º\V‚¶VÏ kVÔ™D ∂_ÈV> º√V¬zk´›m¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl_ (Chennai Non-Motorised Transport
Policty 2014) ∂§s›>√Ω ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ_ xøÁ\BV™ ∂·s_ ÂÁ¶√VÁ>ÔÁe∂Á\¬Ô
ºkı|D. ƒVÁÈÁB¬ Ô¶¬zD √z]ÔÁe xÁ≈BVÔ (Zebra Crossing) ∂Á¶BV·t¶ ºkı|D. ƒVÁÈ
∂§s©AÔ^, ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔÔÁe xøÁ\BVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô ºkı|D. ƒVÁÈ© √VmÔV©A ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ÔÁe
ÂÔ´©√z]¬z^ ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
22. t]kıΩ
ÂÔ´∫Ôπ[ tÔflE≈Õ> º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™D t]kıΩ >V[. ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔÚ¬ÔV™
t]kıΩ xøÁ\› ]‚¶›Á> (Chennai Bicycle Master Plan) kz›mfl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
23. Oı√B (Micromobility) kƒ]Ô^
√›m ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï ÿ>VÁÈ° kÁ´lÈV™ √B∫Ô”¬z© √B[√|›>¬ ÌΩB, E§B \uÆD ®Á¶
zÁ≈kV™, \M> gu≈_ ∂_Èm t[™Vu≈o_ ÷B∫Ô¬ÌΩB, \ˬz 25 ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï ºkÔ›m¬z^
√BD ÿƒFB›>¬Ô Oı√B¬ (Micromobility) Ô‚¶Á\©AÔÁefl ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔÚ¬z^ ∂Á\¬Ô
ºkı|D. t]kıΩÔ^, t[ƒV´ t]kıΩÔ^, t[ƒV´ ˆ¬ƒV¬Ô^ c^π‚¶Ák ÷Õ> kÁÔÁBfl
ºƒÏÕ>ÁkBVzD.
º√ÚÕmÔ^, ÿ>V¶ÏkıΩÔ^, ÿ\‚º´V ´l_ c^π‚¶ ]‚¶∫ÔÁe•D \¬Ôπ[ x>_ \uÆD ÔÁ¶E
Á\_ º√V¬zk´›Á>•D ÷Á¬zD tÔflE≈Õ> º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈ ÷ÁkBVzD. Oı√B
(Micromobility) kƒ]ÔÁefl ÿƒ[Á™l_ xø ∂·s_ WÆs ∂kuÁ≈© ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m
xÁ≈•¶[ ÷Á¬Ô ºkı|D.
24. xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ (Complete Streets)
ƒVÁÈ© √^·∫Ô^, zaÔ^ ®>™VKD ƒVÁÈÔ”D ÿ>Ú¬Ô”D √V]¬Ô©√¶V> WÁÈÁB cÚkV¬Ô
ºkı|D. ÿ>Ú¬Ô^ \uÆD ƒVÁÈÔÁe c¶_ÂÈ›Á> º\D√|›mk>VÔ°D, ∑uÆflÛwK¬z
cÔÕ>ÁkBVÔ°D \VuÆD ‘xøÁ\› ÿ>Ú¬Ô^’ ]‚¶›Á>•D, ∞uÿÔ™ºk ]‚¶t‚¶ ‘ÿ\ÔV ÿ>Ú¬Ô^’
(Mega Streets Project) ]‚¶›Á>•D ÷Á¶WÆ›>V\_ ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
41
z©Á√
25. z©Á√ ®ˆ©A
ÿÔV|∫ÁÔRÏ, ÿ√Ú∫zΩ c^π‚¶ ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÔˆ[ ∂Á™›m ÷¶∫ÔπKD \uÆD
A≈ÂÔˆKD z©Á√ ®ˆ¬Ô©√|kÁ> xu§K\VÔ› >|¬Ô ºkı|D.
26. ∂´ºƒ z©Á√ ®ˆ›>_
z©Á√loÚÕm t[ƒV´D ®|©√>VÔ¬ ̧, g√›>V™ z©Á√ ®ˆ©A› (Waste Incinerator)
]‚¶∫ÔÁefl ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ_ WÆk¬Ì¶Vm. ∂›>ÁÔB ]‚¶∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔs¶ ºkı|D.
27. ]¶¬Ôa° º\ÈVıÁ\
z©Á√ÁB kÁÔ ∏ˆ›m xÁ≈BVÔ¬ Ôa›m¬Ô‚|D s]ÔÁefl ÿƒBÈV¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>uÔV™
ØÎB¬ z©Á√ (Zero-Waste) kaxÁ≈ÁB© ∏[√u≈ ºkı|D.
28. ∏·V¸Ω¬ >Á¶
ŒÚxÁ≈ √B[√|›mD ∏·V¸Ω¬ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô”¬ÔV™ >Á¶ÁB xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>
ºkı|D.
29.ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ AÁÔ ∏Ω©√Á>› >|›>_
ÿ√Vm ÷¶∫Ôπ_ AÁÔ ∏Ω©√Á>› >|¬zD s]ÁBfl ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>
ºkı|D.
®ˆÿ√VÚ^
30.T|Ô”¬z ®ˆÿ√VÚ^
ÿƒ[Á™ \uÆD ÿƒ[Á™© A≈ÂÔ´© √z]Ôπ_ ∂Á™›m T|Ô”¬zD Ô‚|©√ΩBVÔ¬ ÌΩB
sÁÈl_ LPG ®ˆkV• ˛Á¶©√Á> cÆ] ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ \V∑
31. ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ \V∑
∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫Ôπ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ xu§K\VÔ¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkı|D. ∂kuÁ≈›
ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔıÔVË¬Ô ºkı|D. z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ›]uz^ ÿƒ[Á™ \uÆD A≈ÂÔˆ_ c^· WȬԈ
∂™_t[ WÁÈB∫ÔÁe W´Õ>´\VÔ J¶ ºkı|D. ®ıÿF ∑›]Ôˆ©A WÁÈBD c^π‚¶
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ \V∑¬ÔÁe¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkı|D.
32. œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶Ï
ÿƒ[Á™l_ √B[√|›>©√|D œƒ_ ÿ¤™º´‚¶ÏÔπ_ ∂´∑ c>s•¶[ œƒ_ \V∑›mÔ^ kΩÔ‚Ω
(DPF - Diesel Particulate Filter) ÿ√VÚ›> ºkı|D.
33. ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁeÔ^
ÿƒ[Á™© A≈ÂÔ´© √z]Ôπ_ ÿƒB_√|D ÿƒ∫Ô_ ÛÁeÔÁe \V∑¬ÔVuÁ≈¬ zÁ≈¬zD ÂT™›
ÿ>Va_O‚√›m¬z \Vu≈ ºkı|D.
AÁÔ¬ ÔıÔVË©A &sa©AÏ°
34.AÁÔ¬ ÔıÔVË©A & sa©AÏ°
ÿƒ[Á™© ÿ√ÚÂÔˆ[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶ c¶–¬z¶[ ÔıÔVˬzD ÔÚsÔπ[ (CAAQMS -
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Systems) ®ıˬÁÔÁB ÷©º√VÁ>B 7 ®[√]_ ÷ÚÕm
40gÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ √z]l[ ÔVu§[ >´›Á>¬ ÔË›m ∂>Á™ c¶–¬z¶[ ÿ√Vm
÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÔV‚E©√|›> ºkı|D.
42
BOX - 6
ÿƒ[Á™l_ g‚º¶V \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›m>_
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ x>[Á\BV™ ÿ√Vm© º√V¬zk´›m xÁ≈Ôπ_ Œ[≈VÔ g‚º¶V
ˆ¬ƒV¬Ô^ ®™©√|D >VMÔ^ c^·™. ÂÔ´›m¬z c^ºeBV™ ÿ√Vm©º√V¬zk´›m \uÆD
ÔÁ¶E Á\_ ÷Á©A¬ÔV™ E≈Õ> kVÔ™\VÔ g‚º¶V¬Ô^ c^·™. J[Æ ƒ¬Ô´ g‚º¶V
ˆ¬ƒV¬Ô^ \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÂV[z ƒ¬Ô´ ‘º≠Ï g‚º¶V¬Ô”D’ ÿƒ[Á™l[ º√V¬zk´›]_
x>[Á\ ÿ√uÆ^·™. √È √›>Vı|Ô·VÔ MTC º√ÚÕmÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ
∂]Ô\V¬Ô©√¶V\_ ÷Ú©√>V_, ∂Õ> ÷¶›Á> g‚º¶V¬Ô”D, º≠Ï g‚º¶V¬Ô”D
W´©A˛[≈™. √_ÈVl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ g‚º¶V {‚|ÂÏÔ”¬z ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂π¬zD
x>[Á\› mÁ≈BVÔ°D g‚º¶V¬Ô”D º≠Ï g‚º¶V¬Ô”D c^·™.
ÿƒ[Á™l_ c^· kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ 95.6% >MBVÏ kVÔ™∫Ô^ gzD. *>x^· 4.4%
\‚|º\ º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™∫Ô^ (Transport Vehicles) gzD. ÿƒ[Á™l_ kËÔxÁ≈l_
÷B∫zD º√V¬zk´›m kVÔ™∫Ôπ_ 58% g‚º¶V¬Ô^ gzD. 1970gD gı|¬z x[A
g‚º¶V¬Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. ∂Ák √Ω©√ΩBVÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m 2008gD gıΩ_ ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ôπ[
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>© √B›]_ 4% ÷¶›Á>© ∏Ω›>™. 2018gD gıΩ_ 7.1% gÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m^·m.
2021gD gı|kÁ´ ÿƒ[Á™ ÂÔˆ_ 1,06,809 g‚º¶VÔ”¬z ∂–\] kw∫Ô©√‚|^·m.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ_ g‚º¶V¬Ôπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ tÔºkÔ\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m kÕm^·m.
2008-09 \uÆD 2017-18gD gı|Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB g‚º¶V¬Ôπ[ ∂]Ôˆ©A s˛>D
gı|¬z 14.8% gÔ ÷ÚÕm^·m. ÷m tÔºkÔ\V™ ∂]Ôˆ©A gzD. >tμÂV| ∂´∑ MTC
º√ÚÕmÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔÁB ∂]Ôˆ¬ÔV\_ >sÏ›mkÚD WÁÈl_, g‚º¶V¬Ô^
®ıˬÁÔ ÷M•D ÿ\[º\KD ∂]Ôˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÿƒ_KD ®[Æ \]©∏¶©√|˛≈m.
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔÚ¬z g‚º¶V¬Ô^ tÔ x>[Á\BV™ ŒÚ º>ÁkBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ∂º>
ºÂ´›]_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚|¬zD g‚º¶V¬Ô^ ŒÚ ÔV´\VÔ c^·™. 2017-18 ÔË©∏[√Ω
ÿƒ[Á™l_ 14.66 ¶[ ÔˆBtÈkV•, 7.42 ¶[ Á«‚º´VÔVÏ√[, 1.47 ¶[ Á‚´¸ g¬Áƒ|,
0.74 ¶[ OımÔ^ \V∑√V‚|¬z g‚º¶V¬Ô^ ÔV´D ®™ \]©∏¶©√‚¶m.
g‚º¶V¬Ô·V_ ∞u√|D \V∑√V|ÔÁe› >|¬zD ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[
g‚º¶V¬Ô^ ®ˆkV•s_ \‚|º\ ÷B∫Ô ºkı|D. œƒ_ \uÆD ÿ√‚º´V_ g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe
®ˆkV•¬z \Vu≈ ºkı|D ®™ 2007 \uÆD 2010gD gı| >tμÂV| ∂´∑
c›>´s‚|^·m (GO No. 510, 13.4.2007 & GO No. 463, 13.5.2010). ∂>uz© ∏[™Ï
ÿƒ[Á™l_ œƒ_ \uÆD ÿ√‚º´V_ g‚º¶V¬Ô”¬z cˆ\D kw∫Ô©√|km ÷_ÁÈ ®[Æ
∂´∑ ÌÆ˛≈m. g™V_, ÷Õ> c›>´°Ô^ >uº√Vm xÁ≈BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>©√|˛≈>V ®[√m
s™V¬z§BVÔºk c^·m. cıÁ\l_, ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÷B∫zD Ô˃\V™ g‚º¶V¬Ô^
ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ© AÁÔ¬ÔˆÁB ctμÕ>kVÆ>V[ ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
ÿƒ[Á™ g‚º¶V¬Ô·V_ ÔVuÆ \V∑√|›>©√|D WÁÈÁ\¬z c¶™ΩBVÔ xuÆ©A^π
Ák¬Ô ºkıΩBm, ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ôπ[ c¶_ÂÈ›Á>© √VmÔV©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ x>[Á\›
º>Ák gzD.
g‚º¶V \V∑: ÷´ı| yÏ°Ô^
ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔˆ[ ŒÚ ÷È‚ƒ›m¬zD º\u√‚¶ g‚º¶V¬Ô·V_ ∞u√|D ÔVuÆ
\V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›> ÷´ı| ∂bzxÁ≈Ô^ x>[Á\BV™Ák. x>o_ ∞uÿÔ™ºk
ÿƒ[Á™l_ ÷B∫zD g‚º¶V¬Ôπ_ \V∑¬Ô‚|©√V‚| s]ÔÁe xøÁ\BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>
43
ºkı|D. ∂Á™›m g‚º¶V¬Ô”D LPG g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ ÷B∫zkÁ> cÆ] ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
∂ku§_ \V∑ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√V‚Ω_ Ák¬zD s]ÔÁe cÆ]BVÔfl ÿƒB_√|›> ºkı|D.
∂|›>>VÔ, g‚º¶V¬Ôπ[ \V∑ ÿkπBVzD ∂·Ák cˆB ÿ>Va_O‚√∫Ô^ JÈD ∂´∑
W]•>s•¶[ Ô‚|©√|›> ºkı|D. √ÁwB ®fiE[ÔÁe \Vu§s‚|© A]B ®fiE[ ∂Á\›>_
∂_Èm Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) ÔÚsÔÁe© ÿ√VÚ›mkÁ>¬ Ô‚¶VB\VÔfl ÿƒB_√|›>
ºkı|D. ÷>uÔV™ ÿƒÈÁk ∂´∑ \VMB›][ JÈ\VÔ ~|Ô‚¶ ºkı|D. (ŒÚ√¬ÔD 12
gı|Ô”¬z x[º√ œƒ_, ÿ√‚º´V_ g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe› >Á¶ÿƒFms‚º¶VD ®[√mD,
\Æ√¬ÔD œƒ_, ÿ√‚º´V_ g‚º¶V¬Ô^ \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô ∂´∑ ¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ®|¬Ô©º√Vk>VÔfl
ÿƒV_kmD x´ı√V¶V™m >V[)
√ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe \VuÆ>_
15 gı|Ô”¬z º\ÈVÔ {|D √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe© A]B g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \Vu≈
ºkı|D ®[√m ÿƒ[Á™l[ ÔVuÆ \V∑√V‚Á¶¬ Ô‚|©√|›mk>uÔV™ tÔ x>[Á\BV™
¶kΩ¬ÁÔBVÔ© √VϬԩ√|˛≈m. ∂>uÔVÔ ÷´ı| s>\V™ yÏ°Ô^ x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
x>ÈVkm yÏ°: 15 gı|Ô”¬z º\ÈV™ √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe© A]B ∏®¸ 6 LPG
g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D. ÷>[JÈD Á«‚º´VÔVÏ√[ \uÆD Á‚´¤[ g¬Áƒ|
\V∑¬ÔVuÆ ÿkπBVk]_ 50% ∂·°D, ∏®D \V∑›mÔ^ ÿkπBVk]_ 59% ∂·°D zÁ≈¬Ô
xΩ•D.
÷´ı¶Vkm yÏ°: 15 gı|Ô”¬z º\ÈV™ √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe t[ƒV´›]_ ÷B∫zD
g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \Vu≈ ºkı|D. ÷>[JÈD Á«‚º´VÔVÏ√[ \uÆD Á‚´¤[ g¬Áƒ|
\V∑¬ÔVuÆ ÿkπBVk]_ 93% ∂·°D, ∏®D \V∑›mÔ^ ÿkπBVk]_ 97% ∂·°D zÁ≈¬Ô
xΩ•D.
º\uÔı¶ ÷´ıΩKD √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe ¿¬˛s‚|, ∂kuƬz© √]ÈVÔ t[ƒV´
g‚º¶V¬Ô·VÔ \VuÆkm>V[ E≈Õ> √BÁ™ ∂π¬zD. ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ ÷>uÔV™ Ì|>_
ÿƒÈÁk \VMB\VÔ ∂´∑D ÿ√Vm WÆk™∫Ô”D kw∫Ô ºkı|D.
º\uÔı¶ ÷´ı| xÁ≈ÔπKº\, √ÁwB g‚º¶V¬ÔÁe \VuÆD ÿƒÈ°ÔÁefl ∑\¬zD
WÁÈl_ g‚º¶V {‚|ÂÏÔºeV cˆÁ\BV·ÏÔºeV ÷_ÁÈ. ®™ºk, ÿ√VmÂ[Á\ ÔÚ]
g‚º¶V \V∑√V‚Á¶› >|¬zD ÿ√VÆ©∏Á™ ∂´E[ \VMB c>s JÈ\VÔ°D, >MBVÏ
WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ƒJÔ© √∫Ôπ©A› (CSR) ]‚¶∫Ôπ[ JÈ\VÔ°D ~|Ô‚¶ ºkı|D ®[√º>
WBVB\V™ yÏkVzD.
g>V´D: Assessing the Environmental Benefits from Switching Autorickshaws
in Chennai to Electric, TERI 2020
44
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